Sciaenidae
Sciaenidae | |
---|---|
Atlantic croaker, Micropogonias undulatus | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Actinopterygii |
Order: | Acanthuriformes |
Suborder: | Sciaenoidei |
Family: | Sciaenidae Cuvier, 1829[1] |
Genera | |
About 66–70, see text |
Sciaenidae is a
Taxonomy
Sciaenidae was first proposed as a family in 1829 by the French
The 5th edition of Fishes of the World, Fishbase and Catalog of Fishes do not recognise subfamilies within the Sciaenidae[2][3][7] but many workers on these fishes do recognise subfamilies and tribes within the family. For example, in 1989 Kunio Sasaki erected a number of subfamilies and tribes.[8]
Genera
The following genera are classified within the family Sciaenidae:[5]
- Aplodinotus Rafinesque, 1819
- Argyrosomus De la Pylaie, 1835
- Aspericorvina Fowler, 1834
- Atractoscion Gill, 1862
- Atrobucca Chu, Lo & Wu, 1963
- Austronibea Trewavas, 1977
- Bahaba Herre, 1935
- Bairdiella Gill, 1861
- Boesemania Trewavas, 1977
- Cheilotrema Tschudi, 1846
- Chrysochir Trevawas & Yazdani, 1966
- Cilus Delfin, 1900
- Collichthys Günther, 1860
- Corvula Jordan & Eigenmann, 1889
- Ctenosciaena Fowler & B. A. Bean, 1923
- Cynoscion Gill, 1861
- Daysciaena Talwar, 1971
- DendrophysaTrewavas, 1964
- Elattarchus Jordan & Evermann, 1896
- Eques Bloch 1793
- GenyonemusGill, 1861
- Isopisthus Gill, 1862
- †Jefitchia Frizzell & Dante, 1965[9]
- Johnius Bloch, 1793
- Kathala Lal Mohan1969
- Larimichthys Jordan & Starks, 1905
- Larimus Cuvier, 1830
- Leiostomus Lacépède, 1802
- Lonchurus Bloch, 1793
- Macrodon Schinz, 1822
- MacrospinosaLal Mohan, 1969
- Megalonibea Chu, Lo & Wu, 1963
- Menticirrhus Gill, 1861
- Micropogonias Bonaparte, 1831
- Miichthys Lin, 1938
- MiracorvinaTrewavas, 1962
- Nebris Cuvier, 1830
- Nibea Jordan & W. F. Thompson, 1911
- Odontoscion Gill, 1862
- Ophioscion Gill, 1863
- Otolithes Oken, 1817
- Otolithoides Fowler, 1933
- Pachypops Gill, 1861
- Pachyurus Agassiz, 1831
- Panna Lal Mohan, 1969
- Paralonchurus Bocourt, 1869
- Paranebris Chao, Béarez and Robertson, 2001
- ParanibeaTrewavas, 1977
- Pareques Gill in Goode, 1876
- Pennahia Fowler, 1926
- Pentheroscion Trewavas, 1962
- Petilipinnis Casatti, 2002
- Plagioscion Gill, 1861
- Pogonias Lacépède, 1801
- ProtonibeaTrewavas, 1971
- Protosciaena Sasaki, 1989
- Pseudolarimichthys Lo, Liu, Mohd Nor & Chen, 2017[10]
- Pseudotolithus Bleeker, 1863
- PteroscionFowler, 1925
- Pterotolithus Fowler 1933
- Robaloscion Béarez & Schwarzhans2014
- Roncador Jordan & Gilbert, 1880
- Sciaena Linnaeus, 1758
- SciaenopsGill, 1863
- Seriphus Ayres, 1860
- SonoroluxTrewavas, 1977
- Stellifer Oken, 1817
- Totoaba Villamar, 1980
- Umbrina Cuvier, 1816
Etymology
Sciaenidae takes its name from its type genus Sciaena which is derived from the Greek skiaina, which was used to refer to marine perch-like fishes.[11]
Characteristics
A sciaenid has a long dorsal fin reaching nearly to the tail, and a notch between the rays and spines of the dorsal, although the two parts are actually separate.[12] Drums are somberly coloured, usually in shades of brown, with a lateral line on each side that extends to the tip of the caudal fin. The anal fin usually has two spines, while the dorsal fins are deeply notched or separate. Most species have a rounded or pointed caudal fin. The mouth is set low and is usually inferior. Their croaking mechanism involves the beating of abdominal muscles against the swim bladder.[12]
Sciaenids are found worldwide, in both fresh and salt water, and are typically benthic carnivores, feeding on invertebrates and smaller fish. They are small to medium-sized, bottom-dwelling fishes living primarily in estuaries, bays, and muddy river banks. Most of these fish types avoid clear waters, such as coral reefs and oceanic islands, with a few notable exceptions (e.g. reef croaker, high-hat, and spotted drum). They live in warm-temperate and tropical waters and are best represented in major rivers in Southeast Asia, northeast South America, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Gulf of California.[12]
In the United States most fishers consider freshwater drum to be
Fisheries
They are excellent food and sport fish, and are commonly caught by surf and pier fishers. Some are important commercial fishery species, notably
Croaking mechanism
A notable trait of sciaenids is the ability to produce a "croaking" sound. However, the pitch and use of croaking varies species to species. The croaking ability is a distinguishing characteristic of sciaenids.[4] The croaking mechanism is used by males as a mating call in some species.
To produce the croaking sound, special muscles vibrate against the swim bladder.[16] These muscles are called sonic muscle fibres, and run horizontally along the fish's body on both sides around the swim bladder, connected to a central tendon that surrounds the swim bladder ventrally. These sonic muscle fibres are repeatedly contracted against the swim bladder to produce the croaking sound that gives drum and croaker their common name, effectively using the swim bladder as a resonating chamber. The sciaenids' large swim bladder is more expansive and branched than other species, which aids in the croaking.[17] In some species the sonic muscle fibres are only present in males. These muscles strengthen during the mating season and are allowed to atrophy the rest of the time, deactivating the croaking mechanism.[16] In other species, most notably the Atlantic croaker, the croaking mechanism is present in both sexes and remains active year-round. These species are thought to use croaking for communication, such as announcing hazards and location when in turbid water.[16]
Croaking in communication
In some species, croaking is used for communication aside from attracting mates. For those species that have year-round croaking ability, the croaks may serve as a low-aggression warning during group feeding, as well as to communicate location in cloudy water. In those species that lack the ability to croak year-round, croaking is usually restricted to males for attracting mates. A disadvantage to the croaking ability is that it allows bottlenose dolphin to easily locate large groups of croaker and drum as they broadcast their position, indicating large amounts of food for the dolphins.[16]
Timeline of genera
References
- ^ PMID 25543675.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
- ^ a b c d Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2023). "Sciaenidae" in FishBase. February 2023 version.
- ^
- ^ a b Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Sciaenidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
- PMID 28683774.
- ^ a b "Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes Classification". California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
- ^ Kunio Sasaki (1989). "Phylogeny of the family Sciaenidae, with notes on its Zoogeography (Teleostei, Peciformes)" (PDF). Memoirs of the Faculty of Fishes Hokkaido University. 36 (1–2): 1–137.
- ^ Don L. Frizzell; John H. Dante (1965). "Otoliths of some early Cenozoic fishes of the Gulf Coast". Journal of Paleontology. 39 (4): 687–718.
- PMID 28453569.
- ^ Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (9 March 2023). "Series Eupercaria (Incertae sedis): Families Callanthidae, Centrogenyidae, Dinopercidae, Emmelichthyidae, Malacanthidae, Monodactylidae, Moronidae, Parascorpididae, Sciaenidae and Sillagidae". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-12-547665-2.
- ^ Dunn, Elizabeth Gunnison (20 March 2015). "Why These Overlooked Fish May Be the Tastiest (and Most Sustainable) - WSJ". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2017-07-02.
- ^ FAO. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2017-05-19.
- ^ "Global atlantic croaker production". husfarm.com.
- ^ a b c d Roach, John (November 7, 2005), Fish Croaks Like a Frog, But Why?, archived from the original on November 24, 2005, retrieved December 1, 2011
- ISBN 978-0-387-95527-8.
Further reading
- Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 363: 1–560. Retrieved 2011-05-19.