Schulze STV
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Schulze STV is a draft single transferable vote (STV) ranked voting system designed to achieve proportional representation.[1][2] It was invented by Markus Schulze, who developed the Schulze method for resolving ties using a Condorcet method. Schulze STV is similar to CPO-STV in that it compares possible winning candidate pairs and selects the Condorcet winner. It is not used in parliamentary elections.
The system is based on Schulze's investigations into
Schulze STV is designed to be as resistant to free riding as possible, without giving up the
Scenario
Each voter ranks candidates in their order of preference. In a hypothetical election, three candidates vie for two seats; Andrea and Carter represent the Yellow Party, and Brad represents the Purple Party. Andrea is a popular candidate, and has supporters who are not Yellow Party supporters. It is assumed that the Yellow Party can influence their own supporters, but not Andrea's.
There are 90 voters, and their preferences are
Andrea's
supporters |
Yellow Party
supporters |
Purple Party
supporters | ||
12 | 26 | 12 | 13 | 27 |
|
|
|
|
|
In the STV system, the initial tallies are:
- Andrea (Y): 50
- Carter (Y): 13
- Brad (P): 27
The quota is determined according to Andrea is declared elected and her surplus, , is distributed with
- Carter (Y):
- Brad (P):
Brad is also elected.
The Schulze STV system has three possible outcomes (sets of winners) in the election: Andrea and Carter, Andrea and Brad, and Carter and Brad. In this system, any candidate with more than the Droop quota of first choices will be elected. Andrea is certain to be elected, with two possible outcomes: Andrea and Carter, and Andrea and Brad.
Resistance to vote management
In
Potential for tactical voting
Proportional representation systems are much less susceptible to tactical voting systems than single-winner systems such as the
All forms of STV that reduce to IRV in single winner elections fail the monotonicity criterion. This means that it is sometimes possible to benefit a candidate by ranking them lower than one's true order of preference, or to harm a candidate by ranking them higher. This isn't the case for Schulze STV.[citation needed] When some voters rank candidate higher without changing the order in which they rank the other candidates relatively to each other, then the strength of the vote management of the candidates against candidate can't increase. I. e. the strength of any vote management and the strength of beatpaths is monotonic in and the monotonicity follows from that of the underlying Schulze method.
As Schulze STV reduces to the Schulze method in single winner elections, it fails the
STV methods which make use of
A method which doesn't meet the Droop proportionality criterion has the potential to give disproportional results, unless it meets a similar proportionality criterion. Thus, Schulze STV can be considered invulnerable to Hylland Free Riding to as great an extent possible, subject to actually being a proportional representation method.[citation needed]
Complexity
Schulze STV is no more complicated for the voter than other forms of STV; the ballot is the same, and candidates are ranked in order of preference. In calculating an election result, however, Schulze STV is significantly more complex than STV. In most applications, computer calculation would be required. The algorithm implementing Schulze STV requires exponentially many steps in the number of seats to be filled (roughly on the order of steps when k out of m candidates are to be selected), making the computation difficult if this number is not very small (in particular, the rule does not have
Compared to CPO-STV, implementing Schulze STV might be somewhat faster, since it only compares outcomes differing by one candidate; CPO-STV compares all possible pairs.
References
- ^ a b c Markus Schulze (2011-03-11). "Free Riding and Vote Management under Proportional Representation by Single Transferable Vote" (PDF).
- ^ Markus Schulze (2017-03-10). "Implementing the Schulze STV Method".
- ^ Markus Schulze (June 2004). "Free Riding" (PDF). Voting matters (18): 2–8.
External links
- The Schulze Method of Voting (section 9) by Markus Schulze
- Python implementation