Space warfare in science fiction

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Space warfare is a main theme and central setting of science fiction that can trace its roots back to classical times, and to the "future war" novels of the 19th century. With the Modern Age, directly with franchises as Star Wars and Star Trek, it is considered one of the most popular general sub-genres and themes of science fiction.[1] An interplanetary, or more often an interstellar or intergalactic war, has become a staple plot device. Space warfare, represented in science fiction, has a predominant role, it is a central theme and at the same time it is considered parent, overlapping genre of space opera, military science fiction and Space Western.[2]

Technology

Weapons

Usually, lasers are used rather than bullets. Willy Ley claimed in 1939 that bullets would be a more effective weapon in a real space battle.[3]

Destruction of planets and stars

Main article: List of fictional doomsday devices

Destruction of planets and stars has been a frequently used aspect of interstellar warfare since the Lensman series.

Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope is estimated to require 1.0 × 1038 joules of energy, millions of times more than would be necessary to break the planet apart at a slower rate.[5]

Naval influences

Fictional space warfare tends to borrow elements from

Napoleonic-era naval warfare.[6]
The
Halo fully echoes all ranks of the United States Armed Forces, even the pay-grade system.[citation needed
]

Some fictional universes have different implementations. The

Colonial Fleet in Battlestar Galactica uses a mixture of army and navy ranks, and the Stargate universe has military spacecraft under the control of modern air forces, and uses air-force ranks.[citation needed] In the Halo universe, many of the ranks of the current-day United States Armed Forces are used in lieu of fictional ranks.[citation needed] In the Andromeda universe, officers of Systems Commonwealth ships follow naval ranking, but Lancers (soldiers analogous to Marines) use army ranks.[citation needed
]

Ship types

Though it can differ on the IP, classes of ships are most commonly based on those of

Wing Commander. Instead, battlecarriers, ships which combine elements of battleships and carriers, are very common, with prominent examples including the Star Destroyer from Star Wars and the titular starship from Battlestar Galactica. Cruisers also make appearances, with some IPs featuring them as the largest and most powerful ships. Prominent example is the Starship Enterprise from Star Trek, occasionally referred to as a heavy cruiser. Destroyers and frigates are often seen as among the smaller ships of the fleet, though in many IPs, both classifications are not used. Corvettes are often the smallest ships in science fiction navies, though some do feature even smaller fast attack craft
.

Many science-fiction series prominently feature starfighters operating together with larger ships. Prominent examples include the

Colonial Viper from Battlestar Galactica and the Starfury from Babylon 5. While most fighters, like the aforementioned ones, tend to be multirole fighters, more specialized fighters do exist as well. The term interceptor, which in reality refers to fast fighters optimized to attack approaching long range heavy bombers, is instead primarily used to refer to fighters designed first and foremost to attack other fighters, generally at the expense of a capability to attack larger warships. Bombers
are the opposite of interceptors and are primarily meant to attack enemy warships.

Some IPs also feature super-battleship vessels, which are massive warships several kilometers in length, dwarfing even battleships.

Development of the genre

In his second-century satire

Lucian of Samosata depicts an imperial war between the king of the Sun and the king of the Moon over the right to colonise the Morning Star. It is the earliest known work of fiction to address the concept.[8]

The first "

disintegrator rays and missiles.[9]

H. G. Wells' novel The War of the Worlds inspired many other writers to write stories of alien incursions and wars between Earth and other planets, and encouraged writers of "future war" fiction to employ wider settings than had been available for "naturalistic" fiction. Wells' several other "future war" stories included the atomic war novel The World Set Free (1914)[9] and "The Land Ironclads," which featured a prophetic description of the tank, albeit of an unfeasibly large scale.[10]

More recent depictions of space warfare departed from the jingoism of the pulp science fiction of the 1930s and 1940s. Joe Haldeman's The Forever War, was partly a response to or a rebuttal of Robert A. Heinlein's Starship Troopers, wherein space warfare involved the effects of time dilation and resulted in the alienation of the protagonists from the human civilization on whose behalf they were fighting.[11][12][clarification needed] Both novels have in the past been required reading at the United States Military Academy.[citation needed]

Science fiction writers from the end of

Barry Longyear's "Enemy Mine," Kim Stanley Robinson's "The Lucky Strike," Connie Willis' "Schwarzchild Radius," and John Kessel's "Invaders."[12][clarification needed] In Orson Scott Card's Ender's Game
, the protagonist wages war remotely, with no realization that he is doing so.

Several writers in the 1980s were accused of writing fiction as part of a propaganda campaign in favour of the Strategic Defense Initiative. Ben Bova's 1985 novel Privateers has been given as an example.[12][13]

Definitions by contrast

Space opera

Main article: Space opera

The modern form of space warfare in science fiction, in which mobile spaceships battle both planets and one another with destructive superweapons, appeared with the advent of

E. E. "Doc" Smith's The Skylark of Space. It and its three successor novels exemplify the present form of space warfare in science fiction, as giant spaceships employ great ray guns that send bolts of energy across space to shatter planets in a war between humans and alien species.[15][16]

David Weber's Honorverse novels present a view of space warfare that simply transplants the naval warfare of Horatio Nelson and Horatio Hornblower into space. The space navy battle tactics in the Honorverse are much like those of Nelson, with the simple addition of a third dimension.[17]

Military science fiction

Main article: Military science fiction

Several subsets of military science fiction overlap with space opera, concentrating on large-scale space battles with futuristic weapons. At one extreme, the genre is used to speculate about future wars involving space travel, or the effects of such a war on humans; at the other, it consists of the use of military fiction plots with some superficial science-fiction trappings. The term "military space opera" is occasionally used to denote this subgenre, as used for example by critic Sylvia Kelso when describing Lois McMaster Bujold's Vorkosigan Saga.[18] Other examples of military space opera are the Battlestar Galactica franchise and Robert A. Heinlein's 1959 novel Starship Troopers. The key distinction of military science fiction from space opera is that the principal characters in a space opera are not military personnel, but civilians or paramilitary. Military science fiction also does not necessarily always include an outer space or multi-planetary setting like space opera.[19]

Space Western

Main article: Space Western

Westerns influenced early science-fiction

pulp magazines. Writers would submit stories in both genres,[20] and science-fiction magazines sometimes mimicked Western cover art to showcase parallels.[21] In the 1930s, C. L. Moore created one of the first space Western heroes, Northwest Smith.[21] Buck Rogers and Flash Gordon were also early influences.[22] After superhero comics declined in popularity in 1940s United States, Western comics and horror comics replaced them. When horror comics became untenable with the Comics Code Authority in the mid-1950s, science-fiction themes and space Westerns grew more popular.[21]: 10  By the mid-1960s, classic Western films fell out of favor and Revisionist Westerns supplanted them. Science-fiction series such as Lost in Space[23] and Star Trek presented a new frontier to be explored, and films like Westworld rejuvenated Westerns by updating them with science-fiction themes. Peter Hyams, director of Outland, said that studio heads in the 1980s were unwilling to finance a Western, so he made a space Western instead.[24] Space operas such as the Star Wars film series also took strong cues from Westerns; Boba Fett, Han Solo and the Mos Eisley cantina, in particular, were based on Western themes. These science fiction-films and television series offered the themes and morals that Westerns previously did.[25]

See also

References

  1. ISBN 0-415-35169-3
    .
  2. ^ Eugene F. Mallove and Gregory L. Matloff (June 1989). The Starflight Handbook: A Pioneer's Guide to Interstellar Travel. Wiley. pp. 20.
    ISBN 0-471-61912-4
    .
  3. ^ August 1939 Astounding Science-Fiction August 1939
  4. ^ See (e.g.) E. E. "Doc" Smith (1951), Grey Lensman, chapter 23
  5. ^ Star Wars Technical Commentaries on the Death Stars Archived November 28, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  6. ISBN 978-0-313-07157-7
    .
  7. ISBN 0-671-53607-9
    . Images accessible at 2265-2370 Ranks. Spike's Star Trek Page Rank Chart.
  8. ^ Swanson, Roy Arthur: “The True, the False, and the Truly False: Lucian’s Philosophical Science Fiction”, Science Fiction Studies, Vol. 3, No. 3 (Nov. 1976), pp. 227–239
  9. ^
    ISBN 0-521-01657-6
    .
  10. ^ Antulio J. Echevarria II. "Challenging Transformation's Clichés" (PDF). Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College. Retrieved 2007-01-31.
  11. ISBN 1-57003-585-7
    .
  12. ^
    ISBN 0-415-93888-0
    .
  13. ISBN 0-19-506692-8
    .
  14. ^ Edison Conquest of Mars, Introduction Robert Godwin, page 6, Apoge 2005
  15. ISBN 0-313-30846-2
    .
  16. ISBN 0-87249-870-0
    .
  17. ISBN 1-86189-020-6
    .
  18. ISBN 0-7653-0617-4
    . Introduction, p. 251
  19. ^ "23 Best Military Science Fiction Books - The Best Sci Fi Books". 14 March 2015.
  20. ISBN 9780313329524
    .
  21. ^
    ISBN 9780786458004
    .
  22. ^ Lilly, Nathan E. (2009-11-30). "The Emancipation of Bat Durston". Strange Horizons. Archived from the original on 2014-03-14. Retrieved 2014-03-14.
  23. ISBN 0786486627
    .
  24. ^ Williams, Owen (2014-07-24). "Peter Hyams Film By Film". Empire. Retrieved 2019-07-03.
  25. ^ Steinberg, Don (2011-07-22). "Hollywood Frontiers: Outer Space and the Wild West". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2014-03-15.

Further reading

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