Scientific drilling

Edit links
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Scientific drilling into the Earth is a way for scientists to probe the Earth's

microbial life, preserved in drilled samples. Scientific drilling is carried out on land by the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) and at sea by the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP). Scientific drilling on the continents includes drilling down into solid ground as well as drilling from small boats on lakes. Sampling thick glaciers and ice sheets to obtain ice cores
is related but will not be described further here.

Like probes sent into

Caucasus mountains of the country of Georgia. Gold miners in South Africa regularly go deeper than 3,400 m, but no human has ever descended to greater depths than this below the Earth's solid surface. As depth increases into the Earth, temperature and pressure rise. Temperatures in the crust increase about 15 °C per kilometer, making it impossible for humans to exist at depths greater than several kilometers, even if it was somehow possible to keep shafts open in spite of the tremendous pressure.[1][failed verification
]

Scientific drilling is interdisciplinary and international in scope. Individual scientists cannot generally undertake scientific drilling projects alone. Teamwork between scientists, engineers, and administrators is often required for success in planning and in carrying out a drilling project, analyzing the samples, and interpreting and publishing the results in scientific journals.

Purposes

Scientific drilling is used to address a wide range of problems, which cannot be addressed using rocks exposed on the surface or the seafloor. The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program has a broad set of research objectives, which can be divided into three principal themes:

  1. The nature of the deep biosphere and the oceanic sub-seafloor
  2. Understanding environmental change, processes and effects
  3. Cycles and geodynamics of the solid Earth

ICDP focuses on scientific drilling to address the following questions about the history, chemistry, and physics of Earth and the biosphere:

  1. What are the physical and chemical processes responsible for
    volcanic
    eruptions, and what are the best ways to minimize their effects?
  2. How has Earth's
    climate changed
    in the recent past and what are the reasons for such changes?
  3. What have been the effects of meteorite impacts (
    mass extinctions
    of life?
  4. What is the nature of the deep biosphere and its relation to geologic processes such as hydrocarbon maturation, ore deposition and evolution of life on Earth?
  5. What are the ways to safely dispose of radioactive and other toxic waste materials?
  6. How do sedimentary basins and fossil fuel resources originate and evolve?
  7. How do mineral, and metal ore deposits form?
  8. What are the fundamental physics of plate tectonics and heat, mass, and fluid transfer through Earth's crust?
  9. How can people better interpret geophysical data used to determine the structure and properties of Earth's crust?

Deepest drillings

The

DSDP/ODP/IODP Hole 504B.[citation needed] Because the continental crust is about 45 km thick on average, whereas oceanic crust
is 6–7 km thick, deep drillings have penetrated only the upper 25-30% of both crusts.

Riserless and mudlift drilling

Ocean drilling

The

Chikyu, uses a riser for drilling. The riser system includes an outer casing that surrounds the drill pipe, to provide return-circulation of drilling fluid for maintaining pressure balance within the borehole. A blowout preventer (BOP) protects the vessel and the environment from any unexpected release of gas and oil. This technology is necessary for drilling several thousand meters into the Earth and for drilling into thick sediments where oil and gas might reside.[citation needed
]

References

  1. ^ "Connate Fluids". World News. Retrieved 2017-04-27.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scientific_drilling&oldid=1218173982"