School meal
A school meal (whether it is a breakfast, lunch, or evening meal) is a meal provided to students and sometimes teachers at a school, typically in the middle or beginning of the school day. Countries around the world offer various kinds of school meal programs, and altogether, these are among the world's largest social safety nets.[1] An estimated 380 million school children around the world receive meals (or snacks or take-home rations) at their respective schools.[2] The extent of school feeding coverage varies from country to country, and as of 2020, the aggregate coverage rate worldwide is estimated to be 27% (and 40% specifically for primary school-age children).[3]
The objectives and benefits of school meals vary. In developing countries, school meals provide food security at times of crisis and help children to become healthy and productive adults, thus helping to break the cycle of poverty and hunger. They can address micronutrient deficiencies by serving diverse foods or including fortified foods.[4] They also serve as an incentive to send children to school and continue their education, and they can be leveraged specifically to reduce barriers to schooling for girls.[5] When school meals are targeted toward low-income or vulnerable children, they serve as a social safety net.[6] Especially in developed countries, school meals are structured to encourage healthy eating habits.[7] School meal programs can also be aimed at supporting the domestic or local agricultural sector.[8]
History
The first school lunches were though to be served in 1790 in
In the United Kingdom, significant changes have been made since school meals were introduced in the 19th century by Elizabeth Burgwin and others.[11] The first National School Meals Policy was published across the United Kingdom in 1941. The Policy set the first nutritional guidelines for school lunches, requiring balanced meals which include the appropriate levels of protein, fat, and calories.[12]
In the United States, there was a social inequality gap during the industrial era, and there was room for improvement in all realms of education. Philadelphia and Boston were the first two cities to institute school lunches in the U.S. Organizations such as Women's Education and the Starr Center Association began serving hot meals to students for a cost that was affordable for most. Soon after, teachers started to notice the benefits for students—both mentally and physically. The federal government wasn't involved until the Great Depression (1920s), when farmers and labors weren't doing well financially and the school lunch program was a solution that benefited everyone.[13]
In recent years, school districts have faced government or community pressure to change the foods served in schools. The addition of vegan school lunch and Meatless Mondays are examples of these changes.
Types
Universal school meals
Sweden, Finland, Estonia and India are among the few countries which provide universal school meals to all pupils in compulsory education, regardless of their ability to pay.[14][15][16] In India, where all Government School students are provided with free lunches through the Midday Meal Scheme, staple foods are provided along with free education.
Targeted school meals
School meals can also be targeted, often toward students who are poor or otherwise vulnerable. Such targeting can be geographic (providing school meals in all schools with a region that is deemed food insecure or lower income), school-based (targeting schools with a population of generally poor students), or based on individual characteristics (targeting students based on their household income, ethnic status, or other individual traits). Across different settings and school meal programs, many different approaches are used when targeting school meals.[3]
Free school meals
In low-income countries, most school meal programs make food available for free. In high-income countries, free school meals are usually available only to children who meet income-based criteria.
A study of a free school meal program in the United States found that providing free meals to elementary and middle school children in areas characterized by high food insecurity led to better school discipline among the students.[17]
As of 2022[update] in England, 20.8% of the 8.9 million pupils attending schools in 2020/21 are known to be eligible for free school meals.[18]
Reduced price meals
Reduced price meals are also available in some countries to those who need a degree of assistance with costs. Lower-cost meals are available to students in such countries as France, Italy, Hong Kong, Japan, Portugal,[19] and the United States.[14]
Full price meals
In some programs, meals are made available for purchase in school cafeterias/canteens at full price. For example, in the United States, students who don't qualify for reduced price lunches can still purchase food at the full price. In the United Arab Emirates, all food in school cafeterias is available for purchase, though prices reflect only the cost of the food itself.[3]
Hot cooked meals
School meals can be cooked in a kitchen (whether in each school or in a centralized kitchen, with the cooked food then delivered to individual schools).
Cold meals
School meals can also be uncooked, serving cold sandwiches or packaged biscuits. For example, the National School Nutrition Program in Egypt serves only Ma'amool, a baked food item made with dates.[20]
Africa
Nigeria
In April 2012, the
According to a report on O'Meals' benefits:[21]
Within four weeks of the O'Meals launch, school enrollment increase[d] by approximately 25%. According to the Nigerian National Bureau of Statistics July 2013 edition, Osun has the highest primary school enrollment rates in Nigeria – a feat largely attributable to O'Meals. [Additionally,] O'Meals promotes and boosts income generation opportunities, particularly for women. To date, the program has economically empowered over 3,000 previously unemployed women by hiring them as food vendors[.]
All food items are sourced locally from farmers and others on the supply chain, enhancing employment within the state. Addressing child malnutrition has raised students' academic performance, and has increased school enrollment by 24% compared to figures from before April 2012.[22]
In 2015, the
Americas
Canada
Canada has no national school meal program,
A recent study of school meal programs across Canada estimates that these programs are found in about 35% of JK-12 schools, with a minimum of 1,018,323 or 21% of students in the country receiving free breakfasts, lunches, and/or snacks. There is considerable diversity in the design of these programs across Canada's provinces and territories. Though non-profit entities implement these programs, governments contributed over Can$93 million in 2018/19.[25]
United States
History
School lunches at the national level began as a temporary New Deal project in 1933. By 1935 it was run by the WPA in 1935-42, as a way to employ the unemployed, feed hungry children, and reduce crop surpluses. It was ended in World War II when the WPA closed. In 1937 the WPA reported, "In the past year and a half 80,000,000 hot well-balanced meals have been served at the rate of 500,000 daily in 10,000 schools throughout the country."[26]
The permanent
Current status
Today, the National School Lunch Program is a federal nutrition assistance program operating in over 101,000 public schools, non-profit private schools, and residential care institutions. It is regulated and administered at the federal level by the Food and Nutrition Service of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). The program provides "nutritionally balanced meals" at low or no cost to more than 31 million children each school day.[27]
Since its inception, the Program has expanded substantially. It now includes the School Breakfast Program, the Snack Program, a Child and Adult Care Food Program, and the Summer Food Service Program. At the State level, the National School Lunch Program is usually administered by state education agencies, which operate the program through agreements with school food authorities.[30]
School meal programs in the United States provide meals free of charge, or at a reduced (government-subsidized) price, to the children of low-income families. Those who do not qualify for free or reduced price are charged a nominal fee.[27]
Some issues stem students individual needs and the increase in food allergies [31]
Contents and nutritional guidelines
School lunches must meet the applicable recommendations of the
A recent advocate of nutritional lunches was
Vending machines in schools are also a major source of competitive food for students. Under pressure from parents and anti-obesity advocates, many school districts moved to ban sodas, junk foods, and candy from vending machines and cafeterias.[33] Various laws have also been passed to limit foods sold in school vending machines. With increasing concern over traditional vending machines in schools, healthier vending options have gained popularity and are steadily being adopted by schools around the nation.[34][35] Marketing for such "healthy vending machines" states that they allow students to perform better in school while also attaining better health.
Asia
China
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2012) |
A typical school lunch in
In impoverished rural areas, students' access to nutritious food is limited. The government has funded "nutritious lunch" schemes in rural public schools to combat
India
School meals are provided for free at public schools in India.
History
The roots of India's school meal program can be traced back to the pre-independence era, when a mid day meal programme was introduced in 1925 in
By 1998, India had deployed the National Programme of Nutritional Support to Primary Education (NP-NSPE) scheme. During the 2013-2014 school year, the scheme covered 104 million children in 1.16 million schools.[42]
Contents
A single afternoon lunch usually contains a cereal which is locally available, made in a way that conforms to prevailing local customs. Each child receives milk, and either soup or vegetables cooked as curry. Under the scheme of the Indian government, each primary level student must be provided with 100 grams of food grains each day, along with 20 grams of protein, 50 grams of leafy vegetables and 5 grams of oil and fat. For upper-primary and senior students, they must be provided with 150 grams of food grains, 30 grams of protein, 75 grams of leafy vegetables and 7.5 grams of oil and fat.[43] In accordance with nutritional guidelines, primary level students are given 450 grams of calories and 12 grams of proteins each day and senior and upper-primary level students are given 700 grams of calories and 20 grams of proteins each day.[44] The rice and other graines served during the midday meal is fortified with nutrients such as iron, vitamin B12 and folate.[45]
Children in private schools usually carry their own
Iran
In the 1960s, Shah
Japan
History
In
These early lunches initially included items such as bread, bread rolls, and skimmed milk powder (replaced in 1958 by milk bottles and cartons). Later, lunches were expanded to include flour donated by an American charity; a dessert; and a dish (such as daikon) that changed daily.[46] Other dishes included inexpensive protein such as stewed bean dishes, fried white fish, and, until the 1970s, whale meat. Provisions of rice were introduced in 1976, following a surplus of government-distributed Japanese rice, and became increasingly frequent during the 1980s. Hamburg steak, stew and Japanese curry became staples as well.[citation needed]
Current status
As of 2004, 99% of
In both elementary school and middle school, students put on white coats and caps and serve their classmates, who then all eat together in their classrooms instead of in a cafeteria.[46]
To make lunches affordable for students, municipalities pay for the labor costs, while parents, who are billed monthly, pay for the ingredients.[46] These typically cost about 250 to 300 yen (about USD $3) per meal per student. There are reduced-price and free options for poorer families.[46]
Contents and nutritional guidelines
The daily lunches are designed by nutritionists to provide a balanced yet tasty meal for schoolchildren, working especially to appeal to picky or unhealthy eaters.[46] According to Chico Harlan:[46]
Though Japan's central government sets basic nutritional guidelines, regulation is surprisingly minimal. Not every meal has to meet precise caloric guidelines......Central government officials say they have ultimate authority to step in if schools are serving unhealthy food, but they can't think of any examples where that actually happened. ... And because this is food-obsessed Japan, those standard meals are restaurant-worthy; in fact, Adachi Ward publishes a full-color cookbook based on its best school meals. [However,] Japanese cuisine isn't automatically healthy; it includes crispy chicken, rich bowls of salty ramen with pork belly and battered and deep-fried tempura. But, like most cuisines, it can be healthy. ... You don't see dessert, other than fruit and yogurt. You occasionally see fried food, but in stark moderation.
Malaysia
In most
School canteens sell food and drinks at reduced prices. Underprivileged students can apply for the free-food program – which, depending on the school, is either sponsored by the school's
Philippines
School meals in the Philippines appear to be relatively simplistic, consisting mainly of rice, meat, and gravy.[50]
Singapore
School meals in most Singaporean primary and secondary schools, as well as junior colleges, are provided in each school's canteen (or tuckshop). The canteens consist of stalls which sell a variety of foods as well as beverages. To cater to the many races, religions, and cultures in Singapore, canteens often offer a range of cuisines, like Chinese, Indian, Malay, and Western foods.[51]
To encourage healthier eating habits among children, the Health Promotion Board of Singapore launched the Healthy Eating in Schools Programme, which gives an award to schools which serve healthy meals. To receive the award, schools must reduce the sugar content in drinks and desserts, serve fewer deep-fried and fatty foods, and include two servings of greens in their meals.[52]
South Korea
South Korea has provided free school lunches to low-income students since the 1980s at the primary and secondary school levels.[53]
History
Elementary schools began to provide meals in the late 1990s, and until the mid-2000s, the program was expanded to middle and high schools. It is funded by local governments and local offices of education, and currently, all elementary schools and most middle and high schools nationwide provide free lunch.[54]
Contents
Generally, South Korean school meals consist of meat, fish, or vegetable banchan, as well as soup and kimchi. These foods, like other Korean dishes, are processed to a minimum and are usually low-fat and high-protein. In addition, the country's government strictly controls the sugar and fat limits of school meals by running several campaigns and educational programs during school mealtimes.[55]
Culture
Many schools have "Clean Plate Wednesday," which encourages students to eat leftovers to reduce food waste. Delicious foods such as
United Arab Emirates
This section may contain material not related to the topic of the article.(September 2018) ) |
Due to the economic boom, obesity has developed into a known health concern amongst adolescents in the United Arab Emirates. The past three decades have seen the largest increases in child obesity. Studies have shown that rates of obesity among the UAE's schoolchildren have surpassed the child obesity rates in both the United States and Europe. Traditional cuisine in the Persian Gulf region, once high-fibre and low-fat, has become Westernized, and now consists of many more high-fat, high-sodium, and high-cholesterol foods. Exercise levels among children have also decreased rapidly, causing the surge of obesity in adolescents.[56]
Europe
Estonia
In Estonia, free school dinners are served in
Nutritional guidelines
Nutritional guidelines for Estonian school meals are based on the Estonian food pyramid. At the pyramid's base are water and exercise. The next tier up includes starches, fruits, and vegetables. According to Estonia's Food-Based Dietary Guidelines, these foods should comprise the majority of each meal. The middle section of the pyramid includes dairy products and meat. The Guidelines suggest eating these foods in small portions on a daily basis. Just below the top tier are oils, butter and nuts. At the peak of the pyramid are foods like ice cream, soft drinks, honey, and biscuits: high-sugar foods which should be eaten sparingly, as special treats.[57]
Finland
History
Finland provides free, catered hot school meals to all pupils from pre-primary to upper secondary education every school day, as guaranteed by the 1948 Basic Education Act.[58] Section 31 of the Basic Education Act states: "A pupil attending basic education shall be provided with a balanced and appropriately organized and supervised meal on every school day."[59]
Some Finnish cities had offered poor students free school dinners since the beginning of the 20th century. For example, Kuopio did so starting in 1902, and extended school dinners to all students in 1945.[60]
Current status
According to Finnish National Board of Education statistics from the year 2014, the average school meal was valued at 2.80 euros per student-school day, totaling 532 euros per student for the school year.[61] This sum included ingredients, labor costs, kitchen equipment, and other fixed expenses, but neither property costs nor taxes.
Children taking part in before- and
Higher education
Lunches for higher education students (like those attending universities and
Objectives and role in learning
Free school meals in Finland are viewed as an investment for the future; the aim is to maintain and improve children's health, well-being, and learning.
National and local regulations form the basis for Finnish school meal practices. Education acts and decrees[59][67][68] and local curricula are central documents governing school meals.[69] Local and school-level curricula define the central principles of arranging school catering. The curricula also describe the objectives for education in health, nutrition, and manners. The health-related and social role of school meals, the objectives of teaching nutrition and manners, and the recreational aspect of lunch breaks are taken into account when arranging school meals and snacks. Students are allowed at least 30 minutes for eating, after which they have a short recess outdoors.[citation needed]
School lunches can also be a channel for empowering local food producers. Introducing locally produced fish to the offerings of institutional kitchens, such as school canteens, is an ethical and ecological alternative to mass-produced meat or imported fish.[70]
Contents and nutritional guidelines
School meals generally consist of typical Finnish foods. A basic school meal consists of a warm main course, vegetables, bread, a table spread, and a drink.[71] The school lunch is calculated to equate to about one-third of a child's daily nutritional needs. School catering is designed to follow the National Nutrition Council's dietary guidelines for schools.[62] The recommendations for school meals are being updated during the year 2016.
Normally, Finnish schools provide lunch at school canteens in the form of a buffet, where pupils serve themselves as much as they want. Schools often use a model plate to guide eating habits towards the following recommendations:[a][62][73]
- Fresh and cooked vegetables covering half of the plate
- Potatoes, rice, or pasta covering one quarter of the plate
- Fish at least once a week (preferably twice a week); meat; or beans and sprouts as part of a vegetarian diet covering the remaining quarter of the plate
- Skimmed or semi-skimmed milk, or fermented milk products
- Water
- Bread with vegetable margarine or a butter-margarine blend
- Berries or fruit for dessert
Children with special dietary needs – whether in connection with religion, ethical beliefs or health issues – are entitled to a special diet without costs. School menus are designed to be suitable for most students, with minor adjustments if needed. If a child has special dietary needs, their school requires specific information about those needs to ensure
As with school lunches, before- and after-school snacks are used as a pedagogical tool in teaching children about proper nutrition, table manners, and food culture. Snacks are designed to offer variety and take into consideration Finnish Nutrition Recommendations as well as children's individual needs.[62]
The School Lunch Diploma
Finland has no national accreditation system to evaluate the quality of school lunches. However, by the end of 2015, over 200 schools had been awarded the School Lunch Diploma.[75] The diploma certifies a school's commitment to the national standards and recommendations for nutritionally, educationally, and ecologically sustainable school lunches.[75] It is also an indication of excellent collaboration among interest groups within the school. The School Lunch Diploma is coordinated by the Finnish Kitchen Professionals Association.[citation needed]
France
History
In the 1970s, the French government began to work on improving school lunches. In 1971, the government established nutritional guidelines for French school meals. The 1971 food recommendation guidelines stated that each meal should contain raw vegetables, such as salads and fruits; protein in the form of milk or other dairy products; cooked vegetables twice per week; and carbohydrates on the remaining days.[76]
Current status
In France, lunch is considered the most important meal of the day. Students can get lunch at school or go home for it. The lunch break is one to two hours long. French students are taught to take time to savor and enjoy their meals.[77] Students have to pay for cafeteria lunches; the cost of the meal varies by region. A student's family pays for half of the meal, while the school pays for the remainder. For example, a typical meal may cost $6, with the family paying $3 instead of the full price.[76]
A well-known school catering subscription company in France is called "Turboself".
Contents and nutritional guidelines
The 2001 food recommendation guidelines, signed by the Minister for National Education, state that school lunches must be healthy and balanced. Menus vary daily, and are posted for parents. Specifically, the guidelines state that:[77]
- There should be very little fat in school foods
- School meals must contain minerals
- The main course of each school meal must contain meat, fish, or eggs
School cafeterias serve five-course meals, even for preschoolers.
French schools do not have vending machines.[80]
Italy
School meals in Italy provide regular Italian cuisine, although they may vary among regions and towns. The Italian government is very "down to people" and is doing a large-scale study to measure and involve students in food habits, diets, and food choices.[81] However, many parents struggle for the right to pack home meals for their children since school food is rather expensive.[82]
Norway
Norwegian school lunches were supplied from Sweden during World War II, partly privately financed. Later, all public school lunches were discontinued, so most Norwegian students bring a packed lunch from home. In 2007, schools began providing one free piece of fruit each day for all pupils in grades 8–10. Norwegian schools also sell subsidized milk.[citation needed]
Sweden
School lunches have been free in Swedish elementary schools since 1973.[83] The government or municipality covers all charges. Normally, school lunches are buffet-style. Buffets chiefly include potatoes, pasta or rice; meat or fish; and vegetables. Milk and water are usually offered as drinks.[citation needed] There are also vegetarian options, as well as foods that meet religious requirements; these foods are also free of charge. Upper secondary schools do not have to provide meals for their students, but many, both public and charter schools do.[84]
Usually, each municipality signs a private contract with a catering company which provides school food. Many of the food products are imported, but still have a good standard. In many schools, teachers or the
A 2021 study, which used the gradual implementation of free, nutritious school lunches across Sweden, found that the school lunches led to improvements in health and educational outcomes, as well as improvements in adult income.[86]
United Kingdom
History
School meal programs in the United Kingdom can be traced back to the Education (Provision of Meals) Act 1906.
In 1944, the United Kingdom required local authorities to provide school dinners that were consistent with legal nutritional requirements. The government paid the full cost of school meals in 1947.[12] Free school meals were available to children with families on very low incomes.[87] As a result, from the 1950s onward, staple traditional "school dinner" foods became embedded in the national psyche. "School puddings" in particular refers to desserts historically served with school dinners in both state and independent schools. Examples include tarts such as gypsy tart and Manchester tart, and hot puddings such as spotted dick and treacle sponge pudding.[b]
In the 1980s,
This became a major topic of
Martha Payne's blog NeverSeconds, which discussed the quality of school meals at her primary school in Lochgilphead, made national headlines after gaining support from Jamie Oliver.[91]
Current status
The principal legislation is The Requirements for School Food Regulations 2014. School governors are responsible for the provision of food in schools. They must ensure compliance with food standards, suitable accommodation for children to eat provided meals and food brought in from home in a calm and enjoyable way, as well as oversee the take-up of school meals and financial aspects of school food provision.[92][93]
Since September 2014, all infant pupils (four to seven years age group) in English schools have been entitled to a free hot meal at lunchtime every day. This was an initiative of Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg, who launched the plan at the Liberal Democrats conference in 2013. At the initiative's inception, the government was paying £2.30 for each meal taken by newly eligible pupils.[94]
Since January 2015, the Scottish government has provided free school meals for all children in Primary One to Three.[94]
Similar schemes are in place for Wales and Northern Ireland.
The British government uses entitlement to free school meals as a measure of deprivation. For the financial year 2014-2015, the government paid schools a premium of £1,300 for primary-aged pupils, or £935 for secondary-aged pupils, for each eligible child. 11% of families entitled to free meals do not claim them, which means that their schools do not receive the extra funding. It was unclear in 2014 how this would be affected by the introduction of universal free meals for the youngest British schoolchildren.[95]
In August 2019 it was revealed that local government planning for a No-deal Brexit encompassed the possibility of needing to change legal requirements underpinning the provision of school meals, for example by making them more expensive or less healthy; possibly even discarding the requirements entirely. One council also said that "special dietary requirements may be difficult to meet" and that fresh food might have to be replaced with frozen and tinned goods, while another mentioned the possibility of a return to rationing.[96]
School meal standards 2014
The school meal standards for England developed in 2014 include:
- High-quality meat, poultry or oily fish
- Bread, cereals or potatoes
- at least 1 portions of vegetables or salad as an accompaniment every day
- at least 3 different fruits, and 3 different vegetables each week
- an emphasis on wholegrain foods in place of refined carbohydrates
- an emphasis on making water the drink of choice
- limiting fruit juice portions to 150 ml
- restricting the amount of added sugars or honey in other drinks to 5%
- no more than 2 portions a week of food that has been deep fried, batter coated, or breadcrumb coated
- no more than 2 portions of food which includes pastry each week [97]
- A ban on drinks with added sugars, crisps, chocolates or sweets in school meals or vending machines[98][99]
Eligibility
As of November 2020, parents may apply for free school meals for children at school or in certain institutions up to the July after their 19th birthday.[100]
- Income Support
- income-based Jobseeker's Allowance
- income-related Employment and Support Allowance
- Support under Part VI of the Immigration and Asylum Act 1999
- the guaranteed element of Pension Credit
- Child Tax Credit when not receiving Working Tax Creditwith an annual gross income of less than £16,190
- Working Tax Credit run-on
- Universal Credit -with a household income of less than £7,400 a year (after tax and before benefits)
and if they are in years R, 1 and 2. [100]
Disadvantaged Children and Pupil Premium
The receipt of Free School Meals (FSM) is one of the indicators of disadvantage. It entitles the school to a
Advocacy
The
Free school meals have become an essential part of the diet of disadvantaged children. During the Covid-19 pandemic lockdown, these children were out of school and unfed. Marcus Rashford, a popular footballer, led a successful campaign to cause the government to make a U-turn and to continue to provide meals or food vouchers.[103] The Petition that Rashford started on Free School Meals garnered substantial support, passing the 1 million signature mark on 28 October 2020.[104]
Oceania
Australia
The Healthy Kids Association (previously The Healthy Kids School Canteen Association) is a not-for-profit, non-governmental, health promotion organization based in
In Australia, many school canteens have returned to offering junk food, or pupils have started buying fast food outside their schools. The association has developed policies intended to counter these trends; in some schools, they have taken over providing school food.[107]
In response to the 2002 Childhood Obesity Summit, former
New Zealand
In 2012,
Until 2020, New Zealand did not have any school meal programme, aside from board-run school breakfasts that were not provided by central government. After assuming office, New Zealand's
See also
General:
Notes
- ^ See, for example, this list of sample school menus from the city of Helsinki.[72]
- ^ British celebrity chef Gordon Ramsay discusses school puddings as comfort food in The Times.[88]
References
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Further reading
- Australia
- Innes-Hughes, Christine; Hebden, Lana; King, Lesley; Grunseit, Anne; Bolger, Grace (1 June 2012). "'Green' and 'Amber' Foods: The Nutritional Content of Food and Beverages Registered for Sale in New South Wales School Canteens with Healthy Kids Association". Nutrition & Dietetics: The Journal of the Dietitians Association of Australia. 69 (2). Dietitians Association of Australia: 111–118. ISSN 1446-6368.
- Innes-Hughes, Christine; Hebden, Lana (13 May 2013). "'Green' and 'Amber' Foods: Analysing the Nutritional Content of Food and Beverage Products Registered with Healthy Kids Association". Retrieved 21 May 2016.
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(help) - "Fresh Tastes @ School Newsletter: Archives". PANDORA: Australia's Web Archive. National Library of Australia and Partners. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
- Innes-Hughes, Christine; Hebden, Lana; King, Lesley; Grunseit, Anne; Bolger, Grace (1 June 2012). "'Green' and 'Amber' Foods: The Nutritional Content of Food and Beverages Registered for Sale in New South Wales School Canteens with Healthy Kids Association". Nutrition & Dietetics: The Journal of the Dietitians Association of Australia. 69 (2). Dietitians Association of Australia: 111–118.
- Japan
- Sanborn, Alexis Agliano (March 2013). "Flavoring the Nation: School Lunch in Japan" (Harvard University Master's thesis)
- JapaneseSchoolLunch.com
- The United States
- Levine, Susan (2010). School Lunch Politics: The Surprising History of America's Favorite Welfare Program. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691146195.
- Levine, Susan (2010). School Lunch Politics: The Surprising History of America's Favorite Welfare Program. Princeton University Press.
- Ruis, A.R. Eating to Learn, Learning to Eat: The Origins of School Lunch in the United States (Rutgers UP, 2017), 201 pp.
- "National School Lunch Program" (PDF). Food and Nutrition Service. United States Department of Agriculture. September 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 May 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
External links
- International: SkoolFood.com
- Ethiopia: School Nutrition
- Finland:
- Finnish National Board of Education (2014). School Meals in Finland (PDF) (Report). Finnish National Board of Education. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
- Finnish National Board of Education (2008). School Meals in Finland: Investment in Learning (PDF) (Report). Finnish National Board of Education. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
- Sweden: School Meals Sweden (translated from the original by Google Translate)
- United Kingdom:
- Jamie's School Dinners by Channel 4
- Food Matters: School Dinners by the BBC
- The British Library: Learning Food Stories – An interactive site for children about the history of food culture in the UK
- United States:
- Gallagher, Michael (26 June 2006). School Lunch (PDF) (Report). University of Mississippi. pp. 1–9. Archived from the original on 16 September 2006. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
{{cite report}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) (Mississippi Teacher Corps focus paper) - Kinsman, Kat (15 November 2011). "The Kid with the Stinky Lunch". CNN Online. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. Archived from the original on 14 May 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
- Gallagher, Michael (26 June 2006). School Lunch (PDF) (Report). University of Mississippi. pp. 1–9. Archived from the original on 16 September 2006. Retrieved 21 May 2016.