Schleswig-Holstein

Main article: declared that he would grant Denmark a liberal constitution and the immediate goal of the Danish national movement was to ensure that this constitution would give rights to all Danes, i.e. not only to those in the Kingdom of Denmark, but also to Danes (and Germans) living in Schleswig. Furthermore, they demanded protection for the Danish language in Schleswig (the dominant language in almost a quarter of Schleswig had changed from Danish to German since the beginning of the 19th century).

A liberal constitution for Holstein was not seriously considered in Copenhagen, since it was well known that the political élite of Holstein were more conservative than Copenhagen's. Representatives of German-minded Schleswig-Holsteiners demanded that Schleswig and Holstein be unified and allowed its own constitution and that Schleswig join Holstein as a member of the German Confederation. These demands were rejected by the Danish government in 1848, and the Germans of Holstein and Southern Schleswig rebelled. This began the First Schleswig War (1848–51), which ended in a Danish victory at Idstedt.

In 1863, conflict broke out again when Frederick VII died without legitimate issue. According to the

to Prussia and Austria.

Province of Prussia

Contrary to the hopes of German Schleswig-Holsteiners, the area did not gain its independence, but was annexed as a province of Prussia in 1867. Also following the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, section five of the Peace of Prague stipulated that the people of Northern Schleswig would be consulted in a referendum on whether to remain under Prussian rule or return to Danish rule. This condition, however, was never fulfilled by Prussia. During the decades of Prussian rule within the German Empire, authorities attempted a Germanisation policy in the northern part of Schleswig, which remained predominantly Danish. The period also meant increased industrialisation of Schleswig-Holstein and the use of Kiel and Flensburg as important Imperial German Navy locations. The northernmost part and west coast of the province saw a wave of emigration to America, while some Danes of North Schleswig emigrated to Denmark.

Plebiscite in 1920

Following the defeat of Germany in

. The plebiscite was conducted under the auspices of an international commission which designated two voting zones to cover the northern and south-central parts of Schleswig. Steps were taken to also create a third zone covering a southern area, but zone III was cancelled again and never voted, as the Danish government asked the commission not to expand the plebiscite to this area.

In zone I covering Northern Schleswig (10 February 1920), 75% voted for reunification with Denmark and 25% voted for Germany. In zone II covering central Schleswig (14 March 1920), the results were reversed; 80% voted for Germany and just 20% for Denmark. Only minor areas on the island of Föhr showed a Danish majority, and the rest of the Danish vote was primarily in the town of Flensburg.^[5]

Electorate	German name	Danish name	For Germany		For Denmark
			percent	votes	percent	votes
Zone I (Northern Schleswig), 10 February 1920			25.1 %	25,329	74.9 %	75,431
District of	Hadersleben	Haderslev	16.0%	6,585	84.0%	34,653
Town of	Hadersleben	Haderslev	38.6%	3,275	61.4%	5,209
District of	Apenrade	Aabenraa	32.3%	6,030	67.7%	12,653
Town of	Apenrade	Aabenraa	55.1%	2,725	44.9%	2,224
District of	Sonderburg	Sønderborg	22.9%	5,083	77.1%	17,100
Town of	Sonderburg	Sønderborg	56.2%	2,601	43.8%	2,029
Town of	Augustenburg	Augustenborg	48.0%	236	52.0%	256
Northern part of District of	Tondern	Tønder	40.9%	7,083	59.1%	10,223
Town of	Tondern	Tønder	76.5%	2,448	23.5%	750
Town of	Hoyer	Højer	72.6%	581	27.4%	219
Town of	Lügumkloster	Løgumkloster	48.8%	516	51.2%	542
Northern part of District of	Flensburg	Flensborg	40.6%	548	59.4%	802
Zone II (Central Schleswig), 14 March 1920			80.2 %	51,742	19.8 %	12,800
Southern part of District of	Tondern	Tønder	87.9%	17,283	12.1%	2,376
Southern part of District of	Flensburg	Flensborg	82.6%	6,688	17.4%	1,405
Town of	Flensburg	Flensborg	75.2%	27,081	24.8%	8,944
Northern part of District of	Husum	Husum	90.0%	672	10.0%	75

On 15 June 1920, Northern Schleswig officially returned to Danish rule. The Danish/German border was the only one of the borders imposed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles after World War I that was never challenged by Adolf Hitler.

In 1937, the Nazis passed the so-called Greater Hamburg Act (Groß-Hamburg-Gesetz), where the nearby Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg was expanded, to encompass towns that had formerly belonged to the Prussian province of Schleswig-Holstein. To compensate Prussia for these losses (and partly because Hitler had a personal dislike for Lübeck^[6]), the 711-year-long independence of the Hansestadt Lübeck came to an end, and almost all its territory was incorporated into Schleswig-Holstein.

State of Federal Germany

After World War II, the Prussian province Schleswig-Holstein came under British occupation. On 23 August 1946, the military government abolished the province and reconstituted it as a separate Land.^[7]

Due to the forced migrations of Germans between 1944 and 1950, Schleswig-Holstein took in almost a million refugees after the war, increasing its population by 33%.^[8] A pro-Danish political movement arose in Schleswig, with transfer of the area to Denmark as an ultimate goal. This was supported neither by the British occupation administration nor the Danish government. In 1955, the German and Danish governments issued the Bonn-Copenhagen Declarations confirming the rights of the ethnic minorities on both sides of the border.^[9] Conditions between the nationalities have since been stable and generally respectful.

Geography

Schleswig-Holstein lies on the base of

and the formerly independent city of Lübeck.

Schleswig-Holstein borders Denmark (Southern Denmark) to the north, the North Sea to the west, the Baltic Sea to the east, and the German states of Lower Saxony, Hamburg, and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern to the south.

In the western part of the state, the lowlands have virtually no hills. The North Frisian Islands, as well as almost all of Schleswig-Holstein's North Sea coast, form the Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea National Park (Nationalpark Schleswig-Holsteinisches Wattenmeer) which is the largest national park in Central Europe.

The Baltic Sea coast in the east of Schleswig-Holstein is marked by bays, fjords, and cliff lines. Rolling hills (the highest elevation is the Bungsberg at 168 metres or 551 feet) and many lakes are found, especially in the eastern part of Holstein called the Holstein Switzerland and the former Duchy of Lauenburg (Herzogtum Lauenburg). The longest river besides the Elbe is the Eider.

Schleswig-Holstein has the lowest quota of forest covered area, it is only 11.0% (national average 32.0%), which is even lower than in the city-states of Hamburg and Bremen.^[10]

The German Islands of Sylt, Föhr, Pellworm, Amrum, Heligoland and Fehmarn are part of Schleswig-Holstein, with the latter being the largest and the only Island of Schleswig-Holstein located on the east coast.^[11] Heligoland is Germany's only high-sea island.^[11]

• 
  Geest (Island Sylt)
• 
  Seestermüher Marsh
• 
  Eckernförde Bay
• 
  Wadden Sea
• 
  Schleswig-Holsteinische Schweiz
• 
  Kieler Förde

Administration

Administrative Division

Schleswig-Holstein is divided into 11

(Urban Districts).

	Kreise	License Plate	Area
1	Dithmarschen	HEI[12]	1.428,17 km2[13]
2	Herzogtum Lauenburg	RZ[12]	1.263,07 km2[13]
3	Nordfriesland	NF[12]	2.083,56 km2[13]
4	Ostholstein	OH[12]	1.393,02 km2[13]
5	Pinneberg	PI[12]	664,25 km2[13]
6	Plön	PLÖ[12]	1.083,56 km2[13]
7	Rendsburg-Eckernförde	RD, ECK[12]	2.189,79 km2[13]
8	Schleswig-Flensburg	SL[12]	2.071,28 km2[13]
9	Segeberg	SE[12]	1.344,47 km2[13]
10	Steinburg	IZ[12]	1.055,70 km2[13]
11	Stormarn	OD[12]	766,22 km2[13]
Urban District	Kiel	KI[12]	118,65 km2[13]
Urban District	Lübeck	HL[12]	214,19 km2[13]
Urban District	Neumünster	NMS[12]	71,66 km2[13]
Urban District	Flensburg	FL[12]	56,73 km2[13]

Legislature

Schleswig-Holstein has its own parliament and government which are located in the state capital Kiel.^[14]

Executive Branch

The

Portfolio	Minister		Party		Took office	Left office	State secretaries
Minister-President		Daniel Günther born (1973-07-24) 24 July 1973 (age 50)		CDU	29 June 2022	Incumbent
Deputy Minister-President Minister for Finance		Monika Heinold born (1958-12-30) 30 December 1958 (age 65)		GRÜNE	29 June 2022	Incumbent	Silke Torp Oliver Rabe
Minister for Justice and Health		Kerstin von der Decken born (1968-11-22) 22 November 1968 (age 55)		CDU	29 June 2022	Incumbent	Otto Carstens Oliver Grundei
Minister for Education, Training, Science, Research and Culture		Karin Prien born (1965-06-26) 26 June 1965 (age 58)		CDU	29 June 2022	Incumbent	Dorit Stenke Guido Wendt
Minister for Interior, Communities, Housing and Sport		Sabine Sütterlin-Waack born (1958-02-15) 15 February 1958 (age 66)		CDU	29 June 2022	Incumbent	Jörg Sibbel Magdalena Finke
Minister for Energy Transition, Climate Protection, Environment and Nature		Tobias Goldschmidt born (1981-09-16) 16 September 1981 (age 42)		GRÜNE	29 June 2022	Incumbent	Katja Günther Joschka Knuth
Minister for Economics, Transport, Labour, Technology and Tourism		Claus Ruhe Madsen born (1972-08-27) 27 August 1972 (age 51)		CDU	29 June 2022	Incumbent	Tobias von der Heide Julia Carstens
Minister for Social Affairs, Youth, Family, Seniors, Integration and Equality		Aminata Touré born (1992-11-15) 15 November 1992 (age 31)		GRÜNE	29 June 2022	Incumbent	Johannes Albig
Minister for Agriculture, Rural Areas, Europe and Consumer Protection		Werner Schwarz born (1960-04-10) 10 April 1960 (age 64)		CDU	29 June 2022	Incumbent	Anne Benett-Sturies
Chief of the State Chancellery		Dirk Schrödter born (1978-10-17) 17 October 1978 (age 45)		CDU	29 June 2022	Incumbent	Johannes Callsen Sandra Gerken

Recent elections

State elections were held on

.

List of minister-presidents of Schleswig-Holstein

Demographics

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±% p.a.
1960	2,309,409	—
1970	2,510,608	+0.84%
1980	2,611,285	+0.39%
1990	2,626,127	+0.06%
2000	2,789,761	+0.61%
2010	2,834,259	+0.16%
2018	2,896,900	+0.27%
source:[15]

Schleswig-Holstein has an aging population. Since 1972 there has been a decrease in the natural rate of population change. In 2016 the total fertility rate reached 1.61, highest value in 40 years (the average value being 1.4). In 2016 there were 25,420 births and 33,879 deaths, resulting in a natural decrease of −8,459.

Fluctuations 1970–2015

Year Births[d] Deaths Influx Outflux Balance TFR 1970 35,171 32,990 100,586 76,572 24,014 1975 24,282 32,993 75,949 69,169 – 1,931 1980 24,545 31,278 80,137 61,123 +12,281 1985 23,099 31,330 65,537 56 951 +355 1990 29,046 31,461 153,275 119,339 +31,521 1,47 1995 27,430 31,288 114,799 93,872 +17,069 1,33 2000 26,920 29,821 79,416 64,029 +12,486 1,43 2005 23,027 29,669 74,534 63,786 +4,106 1,37 2010 22,578 31,201 76,032 65,209 +2,200 1,45 2015 23,549 33,663 111,661 74,317 +27,230 1,51

Vital statistics

• Births from January–September 2016 = 19,138^[16]
• Births from January–September 2017 = 19,086
• Deaths from January–September 2016 = 25,153
• Deaths from January–September 2017 = 25,832
• Natural growth from January–September 2016 = -6,015
• Natural growth from January–September 2017 = -6,746

Religion

The region has been strongly

comprise 6.1%.

49.3% either adhere to other religions or disclaim any practising religious identity.^[17]

Foreigners

Largest groups of foreign residents by 31 December 2022^{[citation needed]}

Ukraine	38,785
Syria	32,470
Poland	29,785
Turkey	28,395
Romania	20,255
Afghanistan	18,285
Iraq	12,395
Bulgaria	10,470
Russia	8,240
Denmark	7,365
Italy	5,875

Culture

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Schleswig-Holstein" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

Schleswig-Holstein combines Danish, Frisian and German aspects of culture. The castles and manors in the countryside are the best example for this tradition; some dishes like

.

The most important festivals are the Kiel Week, Schleswig-Holstein Musik Festival, an annual classic music festival all over the state, and the Lübeck Nordic Film Days, an annual film festival for movies from Scandinavian countries, held in Lübeck. The Kiel Week is an annual event, except for 2020 and 2021 due to the COVID19-Pandemic.^[18] It took place again in June 2022.^[18]

The annual Wacken Open Air festival is considered to be the largest heavy metal rock festival in the world.

• 
  Kiel Week 2019
• 
  Wacken Open Air Festival
• 
  Kiel Week 2019

Symbols

The coat of arms shows the symbols of the two duchies united in Schleswig-Holstein, i.e., the two lions for Schleswig and the leaf of nettle for Holstein. Supposedly, Otto von Bismarck decreed that the two lions were to face the nettle because of the discomfort to their bottoms which would have resulted if the lions faced away from it.

Government agencies of Schleswig-Holsteins are using a logo showing a stylized version of the Schleswig Lions and the Holstein nettle combined with the abbreviation of Schleswig-Holstein "SH". Written either below or to the right of the lion and the nettle is "Schleswig-Holstein" below which either the Name of the agency using the logo is shown or the motto "Der echte Norden" (Germany's true North).^[19]

The motto of Schleswig-Holstein is "Up ewich ungedeelt" (

The anthem from 1844 is called "Wanke nicht, mein Vaterland" ("Don't falter, my fatherland"), but it is usually referred to with its first line "Schleswig-Holstein meerumschlungen" (i.e., "Schleswig-Holstein embraced by the seas") or "Schleswig-Holstein-Lied" (Schleswig-Holstein song).

The old city of Lübeck is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Food and drink

Distinctive point of the cuisine is combination of sweetness with a taste contrast like sour or salty. These combinations are also described as "broken sweetness" is especially present in dishes which are sweet-sour.

Typical dishes are:

• Birnen, Bohnen und Speck consist of pears, beans, savory, parsley, bacon and potatoes
• Holsteiner Sauerfleisch is sour aspic
• Holsteiner Katenschinken is ham with traditional cold-smoking method
• Different using of Nordseekraben in soup, porrenpann, with toast or scrambled eggs
• Famous is smoked Kieler Sprotten
• Other fish also is popular: Flatfish or Herring
• Grünkohl. In the Schleswig-Holstein there is a real cult around this vegetable. In the autumn and winter months groups of friends or colleagues go on a cabbage ride and choose their cabbage king, often combined with the typical regional sports of Boßeln and Klootschießen. The most popular dish is Grünkohl with Mettenden, but also possible other combination like Grünkohl with Kassler and 'Schweinebacke'. The Dithmarsch marshland is particularly suitable for growing cabbage. The soils are fertile, so that a good yield can still be achieved even in bad years. Due to the constant sea wind, there are far fewer pests in the area
• Lübecker Marzipan
  is a sweet made from ground almonds, sugar and added flavorings
• Lakritz confection flavored with extract of the roots of the liquorice plant (sweet, salt, salmiak and choco)
• Lübecker Rotspon, Bordeaux wine, which is delivered in oak barrels to Lübeck and there it maturated.
• Flensburger Rum-Verschnitt, braun mix of oversea rum, water and neutral alcohol (typical 40–42%)

• 
  Shrimp toast with dill
• 
  Holsteiner Sauerfleisch
• 
  Holsteiner Katenschinken
• 
  Kieler Sprotten
• 
  Birnen, Bohnen und Speck
• 
  Grünkohl mit Mettenden

Languages

The official language of Schleswig-Holstein is German.^[20] In addition, Low German, Danish and North Frisian are recognized minority languages.^[21]

Historically, Low German (in Holstein and Southern Schleswig), Danish (in Schleswig), and North Frisian (in Western Schleswig) were widely spoken in Schleswig-Holstein. During the language change in the 19th century some Danish and North Frisian dialects in Southern Schleswig were replaced by Standard German.^[22][23][24]

Low German is still used in many parts of the state.

.

As is the case throughout Germany, High German, introduced in the 16th century, has come to steadily replace local dialects for official purposes, and is today the predominant language of media, law and legislature. It is spoken by virtually all inhabitants in formal situations. Since the end of World War II and widespread adoption of TV, radio and other mass media, it has gradually come to supplant local dialects in urban areas as well.

Economy

The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the state was 62.7 billion euros in 2018, accounting for 1.9% of German economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 30,400 euros or 101% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 95% of the EU average. The GDP per capita was the lowest of all states in West Germany.^[25] In 2017, Schleswig-Holstein had an export surplus for the first time since 1989: export 22.6 billion euros/ import 20.8 billion euros.

Energy

Schleswig-Holstein is a leader in the country's growing renewable energy industry.^[26] In 2014, Schleswig-Holstein became the first German state to cover 100% of its electric power demand with renewable energy sources (chiefly wind 70%, solar 3.8%, and biomass 8.3%).^[27]

The largest German oil field Mittelplate is located in the North Sea off the Dithmarsch coast and connected with refinery in Hemmingstedt and chemical plants in Brunsbüttel via pipeline. It produce ca. 1.4 million tonnes of oil annually.

Nuclear power

There were three nuclear power plants in Schleswig-Holstein: Krümmel, Brunsbüttel, and Brockdorf. The last operating plant in Schleswig-Holstein, the Brokdorf-plant was shut down on new-years eve 2021.^[28]

There is also a nuclear research center known "Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht" (rebranded as Hereon) with 2 research reactors, located right next to the Krümmel plant.^[29]

During the 1990s, ten more cases of leukemia among children than was expected were identified in Elbmarsch, near the Krümmel plant. Anti-nuclear activists believed it was due to the nuclear plant, which led to several investigations. The reported discovery of small spherical beads of nuclear material in the area led to further concern, as well as the presence of minute amounts of plutonium in the Elbe. The origins of the nuclear material were disputed, with one report determining them to not be that of the Krümmel plant. Another report claimed that they may have come from an undisclosed fire in 1986, however this theory has been questioned as it would have required a substantial government coverup. The Chernobyl disaster has also been suggested as a source, though is considered unlikely. The probable source of the material, especially in the Elbe, is nuclear reprocessing plants in France. A 2010 report exonerated the nuclear power plants on the Elbe as the cause of contamination. Further doubt was cast on the nature of the supposed beads of nuclear material, with a Federal commission chastising the original commission that claimed to have discovered the beads. The exact cause of the increased leukemia cases remains unknown, and could be due to other environmental factors, or even by chance.^{[30][31][32][33][34]}

The nuclear plants have further been questioned as a source of the cases due to comparison to the Savannah River Site in the United States. Despite release of radiation at the Savannah River Site, there is no increase in cases of leukemia around it. Alternative hypotheses for the cause of the cases have included electromagnetic fields, parental radiation exposure prior to conception, other carcinogens, and benzene exposure; however, none have been supported by the existing evidence. Intriguingly, a larger case-control study in Lower Saxony found a correlation between the "untrained immune system" (as judged as contact with other children, vaccinations, etc.) and leukemia risk, suggested that an immature immune system that has not been challenged is at greater risk for developing malignancy, possibly secondary to an undetermined environment factor.^[35][36]

• 
  NPP Krümmel
• 
  View form Elbe: left is NPP Krümmel, right is the Research Center.
• 
  KKK – NPP Krümmel, GKSS – Research Center
• 
  Brokdorf Nuclear Power Plant

Tourism

Located between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea, Schleswig-Holstein is also a popular tourist destination in Germany. Its islands, beaches and cities attract millions of tourists every year. It has the second highest tourism intensity per local among the German states, after Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, but in absolute value it is rank 6th and only 1/3 of top destination Bavaria.^[37] According to a ruling by the Federal Administrative Court, everyone has the right to free access to the beach. Nevertheless, most of the seaside resorts kept cashing in (2-€3 /day/person).^[38]

• 
  Haithabu

  Museum
• 
  North Sea Coast at Amrum
• 
  Red Cliff (Sylt)
• 
  Lübeck City Hall
• 
  Historic City Center of Lübeck
• 
  Baltic Sea Coast at Timmendorfer Strand
• 
  Island of Heligoland
• 
  Kappeln Herring Day

Agriculture

63% of land in Schleswig-Holstein (990 403 ha) is used for agriculture (national average 47%).^[39]

Cultivated crops:^[40]

• Wheat, 208 000 ha
• Maize for silage, 176 000 ha
• Winter rapeseed, 112 000 ha
• Sugar beet, 7 500 ha
• Potatoes
  , 5 500 ha

There are some special cultivation regions:

• Elbmarschen, west of Hamburg
  for fruits cultivation
• Ditmarschen for cabbage
• Between Mölln and Lübeck for asparagus
• Pinneberg for tree nurseries and flower garden (especially, roses of Rosen Tantau and W. Kordes' Söhne), 2 931 ha. These 2 companies have over 50% of the world cut roses market. There is a German Nurseries Museum ("Deutsches Baumschulmuseum").^[40]

• 
  Rosa Iceberg ("World-favorite Rose", 1983) from W. Kordes' Söhne
• 
  Tree nursery in Pinneberg
• 
  Rapeseed
• 
  Greenhouse of Rosen Tantau
• 
  Rosa Apricola ("Goldenen Rose", 2005) from W. Kordes' Söhne
• 
  Cabbage Field

Animal husbandry

The dairy and cattle farming in connection with fodder cultivation is mainly concentrated on the marshland and the bordering Geest areas. In 2020, around 1 million cattle including 360,000 dairy cows were counted in Schleswig-Holstein, rank 4th of German states. Livestock is continuously declining.^[41]

Schleswig-Holstein is home of the most productive dairy cattle:

, which produce an average of 8,125 L (2,146 US gal) per year of milk. It is now the main dairy cow around the world.

Pig breeding is mainly found in the Schleswig-Holstein Uplands. In principle, Schleswig-Holstein is one of the regions with relatively few pigs (a total of around 1.6 million; in comparison Lower Saxony: over 8 million). Poultry and sheep are also of little importance in animal husbandry.^[40]

Schleswig-Holstein had Europe's largest snake farm in Uetersen with over 600 venomous reptiles, but it closed in 2019.^[42]

Fishing and Aquaculture

Total production from fishing in North and Baltic Seas was 40 780 tonnes in 2019, ca. 1/3 German production.^[43]

In the Baltic Sea total production amounted to 10377 tonnes (2019), of which 5432 tonnes of sprat, 2568 tonnes of flatfish and 1190 tonnes of cod.^[43]

In the North Sea the numbers were 19,487 tonnes of mussels, 3560 tonnes of North Sea shrimp, 1166 tonnes of herring and 7062 other fishes.^[43]

The one important aquaculture product is mussels, 16864 tonnes.^[43]

Inland fishing and aquaculture is not significant with 221 and 250 tonnes in 2019 respectively.^[43]

Companies

The largest company headquarters in Schleswig-Holstein with annual sales over 1 billion euros are:

• Wholesaler Bartels-Langness, Kiel 5.3 billion €
• Conglomerate Possehl, Lübeck 3.8 billion €
• Medical equipment manufacturer Drägerwerke, Lübeck 3.4 billion €
• Telecommunication service provider Freenet, Büdelsdorf 2.9 billion €
• Oil refinery Heide, Hemmingstedt 2.4 billion €
• Submarine shipyards ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems, Kiel 1.8 billion €
• Drainage and water solutions
  ACO Group, Büdelsdorf
  1 billion €

The unemployment rate stood at 5.0% in October 2021.[44]

Year[45]	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019
Unemployment rate in %	8.5	8.4	8.7	9.7	9.8	11.6	10.0	8.4	7.6	7.8	7.5	7.2	6.9	6.9	6.8	6.5	6.3	6.0	5.5	5.1

Industries

• Shipbuilding. Ca. 20% of German shipbuilding. The biggest ship yard
  megayachts are built by Lürssen-Kröger Werft, Schacht-Audorf, and Nobiskrug, Rendsburg.^[46] Shipyards in Lübeck^[47] and Caterpillar-MaK marine engine plant were closed.^[48]
  Raytheon Anschütz deliveries navigation equipment, autopilots, and radars to shipyards.

• 
  Lürssen-Kröger Shipyard Rendsburg
• 
  Thyssen-Krupp Marine Systems Shipyards Kiel
• 
  Flensburg FSG Shipyard

• Locomotive. Vossloh Locomotives (owned by Chinese CRRC) manufactures three models of diesel-hydraulic (G6, G12, G18) and two models of diesel-electric (DE12, DE18) locomotives. Other manufacturer was Voith Turbo Lokomotivtechnik, but closed in 2014 year.^[49] Both firms are in Kiel.

• 
  Vossloh G 12
• 
  Vossloh DE 18
• 
  Vossloh G 2000 BB
• 
  Voith Gravita 15L BB
• 
  Voith Revita
• 
  Voith Maxima

• Industrial equipment. Fish and poultry processing machinery from Baader, Lübeck, bottle washers and pasteurizers from Krones, Flensburg, grinding machine tools from Peter Wolters, Rendsburg, machinery to manufacture human-made fibers, and non-woven textile from Oerlikon Neumag and Oerlikon Nonwoven, Neumünster.
• Medical and labor equipment. Drägerwerk, Lübeck manufacture breathing equipment, medical ventilators and monitors, anesthetic machines, neonatal incubators, gas detectors, drug testing equipment, diving equipment, rebreathers, and breathalyzer. The company delivery breathing devices for reanimation COVID-19 patients. Euroimmun, Lübeck, produces test systems with which antibodies can be determined in the serum of patients and thus autoimmune and infectious diseases (including COVID-19) as well as allergies.
• Chemical. Almost all chemical industry concentrate around
  polyesters
  , adhesives, and powder coatings.

Transport

Kiel Canal

The most important transport way in Schleswig-Holstein is Kiel Canal, which connect Brunsbüttel on North Sea with Kiel on Baltic Sea. Total cargo of ships reach peaks in 2007 and 2012, after that it continuous decline with 73.8 million tonnes in 2020.^[50]

• 
  Kiel-Canal as seen from the North-Sea
• 
  Kiel-Canal as seen from the Baltic Sea
• 
  A

  freighter in Transit through the Kiel Canal
• 
  Ferry Hochdonn
• 
  Pilot Station Rüsterbergen

Ports

The state has a total of 46 public ports and landing stages, four of which fulfill international transit functions: Kiel, Lübeck / Travemünde and Puttgarden on the Baltic Sea, Brunsbüttel on the North Sea. Kiel and Lübeck are also important for freight traffic to Scandinavia and Eastern Europe. Lübeck-Travemünde and Kiel are also important ferry and cruise ports. Puttgarden is the German port of the Vogelfluglinie to Denmark. Brunsbüttel is an important port for bulk goods and also serves as the basis for the offshore wind energy industry.

Port[51]	HANDLING OF GOODS, MT	FERRY AND RO/RO TRANSPORT, MT	NUMBER OF PASSENGERS
Lübeck	16.0	23.0	449 000
Brunsbüttel	10.1	0.0	0
Puttgarden	5.4	14.4	5 482 277
Kiel	4.8	5.9	1 588 467

• 
  Port of Lübeck
• 
  Port of Puttgarden
• 
  Port of Brunsbüttel
• 
  Port of Kiel

Education

General Education

In Schleswig-Holstein, the

Most Gymnasium in Schleswig-Holstein offer a nine-year educational track, with only one Gymnasium leading to the Abitur in eight years. Three of the Gymnasien offer both three-year and two-year pathways for the Abitur.^[54]

The third option to obtain the

Academic Education

There are three universities in

• 
  University of Lübeck
• 
  Europa-University Flensburg
• 
  Christians-Albrechts-University of Kiel
• 
  University of Applied Sciences Lübeck
• 
  University of Applied Sciences Flensburg
• 
  University of Applied Sciences Kiel

Honorary citizens

As of 2016, seven persons had been made honorary citizens of Schleswig-Holstein:^[58]

• federal Minister of Defence
• FDP
• Bundeskanzler
• Siegfried Lenz †,^[59][60] distinguished German author. Schleswig-Holstein is the location of many of his stories
• Armin Mueller-Stahl,^[58] an actor who once worked at Lübeck Academy of Music and supported multiple museums
• Dr. Günther Fielmann †, Businessman and Philanthropist^[61]
• Heide Simonis †, first female Ministerpräsidentin of Schleswig-Holstein^[61]

See also

• Outline of Germany
• Schleswig
• Holstein-Glückstadt
• Dukes of Holstein-Gottorp
• Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg
• Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
• Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck
• Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg
• Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön
• Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Norburg
• Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön-Rethwisch
• Coat of arms of Schleswig
• Region Sønderjylland-Schleswig
• Schleswig-Holstein Police

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Schleswig-Holstein.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Schleswig-Holstein.

• Official government
• Geographic data related to Schleswig-Holstein at OpenStreetMap
• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Schleswig-Holstein" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
• Schleswig-Holsteins Ehrenbürgerinnen und Ehrenbürger (Schleswig-Holstein Honorary Citizens, In German)