Scimitar

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Scimitars
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Two styles of scimitars: an Egyptian shamshir (left) and an Ottoman kilij (right)

A scimitar (/ˈsɪmɪtər/ or /ˈsɪmɪtɑːr/)[1] is a single-edged sword with a convex curved blade[2][3][4] associated with Middle Eastern, South Asian, or North African cultures. A European term, scimitar does not refer to one specific sword type, but an assortment of different Eastern curved swords inspired by types introduced to the Middle East by Central Asian ghilmans. These swords include the Persian shamshir (the origin of the word scimitar), the Arab saif, the Indian talwar, the North African nimcha, and the Turkish kilij.[4][5] All such swords are originally derived from earlier curved swords developed in Turkic Central Asia (Turkestan).[6]

Etymology

The English term scimitar is attested from the mid-16th century and derives from either the Middle French cimeterre (15th century) or from the Italian scimitarra. The ultimate source of these terms is corruptions of the Persian shamshir.[7][8] Scimitar became used to describe all curved oriental blades, in contrast to the straight and double-edged European swords of the time.[note 1]

The term سَيْف saif in Arabic can refer to any Middle Eastern (or North African, South Asian) sword, straight or curved. Saif cognates with the ancient Greek

Egyptian sfet.[10]

History of use

Arabs with scimitars from Boulanger's painting A Tale of 1001 Nights

The earliest evidence of scimitars is from the 9th century among soldiers in

Sikhs
used scimitars in warfare, among many other peoples.

The scimitar was widespread throughout the

early type of sabre which had been used in central Asia since the 7th century, but failed to gain wider appeal initially in Islamic lands. There is a single surviving Seljuk saber from approximately the year 1200, which may indicate that under that empire curved blades saw some popularity.[16] Following the Mongol invasions of the 13th century the curved swords favored by the Turkic cavalry, formed lasting impacts across much of the Middle East. The adoption of these swords was incremental, starting not long after Mongol conquest, and lasting well into the 15th century.[12] During Islamization of the Turks, the kilij became more and more popular in the Islamic armies. When the Seljuk Empire invaded Persia and became the first Turkic Muslim political power in Western Asia, kilij became the dominant sword form.[17]
The Iranian shamshir was created during the Turkic Seljuk Empire period of Iran.

Symbolism

The flag of Saudi Arabia shows the shahada above a scimitar (design used during 1938–1973; the modern design shows the scimitar in a more stylized form)
Seal of the Ministry of National Defense of Türkiye with a Turkish scimitar at the bottom
The coat of arms of Finland with an "Eastern" (Russian) scimitar at the bottom

The scimitar has been a symbol since ancient times. To the

Ishtar. In the Old Babylonian period, art depicts gods such as Marduk, Ishtar, Ninurta, and Nergal holding scimitars as a symbol of royalty. A common scene depicted in this period is a king or a god trampling on an enemy, a scimitar in their left hand.[18]

The sword (or saif) is an important symbol in Arab cultures, and is used as a metaphor in many phrases in the Arabic language.

The word occurs also in various symbolic and status titles in Arabic (and adopted in other languages) used in Islamic states, notably:

  • In the Yemenite independent imamate:
    • Saif al-Haqq, meaning "Sword of Truth".
    • Saif al-Islam "Sword of submission to Allah" or "Sword of Islam", was a subsidiary title borne (after their name and patronym) by male members of the al-
      Amir
      ), especially sons of the ruling Imam.
  • Sayf al-Dawla and variations mean "Sword of the State".
  • Saif Ullah Al-masloul the "drawn sword of God" was conferred by Muhammad, uniquely, to the recent convert and military commander Khalid ibn al-Walid
    .
  • sanad raised to Imperial riyasat
    , thus becoming an independent ruler.
  • Saif ul-Ali, "Sword of Ali", referring to arguably most famous sword in Islamic history, belonging to both Muhammad, and later, Ali, Zulfikar, and with which Ali slew a Makkan foot soldier, cleaving both his helmet and head, at the Battle of Uhud, and with which he (Ali) slew Amr, a ferocious and devastating Makkan soldier at the Battle of the Trench at Madinah.

Saif and Saif al Din "Sword of the religion" are also common masculine (and male)

Islamic names
.

The scimitar appears as a symbol of the Russians in the Finnish coat of arms of the Province of Karelia, which depicts two armored arms fighting with swords - one Western and one Eastern, representing Karelia's troubled history as a border region between the east and the west.[19][20] From this context, the sword and scimitar have found their way into the coat of arms of Finland, which depicts a lion brandishing a sword and trampling a scimitar.[21]

In Islamophobia: Making Muslims the Enemy, Peter Gottschalk and Gabriel Greenberg argue that the scimitar has been appropriated by Western culture and Hollywood to symbolize Arab Muslims in a negative light. Even though Muslims used straight-edge swords for the first two centuries of the Crusades, European Christians may have more closely tied the Christian cross-like shape of the swords to their cause. The authors commented that American cartoonists use the scimitar to symbolize "Muslim barbarity", despite the irony in scimitars being worn with some American military uniforms.[22]

In European art

In Shakespeare's works, the scimitar was a symbol for the East and the

Islamic world.[23]

Scimitars were used in 19th century orientalist depictions of Middle Eastern men.[24] In the 20th century, they were often used to indicate that a character was Middle Eastern and occupying a villain role.[24]

In media

Notes

  1. ^ This is apparent in Thomas Page's The Use of the Broad Sword (1746).

    "The Sword was of enormous length and breadth, heavy and unweildy, design'd only for right down chopping by the Force of a strong Arm; till Time and Experience discovering the Disadvantages, by Degrees contracted its Length and lighten'd its Weight in to the more handy Form of the Scymitar; which was first invented by the Eastern Nations, and has continued to be their principal Weapon to this Day:...." "The Saracens, Turks and Persians, made use of but three different Throws with the Scymitar, and one of those, only on Horseback; the other two on Foot."[9]

References

Citations

  1. ^ "Scimitar". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary.
  2. ^ from the original on 2021-07-29. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
  3. from the original on 2021-07-29. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
  4. ^ a b Föll, Helmut. "Sword Types - Iron, Steel and Swords". Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel. Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University. Retrieved 2021-08-02.
  5. ^ Sayadi, Omer (2020-03-16). "The scimitar". MENA symbolism. Archived from the original on 2021-10-19. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  6. ^ Nicolle, D. (2007). Crusader Warfare: Muslims, Mongols and the struggle against the Crusades. Hambledon Continuum. p. 175.
  7. from the original on 2021-07-29. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
  8. from the original on 2021-07-29. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
  9. ^ Page 1746.
  10. .
  11. ^ a b Lindsay 2005, p. 64.
  12. ^ a b "Military sabers of the Qing dynasty | Mandarin Mansion". www.mandarinmansion.com. Archived from the original on 2021-02-26. Retrieved 2019-09-28.
  13. ^ Dean 2017, p. 76.
  14. ^ Price 1885, p. 59.
  15. ^
    S2CID 161188853
    .
  16. .
  17. ^ Network, Warfare History (2018-03-24). "Scimitar: How One Sword Dominated Warfare for Centuries". The National Interest. Retrieved 2021-08-01.
  18. ^ Massafra 2011, p. 342.
  19. ^ Savolainen & Mehtonen 2016, p. 281.
  20. ^ Wastl-Walter 2016, p. 53.
  21. ^ Holmio 2001, p. 64.
  22. OCLC 87130031
    .
  23. .
  24. ^ .

Bibliography