Science fiction
Speculative fiction |
---|
Portal |
Science fiction (sometimes shortened to SF or sci-fi) is a
Science fiction, in literature, film, television, and other media, has become popular and influential over much of the world. It has been called the "literature of ideas", and has sometimes been described as an exploration of the potential consequences of scientific, social, and technological innovations[1][2] or as an outlet to anticipate future scientific and technological innovations.[3] Besides providing entertainment, it can also criticize present-day society and explore alternatives. It is also often said to inspire a "sense of wonder".[4]
Definitions
According to Isaac Asimov, "Science fiction can be defined as that branch of literature which deals with the reaction of human beings to changes in science and technology."[5] Robert A. Heinlein wrote that "A handy short definition of almost all science fiction might read: realistic speculation about possible future events, based solidly on adequate knowledge of the real world, past and present, and on a thorough understanding of the nature and significance of the scientific method."[6]
American science fiction author and editor Lester del Rey wrote, "Even the devoted aficionado or fan—has a hard time trying to explain what science fiction is," and the lack of a "full satisfactory definition" is because "there are no easily delineated limits to science fiction."[7]
Another definition of it comes from The Literature Book by DK and is, "scenarios that are at the time of writing technologically impossible, extrapolating from present-day science...[,]...or that deal with some form of speculative science-based conceit, such as a society (on Earth or another planet) that has developed in wholly different ways from our own."[8]
Part of the reason that it is so difficult to pin down an agreed definition of science fiction is because there is a tendency among science fiction enthusiasts to act as their own arbiter in deciding what exactly constitutes science fiction.[9] Damon Knight summed up the difficulty, saying "Science fiction is what we point to when we say it."[10] David Seed says it may be more useful to talk about science fiction as the intersection of other, more concrete, genres and subgenres.[11]
Alternative terms
History
Some scholars assert that science fiction had its beginnings in
Written during the
Following the 17th-century development of the
Many critics consider H. G. Wells one of science fiction's most important authors,
In 1924, We by Russian writer Yevgeny Zamyatin, one of the first dystopian novels, was published.[53] It describes a world of harmony and conformity within a united totalitarian state. It influenced the emergence of dystopia as a literary genre.[54]
In 1926, Hugo Gernsback published the first American science fiction magazine, Amazing Stories. In its first issue he wrote:
By 'scientifiction' I mean the Jules Verne, H. G. Wells and Edgar Allan Poe type of story—a charming romance intermingled with scientific fact and prophetic vision... Not only do these amazing tales make tremendously interesting reading—they are always instructive. They supply knowledge... in a very palatable form... New adventures pictured for us in the scientifiction of today are not at all impossible of realization tomorrow... Many great science stories destined to be of historical interest are still to be written... Posterity will point to them as having blazed a new trail, not only in literature and fiction, but progress as well.[55][56][57]
In 1928,
In 1937,
In the 1960s and 1970s,
In 1967
In 1979,
In 2007, Liu Cixin's novel, The Three-Body Problem, was published in China. It was translated into English by Ken Liu and published by Tor Books in 2014,[102] and won the 2015 Hugo Award for Best Novel,[103] making Liu the first Asian writer to win the award.[104]
Emerging themes in late 20th and early 21st century science fiction include
Film
The first, or at least one of the first, recorded science fiction
1927's
1968's
In 1977,
Since the 1980s,
Television
Science fiction and television have consistently been in a close relationship. Television or television-like technologies frequently appeared in science fiction long before television itself became widely available in the late 1940s and early 1950s.[136]
The first known science fiction television program was a thirty-five-minute
The
The
The space-Western series
Social influence
This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience. |
Science fiction's rapid rise in popularity during the first half of the 20th century was closely tied to the popular respect paid to science at that time, as well as the rapid pace of
In 2001 the
Science fiction tries to blend fiction and reality seamlessly so that the viewer can be immersed in the imaginative world. This includes characters, settings, and tools and perhaps most critically, the scientific plausibility and accuracy of technology and technological concepts. Sometimes, science fiction forecasts real-life innovations and discoveries. Science fiction
As protest literature
Science fiction has sometimes been used as a means of
Feminist science fiction poses questions about social issues such as how society constructs gender roles, the role reproduction plays in defining gender, and the inequitable political or personal power of one gender over others. Some works have illustrated these themes using utopias to explore a society in which gender differences or gender power imbalances do not exist, or dystopias to explore worlds in which gender inequalities are intensified, thus asserting a need for feminist work to continue.[198][199]
Science fiction comedy often satirizes and criticizes present-day society, and sometimes makes fun of the conventions and clichés of more serious science fiction.[205][206]
The potential for Science Fiction as a genre is not just limited to being a literary sandbox for exploring otherworldly narratives but can act as a vehicle to analyze and recognize a society's past, present, and potential future social relationships with the Other. More specifically, Science Fiction offers a medium and representation of Alterity and differences in social identity.[207]
Sense of wonder
Science fiction is often said to inspire a "
One of the great benefits of science fiction is that it can convey bits and pieces, hints, and phrases, of knowledge unknown or inaccessible to the reader . . . works you ponder over as the water is running out of the bathtub or as you walk through the woods in an early winter snowfall.[184]
In 1967, Isaac Asimov commented on the changes then occurring in the science fiction community:
And because today's real life so resembles day-before-yesterday's fantasy, the old-time fans are restless. Deep within, whether they admit it or not, is a feeling of disappointment and even outrage that the outer world has invaded their private domain. They feel the loss of a 'sense of wonder' because what was once truly confined to 'wonder' has now become prosaic and mundane.[209]
Science fiction studies
The study of science fiction, or
Classification
Science fiction has historically been sub-divided between hard science fiction and soft science fiction, with the division centering on the feasibility of the science central to the story.[217] However, this distinction has come under increasing scrutiny in the 21st century. Some authors, such as Tade Thompson and Jeff VanderMeer, have pointed out that stories that focus explicitly on physics, astronomy, mathematics, and engineering tend to be considered "hard" science fiction, while stories that focus on botany, mycology, zoology, and the social sciences tend to be categorized as "soft", regardless of the relative rigor of the science.[218]
Max Gladstone defined "hard" science fiction as stories "where the math works", but pointed out that this ends up with stories that often seem "weirdly dated", as scientific paradigms shift over time.[219] Michael Swanwick dismissed the traditional definition of "hard" SF altogether, instead saying that it was defined by characters striving to solve problems "in the right way–with determination, a touch of stoicism, and the consciousness that the universe is not on his or her side."[218]
Ursula K. Le Guin also criticized the more traditional view on the difference between "hard" and "soft" SF: "The 'hard' science fiction writers dismiss everything except, well, physics, astronomy, and maybe chemistry. Biology, sociology, anthropology—that's not science to them, that's soft stuff. They're not that interested in what human beings do, really. But I am. I draw on the social sciences a great deal."[220]
Literary merit
Many critics remain skeptical of the
David Barnett has pointed out that there are books such as The Road (2006) by Cormac McCarthy, Cloud Atlas (2004) by David Mitchell, The Gone-Away World (2008) by Nick Harkaway, The Stone Gods (2007) by Jeanette Winterson, and Oryx and Crake (2003) by Margaret Atwood, which use recognizable science fiction tropes, but which are not classified by their authors and publishers as science fiction.[233] Atwood in particular argued against the categorization of works like the Handmaid's Tale as science fiction, labeling it, Oryx, and the Testaments as speculative fiction[234] and deriding science fiction as "talking squids in outer space."[235] In his book "The Western Canon", literary critic Harold Bloom includes Brave New World, Stanisław Lem's Solaris, Kurt Vonnegut's Cat's Cradle, and The Left Hand of Darkness as culturally and aesthetically significant works of western literature, though Lem actively spurned the Western label of "science fiction"[236] while Vonnegut was more commonly classified as a postmodernist or satirist.
In her 1976 essay "Science Fiction and Mrs Brown", Ursula K. Le Guin was asked: "Can a science fiction writer write a novel?" She answered: "I believe that all novels ... deal with character... The great novelists have brought us to see whatever they wish us to see through some character. Otherwise, they would not be novelists, but poets, historians, or pamphleteers."[237] Orson Scott Card, best known for his 1985 science fiction novel Ender's Game, has postulated that in science fiction the message and intellectual significance of the work are contained within the story itself and, therefore, does not require accepted literary devices and techniques he instead characterized as gimmicks or literary games.[238][239]
Community
Authors
Science fiction is being written, and has been written, by
Awards
Among the most significant and well-known awards for science fiction are the
There are other national awards, like Canada's
Conventions
Fandom and fanzines
The earliest organized online
The first
Elements
Science fiction elements can include, among others:
- Temporal settings in the future, or in alternative histories[269]
- parallel universes[271]
- Aspects of
- Predicted or speculative technology such as
- Undiscovered scientific possibilities such as teleportation, time travel, and faster-than-light travel or communication[275]
- New and different political and social systems and situations, including post-apocalyptic, or post-scarcity[276]
- Future history and evolution of humans on Earth or on other planets[277]
- Paranormal abilities such as mind control, telepathy, and telekinesis[278]
International examples
- Africanfuturism
- Australian science fiction
- Bengali science fiction
- Brazilian science fiction
- Canadian science fiction
- Chinese science fiction
- Croatian science fiction
- Czech science fiction and fantasy
- French science fiction
- Japanese science fiction
- Norwegian science fiction
- Science fiction in Poland
- Romanian science fiction
- Russian science fiction and fantasy
- Serbian science fiction
- Spanish science fiction
- Yugoslav science fiction
Subgenres
- Afrofuturism
- Anthropological science fiction
- Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
- Biopunk
- Black science fiction
- Christian science fiction
- Climate fiction
- Comic science fiction
- Cyberpunk
- Dieselpunk
- Dying Earth
- Feminist science fiction
- Gothic science fiction
- Indigenous Futurism
- Libertarian science fiction
- Military science fiction
- Mundane science fiction
- Planetary romance
- Social science fiction
- Solarpunk
- Space opera
- Space Western
- Steampunk
Related genres
See also
- Outline of science fiction
- History of science fiction
- Timeline of science fiction
- Fantastic art
- Fictional worlds
- Futures studies
- Hard science fiction
- List of comic science fiction
- List of science fiction and fantasy artists
- List of science fiction authors
- List of science fiction films
- List of science fiction novels
- List of science fiction television programs
- List of science fiction themes
- List of science fiction universes
- Planets in science fiction
- Retrofuturism
- Robots in science fiction
- Science fiction comics
- Science fiction libraries and museums
- Science in science fiction
- Soft science fiction
- Time travel in fiction
- Transhumanism
References
- ^ Marg Gilks; Paula Fleming & Moira Allen (2003). "Science Fiction: The Literature of Ideas". WritingWorld.com. Archived from the original on 15 May 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2006.
- ^ von Thorn, Alexander (August 2002), Aurora Award acceptance speech, Calgary, Alberta
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ISSN 0737-6782.
- Brave New Words: The Oxford Dictionary of Science Fiction(Oxford University Press, 2007). p. 179.
- ^ Asimov, "How Easy to See the Future!", Natural History, 1975
- ^ Heinlein, Robert A.; Cyril Kornbluth; Alfred Bester; Robert Bloch (1959). The Science Fiction Novel: Imagination and Social Criticism. University of Chicago: Advent Publishers.
- ISBN 978-0-345-25452-8.
- ISBN 978-1-4654-2988-9.
- S2CID 226192105.
- ISBN 978-0-911682-31-1.
- ISBN 978-0-19-955745-5.
- ^ "Forrest J Ackerman, 92; Coined the Term 'Sci-Fi'". The Washington Post. 7 December 2008. Archived from the original on 22 October 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
- ^ "sci-fi n." Historical Dictionary of Science Fiction. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
- ^ Whittier, Terry (1987). Neo-Fan's Guidebook.[full citation needed]
- ISBN 978-1-84353-520-1. Archivedfrom the original on 2 April 2009. Retrieved 17 January 2007.
- ^ Ellison, Harlan (1998). "Harlan Ellison's responses to online fan questions at ParCon". Archived from the original on 22 May 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2006.
- ^ Clute, John (1993). ""Sci fi" (article by Peter Nicholls)". In Nicholls, Peter (ed.). Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. Orbit/Time Warner Book Group UK.
- ^ Clute, John (1993). ""SF" (article by Peter Nicholls)". In Nicholls, Peter (ed.). Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. Orbit/Time Warner Book Group UK.
- ^ "Sci-Fi Icon Robert Heinlein Lists 5 Essential Rules for Making a Living as a Writer". Open Culture. 29 September 2016. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
- ^ "Out of This World". www.news.gatech.edu. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
- ^ "S.C. Fredericks- Lucian's True History as SF". www.depauw.edu. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
- ISBN 978-1-86064-983-7.
- ^ from the original on 11 September 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2008.)
- ^ "Islamset-Muslim Scientists-Ibn Al Nafis as a Philosopher". 6 February 2008. Archived from the original on 6 February 2008. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
- PBS.
- ISBN 978-3-8233-6792-5. Archivedfrom the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
- ^ White, William (September 2009). "Science, Factions, and the Persistent Specter of War: Margaret Cavendish's Blazing World". Intersect: The Stanford Journal of Science, Technology and Society. 2 (1): 40–51. Archived from the original on 27 December 2013. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
- ISBN 978-1-77048-035-3. Archivedfrom the original on 6 May 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
- ^ "Margaret Cavendish's The Blazing World (1666)". Skulls in the Stars. 2 January 2011. Archived from the original on 12 December 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
- ]
- ^ Khanna, Lee Cullen. "The Subject of Utopia: Margaret Cavendish and Her Blazing-World". Utopian and Science Fiction by Women: World of Difference. Syracuse: Syracuse UP, 1994. 15–34.
- ^ "Carl Sagan on Johannes Kepler's persecution". YouTube. Archived from the original on 29 November 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
- ISBN 978-0-385-13088-2.
- ^ "Kepler, the Father of Science Fiction". bbvaopenmind.com. 16 November 2015.
- ^ Popova, Maria (27 December 2019). "How Kepler Invented Science Fiction and Defended His Mother in a Witchcraft Trial While Revolutionizing Our Understanding of the Universe". themarginalian.org.
- ^ Clute, John & Nicholls, Peter (1993). "Mary W. Shelley". Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. Orbit/Time Warner Book Group UK. Archived from the original on 16 November 2006. Retrieved 17 January 2007.
- ISBN 978-0-7551-0068-2.
- ISBN 978-0-521-79326-1.
- ^ Poe, Edgar Allan. The Works of Edgar Allan Poe, Volume 1, "The Unparalleled Adventures of One Hans Pfaal". Archived from the original on 27 June 2006. Retrieved 17 January 2007.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-415-19205-7
- ^ Renard, Maurice (November 1994), "On the Scientific-Marvelous Novel and Its Influence on the Understanding of Progress", Science Fiction Studies, 21 (64), archived from the original on 12 November 2020, retrieved 25 January 2016
- ^ Thomas, Theodore L. (December 1961). "The Watery Wonders of Captain Nemo". Galaxy Science Fiction. pp. 168–177.
- ^ Margaret Drabble (8 May 2014). "Submarine dreams: Jules Verne's Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas". New Statesman. Archived from the original on 11 May 2014. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
- ^ La obra narrativa de Enrique Gaspar: El Anacronópete (1887), María de los Ángeles Ayala, Universidad de Alicante. Del Romanticismo al Realismo : Actas del I Coloquio de la S. L. E. S. XIX, Barcelona, 24–26 October 1996 / edited by Luis F. Díaz Larios, Enrique Miralles.
- ^ El anacronópete, English translation (2014), www.storypilot.com, Michael Main, accessed 13 April 2016
- ^ Suffolk, Alex (28 February 2012). "Professor explores the work of a science fiction pioneer". Highlander. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
- ^ Arthur B. Evans (1988). Science Fiction vs. Scientific Fiction in France: From Jules Verne to J.-H. Rosny Aîné (La science-fiction contre la fiction scientifique en France; De Jules Verne à J.-H. Rosny aìné) Archived 28 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine. In: Science fiction studies, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 1-11.
- ISBN 978-0-89370-174-1.
- ^ Wagar, W. Warren (2004). H.G. Wells: Traversing Time. Wesleyan University Press. p. 7.
- ^ "HG Wells: A visionary who should be remembered for his social predictions, not just his scientific ones". The Independent. 8 October 2017. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
- ISBN 0-8425-0079-0.
- ^ Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
- ^ Brown, p. xi, citing Shane, gives 1921. Russell, p. 3, dates the first draft to 1919.
- ^ Orwell, George (4 January 1946). "Review of WE by E. I. Zamyatin". Tribune. London – via Orwell.ru.
- ^ Originally published in the April 1926 issue of Amazing Stories
- ISBN 978-1-85723-124-3.
- ISBN 0-312-09618-6.
- ISBN 978-0-06-084675-6.
- ISBN 978-0-87972-821-2.
- ^ Taormina, Agatha (19 January 2005). "A History of Science Fiction". Northern Virginia Community College. Archived from the original on 26 March 2004. Retrieved 16 January 2007.
- ^ Nichols, Peter; Ashley, Mike (23 June 2021). "Golden Age of SF". The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
- ISBN 978-1-4995-6982-7.
- ISBN 978-0-385-15544-1.
- ^ "1966 Hugo Awards". thehugoawards.org. Hugo Award. 26 July 2007. Archived from the original on 7 May 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
- ^ "The Long List of Hugo Awards, 1966". New England Science Fiction Association. Archived from the original on 3 April 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
- ^ Nicholls, Peter (1981) The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, Granada, p. 258
- ^ "Time and Space", Hartford Courant, 7 February 1954, p.SM19
- ^ "Reviews: November 1975". www.depauw.edu. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
- Trillion Year Spree, Victor Gollancz, 1986, p.237
- ^ "Ivan Efremov's works". Serg's Home Page. Archived from the original on 29 April 2003. Retrieved 8 September 2006.
- ^ "OFF-LINE интервью с Борисом Стругацким" [OFF-LINE interview with Boris Strugatsky] (in Russian). Russian Science Fiction & Fantasy. December 2006. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
- ^ Gale, Floyd C. (October 1960). "Galaxy's 5 Star Shelf". Galaxy Science Fiction. pp. 142–146.
- ^ McMillan, Graeme (3 November 2016). "Why 'Starship Troopers' May Be Too Controversial to Adapt Faithfully". Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
- ^ Liptak, Andrew (3 November 2016). "Four things that we want to see in the Starship Troopers reboot". The Verge. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
- ISBN 978-0-8093-1374-7. Archivedfrom the original on 22 March 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
- ^ Mikołajewska, Emilia; Mikołajewski, Dariusz (May 2013). "Exoskeletons in Neurological Diseases – Current and Potential Future Applications". Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine. 20 (2): 228 Fig. 2. Archived from the original on 3 April 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
- ^ Weiss, Peter. "Dances with Robots". Science News Online. Archived from the original on 16 January 2006. Retrieved 4 March 2006.
- ^ "Unternehmen Stardust – Perrypedia". www.perrypedia.proc.org (in German). Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
- ^ "Der Unsterbliche – Perrypedia". www.perrypedia.proc.org (in German). Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
- ISBN 978-1-84631-003-4.
- ISBN 978-0-8203-1449-5.
- ISBN 978-0-7864-8576-5.
- ISBN 0-7735-3047-9
- ^ Stanislaw Lem, Fantastyka i Futuriologia, Wedawnictwo Literackie, 1989, vol. 2, p. 365
- ^ Benét's Reader's Encyclopedia, fourth edition (1996), p. 590.
- ISBN 978-0-415-19204-0.
- ^ Dragonriders of Pern, ISFDB.
- ^ Publishers Weekly review of Robin Roberts, Anne McCaffrey: A Life with Dragons (2007). Quoted by Amazon.com Archived 1 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
- ISBN 0-06-105314-7.
- ^ Wolfe, Gary K. (23 October 2017). "'Blade Runner 2049': How does Philip K. Dick's vision hold up?". chicagotribune.com. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
- ^ Stover, Leon E. "Anthropology and Science Fiction" Current Anthropology, Vol. 14, No. 4 (Oct. 1973)
- ISBN 978-0-8057-4609-9, pp=9, 120
- ISBN 978-0-8057-7393-4., pp=44–50
- ^ "Brave New World of Chinese Science Fiction". www.china.org.cn. Archived from the original on 21 June 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
- ^ "Science Fiction, Globalization, and the People's Republic of China". www.concatenation.org. Archived from the original on 27 April 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
- ^ Fitting, Peter (July 1991). "The Lessons of Cyberpunk". In Penley, C.; Ross, A. Technoculture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 295–315
- ^ Schactman, Noah (23 May 2008). "26 Years After Gibson, Pentagon Defines 'Cyberspace'". Wired. Archived from the original on 14 September 2008. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
- ^ Hayward, Philip (1993). Future Visions: New Technologies of the Screen. British Film Institute. pp. 180–204. Archived from the original on 21 February 2007. Retrieved 17 January 2007.
- ^ Walton, Jo (31 March 2009). "Weeping for her enemies: Lois McMaster Bujold's Shards of Honor". Tor.com. Archived from the original on 11 September 2014. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
- ^ "Loud Achievements: Lois McMaster Bujold's Science Fiction". www.dendarii.com. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
- ^ Mustich, James (13 October 2008). "Interviews – Neal Stephenson: Anathem – A Conversation with James Mustich, Editor-in-Chief of the Barnes & Noble Review". barnesandnoble.com. Archived from the original on 11 August 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
I'd had a similar reaction to yours when I'd first read The Origin of Consciousness and the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind, and that, combined with the desire to use IT, were two elements from which Snow Crash grew.
- ^ "Three Body". Ken Liu, Writer. 23 January 2015. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
- ^ Benson, Ed (31 March 2015). "2015 Hugo Awards". Archived from the original on 9 May 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
- ^ "Out of this world: Chinese sci-fi author Liu Cixin is Asia's first writer to win Hugo award for best novel". South China Morning Post. 24 August 2015. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
- ^ Anders, Charlie Jane (27 July 2012). "10 Recent Science Fiction Books That Are About Big Ideas". io9. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
- ^ "Science fiction in the 21st century". www.studienet.dk. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
- ^ Bebergal, Peter (26 August 2007). "The age of steampunk:Nostalgia meets the future, joined carefully with brass screws". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
- ISBN 978-1-55634-336-0.
- doi:10.5204/mcj.1853. Archivedfrom the original on 17 June 2005. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
- ^ "How sci-fi moves with the times". BBC News. 18 March 2009. Archived from the original on 28 February 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
- ^ Walter, Damien (2 May 2008). "The really exciting science fiction is boring". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 27 January 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
- ISBN 978-0-8135-4475-5, archivedfrom the original on 22 March 2019, retrieved 19 December 2017
- ^ Kramer, Fritzi (29 March 2015). "A Trip to the Moon (1902) A Silent Film Review". Movies Silently. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
- ^ Eagan, Daniel. "A Trip to the Moon as You've Never Seen it Before". Smithsonian. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
- ISBN 978-1-84403-733-9
- ISBN 978-0-8135-4475-5. Archivedfrom the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
- ^ SciFi Film History – Metropolis (1927) Archived 10 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine – Though most agree that the first science fiction film was Georges Méliès' A Trip to the Moon (1902), Metropolis (1926) is the first feature length outing of the genre. (scififilmhistory.com, retrieved 15 May 2013)
- ^ "Metropolis". Turner Classic Movies. Archived from the original on 16 March 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
- ^ "The 100 Best Films of World Cinema". empireonline.com. 11 June 2010. Archived from the original on 23 November 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
- ^ "The Top 100 Silent Era Films". silentera.com. Archived from the original on 23 August 2000. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
- Sight & Sound September 2012 issue. British Film Institute. 1 August 2012. Archived from the originalon 1 March 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ^ "Introduction to Kaiju [in Japanese]". dic-pixiv. Archived from the original on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
- ^ 中根, 研一 (September 2009). "A Study of Chinese monster culture – Mysterious animals that proliferates in present age media [in Japanese]". 北海学園大学学園論集. 141. Hokkai-Gakuen University: 91–121. Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
- ^ Kazan, Casey (10 July 2009). "Ridley Scott: "After 2001 -A Space Odyssey, Science Fiction is Dead"". Dailygalaxy.com. Archived from the original on 21 March 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ^ In Focus on the Science Fiction Film, edited by William Johnson. Englewood Cliff, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1972.
- ^ DeMet, George D. "2001: A Space Odyssey Internet Resource Archive: The Search for Meaning in 2001". Palantir.net (originally an undergrad honors thesis). Archived from the original on 26 April 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ^ Cass, Stephen (2 April 2009). "This Day in Science Fiction History – 2001: A Space Odyssey". Discover Magazine. Archived from the original on 28 March 2010. Retrieved 19 December 2017.
- ISBN 0-312-25239-0.
- ^ Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope (1977) – IMDb, archived from the original on 9 April 2019, retrieved 30 March 2019
- ^ Bibbiani, William (24 April 2018). "The Best Space Operas (That Aren't Star Wars)". IGN. Archived from the original on 13 August 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
- ^ "Star Wars – Box Office History". The Numbers. Archived from the original on 22 August 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
- ^ "Star Wars Episode 4: A New Hope | Lucasfilm.com". Lucasfilm. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
- ^ a b "Movie Franchises and Brands Index". www.boxofficemojo.com. Archived from the original on 20 July 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
- ^ Escape Velocity: American Science Fiction Film, 1950–1982, Bradley Schauer, Wesleyan University Press, 3 January 2017, page 7
- ^ Science Fiction Film: A Critical Introduction, Keith M. Johnston, Berg, 9 May 2013, pages 24–25. Some of the examples are given by this book.
- ^ Science Fiction TV, J. P. Telotte, Routledge, 26 March 2014, pages 112, 179
- ISBN 978-0-8131-2492-6. Archivedfrom the original on 1 June 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
- ^ Suzanne Williams-Rautiolla (2 April 2005). "Captain Video and His Video Rangers". The Museum of Broadcast Communications. Archived from the original on 30 March 2009. Retrieved 17 January 2007.
- ^ "The Twilight Zone [TV Series] [1959–1964]". AllMovie. Archived from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
- ISBN 978-1-55022-744-4.
- CBS Interactive. 26 April 2002. Archivedfrom the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 13 April 2016.
- ^ "101 Best Written TV Series List". Archived from the original on 7 June 2013. Retrieved 13 April 2016.
- Under the Influence. Season 3. Episode 21. Event occurs at time 2:07. CBC Radio One. Archived from the original on 8 June 2014. Transcript of the original source. Retrieved 7 June 2014.
The series had lots of interesting devices that marveled us back in the 1960s. In episode one, we see wife Jane doing exercises in front of a flatscreen television. In another episode, we see George Jetson reading the newspaper on a screen. Can anyone say tablet? In another, Boss Spacely tells George to fix something called a "computer virus". Everyone on the show uses video chat, foreshadowing Skype and Face Time. There is a robot vacuum cleaner, foretelling the 2002 arrival of the iRobot Roomba vacuum. There was also a tanning bed used in an episode, a product that wasn't introduced to North America until 1979. And while flying space cars that have yet to land in our lives, the Jetsons show had moving sidewalks like we now have in airports, treadmills that didn't hit the consumer market until 1969, and they had a repairman who had a piece of technology called... Mac.
- ^ "Doctor Who Classic Episode Guide – An Unearthly Child – Details". BBC. Archived from the original on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
- from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
- ^ "The end of Olde Englande: A lament for Blighty". The Economist. 14 September 2006. Archived from the original on 17 June 2009. Retrieved 18 September 2006.
- ^ "ICONS. A Portrait of England". Archived from the original on 3 November 2007. Retrieved 10 November 2007.
- ^ Moran, Caitlin (30 June 2007). "Doctor Who is simply masterful". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 17 June 2011. Retrieved 1 July 2007.
[Doctor Who] is as thrilling and as loved as Jolene, or bread and cheese, or honeysuckle, or Friday. It's quintessential to being British.
- ^ "Special Collectors' Issue: 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time". TV Guide (28 June – 4 July). 1997.
- ^ British Science Fiction Television: A Hitchhiker's Guide, John R. Cook, Peter Wright, I.B.Tauris, 6 January 2006, page 9
- ^ Gowran, Clay. "Nielsen Ratings Are Dim on New Shows". Chicago Tribune. 11 October 1966: B10.
- ^ Gould, Jack. "How Does Your Favorite Rate? Maybe Higher Than You Think." New York Times. 16 October 1966: 129.
- ISBN 978-0-520-25079-6. Archivedfrom the original on 4 July 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
- from the original on 27 March 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
- ^ Roddenberry, Gene (11 March 1964). Star Trek Pitch Archived 12 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine, first draft. Accessed at LeeThomson.myzen.co.uk.
- ^ "STARTREK.COM: Universe Timeline". Startrek.com. Archived from the original on 3 July 2009. Retrieved 14 July 2009.
- ISBN 978-0-671-53610-7.
- ^ "The Milwaukee Journal - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved 30 March 2019.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Star Trek: The Next Generation, 26 September 1987, archived from the original on 25 March 2021, retrieved 30 March 2019
- ^ Whalen, Andrew (5 December 2018). "'Star Trek' Picard series won't premiere until late 2019, after 'Discovery' Season 2". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
- ^ "New Trek Animated Series Announced". www.startrek.com. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
- ^ "Patrick Stewart to Reprise 'Star Trek' Role in New CBS All Access Series". The Hollywood Reporter. 4 August 2018. Archived from the original on 4 August 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
- ^ Bedell, Sally (4 May 1983). "'V' SERIES AN NBC HIT". The New York Times. p. 27
- ^ Susman, Gary (17 November 2005). "Mini Splendored Things". Entertainment Weekly. EW.com. Archived from the original on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 7 January 2010.
- ^ "Worldwide Press Office – Red Dwarf on DVD". BBC. Archived from the original on 27 February 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
- ^ Bischoff, David (December 1994). "Opening the X-Files: Behind the Scenes of TV's Hottest Show". Omni. 17 (3).
- ^ Goodman, Tim (18 January 2002). "'X-Files' Creator Ends Fox Series". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2009.
- ^ "Gillian Anderson Confirms She's Leaving The X-Files | TV Guide". TVGuide.com. 10 January 2018. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
- ^ Andreeva, Nellie (24 March 2015). "'The X-Files' Returns As Fox Event Series With Creator Chris Carter And Stars David Duchovny & Gillian Anderson". Deadline. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
- GateWorld. Archivedfrom the original on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
- ^ "CultT797.html". www.maestravida.com. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
- ^ "The 20 Best SyFy TV Shows of All Time". pastemagazine.com. 9 March 2018. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
- ^ "About Us". SYFY. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
- ^ Hines, Ree (27 April 2010). "So long, nerds! Syfy doesn't need you". TODAY.com. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
- ^ Brioux, Bill. "Firefly series ready for liftoff". jam.canoe.ca. Archived from the original on 15 July 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2006.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ Astounding Wonder: Imagining Science and Science Fiction in Interwar America, John Cheng, University of Pennsylvania Press, 19 March 2012 pages 1–12.
- ^ "When Science Fiction Predicts the Future". Escapist Magazine. 1 November 2018. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
- ^ Kotecki, Peter. "15 wild fictional predictions about future technology that came true". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
- ^ Munene, Alvin (23 October 2017). "Eight Ground-Breaking Inventions That Science Fiction Predicted". Sanvada. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
- ^ The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders, Volume 2, Gary Westfahl, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005
- ^ Handwerk, Brian. "The Many Futuristic Predictions of H.G. Wells That Came True". Smithsonian. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
- ^ a b "Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Public Understanding. Science Fiction and Pseudoscience". Science and Engineering Indicators–2002 (Report). Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Statistics. April 2002. NSB 02-01. Archived from the original on 16 June 2016.
- ISBN 978-0-87703-173-4. Archivedfrom the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
- ^ from the original on 11 December 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
- ^ "These 15 sci-fi books actually predicted the future". Business Insider. 8 November 2018. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
- ^ "Future Shock: 11 Real-Life Technologies That Science Fiction Predicted". Micron. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
- ^ Ерёмина Ольга Александровна. "Предвидения и предсказания". Иван Ефремов (in Russian). Retrieved 20 July 2022.
- S2CID 233672783.
- ISBN 978-0-575-03943-8.
- (PDF) from the original on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 3 September 2019.
- ^ Miller, Bettye (6 November 2014). "George Slusser, Co-founder of Renowned Eaton Collection, Dies". UCR Today. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
- OCLC 35572906.
- ^ Aaronovitch, David (8 February 2013). "1984: George Orwell's road to dystopia". BBC News. Archived from the original on 24 January 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
- ^ Kelley, Sonaiya (28 March 2017). "As a Trump protest, theaters worldwide will screen the film version of Orwell's '1984'". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
- ^ "Nineteen Eighty-Four and the politics of dystopia". The British Library. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
- National Public Radio. Archivedfrom the original on 21 February 2010. Retrieved 27 February 2010.
- ^ Androids, Humanoids, and Other Science Fiction Monsters: Science and Soul in Science Fiction Films, Per Schelde, NYU Press, 1994, pages 1–10
- ^ Elyce Rae Helford, in Westfahl, Gary. The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Greenwood Press, 2005: 289–290.
- OCLC 918873873.
- ^ "Global warning: the rise of 'cli-fi'". the Guardian. 31 May 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
- ^ Bloom, Dan (10 March 2015). "'Cli-Fi' Reaches into Literature Classrooms Worldwide". Inter Press Service News Agency. Archived from the original on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
- ^ Pérez-Peña, Richard (31 March 2014). "College Classes Use Arts to Brace for Climate Change". The New York Times. No. 1 April 2014 pg A12. Archived from the original on 13 April 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
- ^ Tuhus-Dubrow, Rebecca (Summer 2013). "Cli-Fi: Birth of a Genre". Dissent. Archived from the original on 22 March 2015. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
- ^ Raymond, Eric. "A Political History of SF". Archived from the original on 20 December 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2007.
- ^ The Animal Fable in Science Fiction and Fantasy, Bruce Shaw, McFarland, 2010, page 19
- ^ "Comedy Science Fiction". Sfbook.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
- JSTOR 40649582.
- ^ Hartwell, David. Age of Wonders (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1985, page 42)
- ^ Asimov, Isaac. 'Forward 1 – The Second Revolution' in Ellison, Harlan (ed.). Dangerous Visions (London: Victor Gollancz, 1987)
- ^ "Critical Approaches to Science Fiction". christopher-mckitterick.com/. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
- ^ "What Is The Purpose of Science Fiction Stories? | Project Hieroglyph". hieroglyph.asu.edu. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
- ^ "Index". www.depauw.edu. Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
- ^ "Science Fiction Studies on JSTOR". Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
- ^ "Science Fiction Research Association – About". www.sfra.org. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
- ^ "About: Science Fiction Foundation". Science Fiction Foundation. Archived from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
- ^ "English: Science Fiction Studies MA – Overview – Postgraduate Taught Courses – University of Liverpool". www.liverpool.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
- ^ "BCLS: Hard Versus Soft Science Fiction". Archived from the original on 23 August 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
- ^ a b "Ten Authors on the 'Hard' vs. 'Soft' Science Fiction Debate". 20 February 2017. Archived from the original on 29 December 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
- ^ Wilde, Fran (21 January 2016). "How Do You Like Your Science Fiction? Ten Authors Weigh In On 'Hard' vs. 'Soft' SF". Tor.com. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
- ^ "Ursula K. Le Guin Proved That Sci-Fi is for Everyone". 24 January 2018. Archived from the original on 23 August 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/28353. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- ^ Bennett, An Introduction, ix–xi, 120–21; Schor, Introduction to Cambridge Companion, 1–5; Seymour, 548–61.
- ISBN 978-0-87249-722-1.
- ^ Banach, Je (11 April 2013). "Laughing in the Face of Death: A Vonnegut Roundtable". The Paris Review. Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
- ^ Jonas, Gerald (6 June 2012). "Ray Bradbury, Master of Science Fiction, Dies at 91". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 5 April 2019. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
- ISBN 0-89480-500-2.
- ISBN 0-7867-0485-3.
- ^ Gary K. Wolfe and Carol T. Williams, "The Majesty of Kindness: The Dialectic of Cordwainer Smith", Voices for the Future: Essays on Major Science Fiction Writers, Volume 3, Thomas D. Clareson editor, Popular Press, 1983, pages 53–72.
- ^ Hazelton, Lesley (25 July 1982). "Doris Lessing on Feminism, Communism and 'Space Fiction'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 23 November 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
- ISBN 978-0-7914-3383-6. Archivedfrom the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
- ISBN 978-0-00-654721-1.
- ^ Donoghue, Denis (22 September 1985). "Alice, The Radical Homemaker". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 July 2014. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
- ^ Barnett, David (28 January 2009). "Science fiction: the genre that dare not speak its name". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
- ^ Potts, Robert (26 April 2003). "Light in the wilderness". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
- ^ Langford, David, "Bits and Pieces", SFX magazine No. 107, August 2003. Archived 20 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America FAQ, "paraphrasing Jerry Pournelle" who was SFWA President 1973–74
- James Gunnand Matthew Candelaria), The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Maryland, 2005.
- ISBN 978-0-7653-1738-4.
- ^ "Orson Scott Card | Authors | Macmillan". US Macmillan. Archived from the original on 5 January 2021. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
- New York Review of Science Fiction, September 1998, Number 121, Vol 11, No. 1.
- ^ Benford, Gregory (1998) "Meaning-Stuffed Dreams:Thomas Disch and the future of SF", New York Review of Science Fiction, September, Number 121, Vol. 11, No. 1
- ^ Crisp, Julie (10 July 2013). "Sexism in Genre Publishing: A Publisher's Perspective". Tor Books. Archived from the original on 30 April 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2015. (See full statistics)
- ^ McCown, Alex (6 April 2015). "This year's Hugo Award nominees are a messy political controversy". The A.V. Club. The Onion. Archived from the original on 10 April 2015. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
- ^ "Awards". The World Science Fiction Society. 10 May 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
- ^ "Nebula Awards". www.fantasticfiction.com. Archived from the original on 31 May 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
- ^ "The John W. Campbell Award".
- ^ "The Theodore Sturgeon Award". Archived from the original on 1 October 2012. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
- ^ "The Academy of Science Fiction Fantasy and Horror Films". www.saturnawards.org. Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
- ^ "Aurora Awards | Canadian Science Fiction and Fantasy Association". Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
- ^ "The Endeavour Award Home Page". osfci.org. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
- ^ "ASFA". www.asfa-art.org. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
- ^ "Awards | World Fantasy Convention". Archived from the original on 27 October 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
- ^ "Awards – Locus Online". Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
- ^ "Conventions". Locus Online. 29 August 2017. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
- ^ Kelly, Kevin (21 February 2008). "A History Of The Science Fiction Convention". io9. Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
- ^ "ScifiConventions.com – Worldwide SciFi and Fantasy Conventions Directory – About Cons". www.scificonventions.com. Archived from the original on 8 April 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
- ^ "FenCon XVI – September 20–22, 2019 |". www.fencon.org. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
- ^ Mark A. Mandel (7–9 January 2010). Conomastics: The Naming of Science Fiction Conventions. Archived 13 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Wertham, Fredric (1973). The World of Fanzines. Carbondale & Evanston: Southern Illinois University Press.
- ^ a b "Fancyclopedia I: C – Cosmic Circle". fanac.org. 12 August 1999. Archived from the original on 12 September 2015. Retrieved 17 January 2007.
- ^ Lynch, Keith (14 July 1994). "History of the Net is Important". Archived from the original on 14 August 2015. Retrieved 17 January 2007.
- ^ "Usenet Fandom – Crisis on Infinite Earths". Archived from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
- ^ Glyer, Mike (November 1998). "Is Your Club Dead Yet?". File 770 (127). Archived from the original on 22 March 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
- ^ Hansen, Rob (13 August 2003). "British Fanzine Bibliography". Archived from the original on 22 March 2015. Retrieved 17 January 2007.
- ISBN 978-0-19-983884-4
- ^ "Ansible Home/Links". news.ansible.uk. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
- ^ "Culture : Fanzine : SFE: Science Fiction Encyclopedia". www.sf-encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on 26 March 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
- ^ a b "Hugo Awards by Year". The Hugo Awards. 19 July 2007. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
- doi:10.1086/530560. Archived from the originalon 13 October 2004. Retrieved 2 June 2009.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4654-3849-2.
- ^ Sterling, Bruce (17 January 2019). "Science Fiction". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 29 January 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-313-32951-7.
- ^ Parker, Helen N. (1977). Biological Themes in Modern Science Fiction. UMI Research Press.
- ISBN 978-0-89879-416-8.
- ^ Peter Fitting (2010), "Utopia, dystopia, and science fiction", in Gregory Claeys (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Utopian Literature, Cambridge University Press, pp. 138–139
- ISBN 978-0-312-86235-0.
- ^ Ashley, M. (April 1989). The Immortal Professor, Astro Adventures No.7, p.6.
- ISBN 978-3-319-16015-3.
General and cited sources
- Aldiss, Brian. Billion Year Spree: The True History of Science Fiction, 1973.
- Aldiss, Brian, and Wingrove, David. Trillion Year Spree: The History of Science Fiction, revised and updated edition, 1986.
- Amis, Kingsley. New Maps of Hell: A Survey of Science Fiction, 1958.
- Barron, Neil, ed. ISBN 1-59158-171-0.
- Broderick, Damien. Reading by Starlight: Postmodern Science Fiction. London: Routledge, 1995. Print.
- ISBN 0-7513-0202-3.
- ISBN 0-586-05380-8.
- ISBN 0-312-13486-X.
- ISBN 978-0-684-82405-5.
- Jameson, Fredric. Archaeologies of the Future: This Desire Called Utopia and Other Science Fictions. London and New York: Verso, 2005.
- Milner, Andrew. Locating Science Fiction. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2012.
- ISBN 978-0-7864-6141-7.
- Reginald, Robert. Science Fiction and Fantasy Literature, 1975–1991. Detroit, MI/Washington, D.C./London: Gale Research, 1992. ISBN 0-8103-1825-3.
- Roy, Pinaki. "Science Fiction: Some Reflections". Shodh Sanchar Bulletin, 10.39 (July–September 2020): 138–42.
- ISBN 978-0-19-502174-5.
- Suvin, Darko. Metamorphoses of Science Fiction: on the Poetics and History of a Literary Genre, New Haven : Yale University Press, 1979.
- Weldes, Jutta, ed. To Seek Out New Worlds: Exploring Links between Science Fiction and World Politics. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. ISBN 0-312-29557-X.
- Westfahl, Gary, ed. The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders(three volumes). Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2005.
- Wolfe, Gary K. Critical Terms for Science Fiction and Fantasy: A Glossary and Guide to Scholarship. New York: Greenwood Press, 1986. ISBN 0-313-22981-3.
External links
- Science Fiction Bookshelf at Project Gutenberg
- Science fiction fanzines (current and historical) online
- SFWA "Suggested Reading" list
- Science fiction at standardebooks.org
- Science Fiction Research Association
- A selection of articles written by Mike Ashley, Iain Sinclair and others, exploring 19th-century visions of the future. Archived 18 June 2023 at the Wayback Machine from the British Library's Discovering Literature website.
- Merril Collection of Science Fiction, Speculation and Fantasy at Toronto Public Library
- Science Fiction Studies' Chronological Bibliography of Science Fiction History, Theory, and Criticism
- Best 50 sci-fi novels of all time (Esquire; 21 March 2022)