Shkodër
Shkodër | |
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Albanian Alps . | |
| |
Postal code(s) | 4000-4017 |
Area code | +355 (0) 22 |
Vehicle registration | SH |
Website | bashkiashkoder |
Shkodër (
An urban settlement called Skodra was founded by the
Shkodër is regarded as the traditional capital of northern Albania, also referred to as Gegëria, and is noted for its arts, culture, religious diversity and turbulent history among the Albanians. The architecture of Shkodër is particularly dominated by mosques and churches reflecting the city's high degree of religious diversity and tolerance. Shkodër was home to many influential personalities, who among others, helped to shape the Albanian Renaissance.
Name
The city was first attested in classical sources as the capital of the Illyrian kingdom with the name Skodra (
Although the ultimate origin of the toponym Σκόδρα Scodra is uncertain,[17] the name is certainly pre-Roman. A Paleo-Balkan origin has been suggested, relating it to the Albanian: kodër (definite form: kodra) 'hill', and Romanian: codru '(wooded) mountain, forest', with the same root as the ancient toponym Codrio/Kodrion.[18]
The further development of the name has been a subject of discussion in Albanian historical linguistics. Some linguists treat the development from Illyrian Σκόδρα Skodra to Albanian Shkodra/Shkodër as evidence of regular development within the Albanian language. Others have argued that Albanian Shkodra/Shkodër fails to display certain known phonological changes that would have to have happened if the name had been continually in use in
In modern times, the term was adapted to Italian as Scodra (Italian pronunciation: [ˈskɔːdra]) and Scutari ([ˈskuːtari]); in this form it was also in wide use in English until the 20th century.[26][citation needed] In Serbo-Croatian, Shkodër is known as Skadar (Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic: Скадар), and in Turkish as İşkodra.
History
Early history
The earliest signs of human activity in the lands of Shkodër can be traced back to the
The favorable conditions on the fertile
The city was first mentioned during antiquity as the site of the Illyrian Labeates in which they minted coins and that of Queen Teuta.[32] In 168 BCE, the city was captured by the Romans and became an important trade and military route. The Romans colonized[33] the town. Scodra remained in the province of Illyricum and, later, Dalmatia. By it 395 CE, it was part of the Diocese of Dacia, within Praevalitana.
In the early 11th century, Jovan Vladimir ruled Duklja amidst the war between Basil II and Samuel. Vladimir allegedly retreated into Koplik when Samuel invaded Duklja and was subsequently forced to accept Bulgarian vassalage. He was later slain by the Bulgarians. Shingjon (feast of Jovan Vladimir) has since been celebrated by Albanian Orthodox Christians.[34]
In the 1030s,
During the disintegration of the
Ottoman period
With two sieges, Shkodër became secure as an Ottoman territory. It became the centre of the sanjak and by 1485 there were 27 Muslim and 70 Christian hearths, although by the end of the next century there were more than 200 Muslim ones compared to the 27 Christian ones, respectively.[41]
Military manoeuvres in 1478 by the Ottomans meant that the city was again entirely surrounded by
After Ottoman domination was secure, much of the population fled. Around the 17th century, the city began to prosper as the centre of the Sanjak of Scutari (sanjak was an Ottoman administrative unit smaller than a vilayet). It became the economic centre of northern Albania, its craftsmen producing fabric, silk, arms and silver artifacts. Construction included two-storey stone houses, the bazaar, and the Central or Middle Bridge (Ura e Mesit) over the Kir river, built during the second half of the 18th century, over 100 m (330 ft) long, with 13 arcs of stone, the largest one being 22 m (72 ft) wide and 12 m (39 ft) tall.
Shkodër was a major city under Ottoman rule in southeast Europe. It retained its importance up until the end of the empire's rule in the Balkans in the early 20th century. This is due to its geo-strategic position that connects it directly with the
Following the rebellion of Mustafa Pasha Bushatlliu Shkodër was sieged by the Ottomans for more than 6 months who finally managed to break the Albanian resistance on 10 November 1831. In 1833 around 4,000 Albanian rebels seized the town again holding off the Ottoman forces between April and December and even sending a delegation to Istanbul until the Ottoman government finally gave in to their terms giving an end to the rebellion.[43]
Before 1867 Shkodër (İşkodra) was a
Modern
Shkodër played an important role during the
During the
During World War I, Montenegrin forces again occupied Shkodër on 27 June 1915. In January 1916, Shkodër was taken over by Austria-Hungary and was the centre of the zone of their occupation. When the war ended on 11 November 1918, French forces occupied Shkodër as well as other regions with sizable Albanian populations. After World War I, the international military administration of Albania was temporarily located in Shkodër, and in March 1920, Shkodër was put under the administration of the national government of Tirana. In the second half of 1920, Shkodër resisted another threat, the military intervention of the forces of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
Shkodër was the centre of democratic movements of the years 1921–1924. The democratic opposition won the majority of votes for the Constitutional Assembly, and on 31 May 1924, the democratic forces took over the town and from Shkodër headed to Tirana. From 1924 to 1939, Shkodër had a slow industrial development, small factories that produced food, textile and cement were opened. From 43 of such in 1924, the number rose to 70 in 1938. In 1924, Shkodër had 20,000 inhabitants, the number grew to 29,000 in 1938. During September 1928, Albania was proclaimed a monarchy by
Shkodër was the seat of a
During the early 1990s, Shkodër was once again a major centre, this time of the democratic movement that finally brought to an end the communist regime established by Enver Hoxha. In the later 2000s (decade), the city experiences a rebirth as main streets are being paved, buildings painted and streets renamed. In December 2010, Shkodër and the surrounding region was hit by probably the worst flooding in the last 100 years.[47] In 2011, a new swing bridge over the Buna was constructed, thus replacing the old bridge nearby.
Geography
Shkodër extends strategically on the Mbishkodra Plain between the
Climate
Shköder has a
Climate data for Shkodër (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 18.6 (65.5) |
27.6 (81.7) |
29.0 (84.2) |
30.5 (86.9) |
34.5 (94.1) |
38.2 (100.8) |
41.5 (106.7) |
42.6 (108.7) |
37.6 (99.7) |
31.0 (87.8) |
25.0 (77.0) |
21.7 (71.1) |
42.6 (108.7) |
Mean maximum °C (°F) | 15.2 (59.4) |
18.3 (64.9) |
22.5 (72.5) |
26.3 (79.3) |
30.1 (86.2) |
34.8 (94.6) |
37.4 (99.3) |
38.1 (100.6) |
32.9 (91.2) |
27.7 (81.9) |
22.3 (72.1) |
16.7 (62.1) |
38.5 (101.3) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 10.3 (50.5) |
12.4 (54.3) |
15.8 (60.4) |
19.5 (67.1) |
24.4 (75.9) |
29.3 (84.7) |
32.9 (91.2) |
33.6 (92.5) |
27.7 (81.9) |
22.1 (71.8) |
16.1 (61.0) |
11.3 (52.3) |
21.4 (70.5) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 6.1 (43.0) |
7.9 (46.2) |
11.0 (51.8) |
14.5 (58.1) |
19.0 (66.2) |
23.3 (73.9) |
26.0 (78.8) |
26.9 (80.4) |
21.9 (71.4) |
16.9 (62.4) |
11.8 (53.2) |
7.5 (45.5) |
16.2 (61.2) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.8 (35.2) |
3.3 (37.9) |
6.1 (43.0) |
9.4 (48.9) |
13.4 (56.1) |
17.2 (63.0) |
19.1 (66.4) |
20.2 (68.4) |
16.0 (60.8) |
11.7 (53.1) |
7.6 (45.7) |
3.7 (38.7) |
10.9 (51.6) |
Mean minimum °C (°F) | −3.5 (25.7) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
0.7 (33.3) |
3.9 (39.0) |
9.0 (48.2) |
11.3 (52.3) |
14.9 (58.8) |
15.8 (60.4) |
10.5 (50.9) |
6.2 (43.2) |
0.9 (33.6) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
−4.5 (23.9) |
Record low °C (°F) | −13.0 (8.6) |
−12.4 (9.7) |
−5.1 (22.8) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
3.6 (38.5) |
2.0 (35.6) |
8.9 (48.0) |
10.6 (51.1) |
6.0 (42.8) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
−5.4 (22.3) |
−9.6 (14.7) |
−13.0 (8.6) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 130.3 (5.13) |
138.3 (5.44) |
140.1 (5.52) |
127.2 (5.01) |
82.9 (3.26) |
35.8 (1.41) |
42.7 (1.68) |
37.5 (1.48) |
161.8 (6.37) |
167.7 (6.60) |
212.5 (8.37) |
188.0 (7.40) |
1,471.5 (57.93) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 9.31 | 9.63 | 10.65 | 10.04 | 9.02 | 4.20 | 3.41 | 3.90 | 7.36 | 9.23 | 11.90 | 10.76 | 99.40 |
Average snowy days | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 5.0 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
— | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 72.0 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 2,369.2 |
Source 1: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)[51] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: meteo-climat-bzh[52][53] |
Governance
Shkodër is a municipality governed by a mayor–council system with the mayor of Shkodër and the members of Shkodër Municipal Council responsible for the administration of Shkodër Municipality.[3] The municipality is encompassed in Shkodër County within the Northern Region of Albania and consists of the administrative units of Ana e Malit, Bërdicë, Dajç, Guri i Zi, Postribë, Pult, Rrethinat, Shalë, Shosh, Velipojë and Shkodër as its seat.[54][55]
International relations
Shkodër is twinned with:
Economy
The main activities of the processing industry in Shkodra were the processing of tobacco and manufacture of cigarettes, production of preserved foods, sugar-based foods, soft and alcoholic drinks, and pasta, bread, rice and vegetable oil. The main activities of the textile industry were focused on garments and silk products. The city also had a wood-processing and paper-production plant. The most important mechanical engineering industries concerned wire manufacturing, elevator manufacturing, bus assembly and the Drini Plant.[61]
According to the World Bank, Shkodër has had significant steps of improving the economy in recent years. In 2016, Shkodër ranked 8[62] among 22 cities in southeastern Europe.
As the largest city in northern
Demography
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1950 | 33,638 | — |
1955 | 38,564 | +14.6% |
1960 | 43,305 | +12.3% |
1969 | 52,200 | +20.5% |
1979 | 65,000 | +24.5% |
1989 | 79,920 | +23.0% |
2001 | 82,131 | +2.8% |
2011 | 76,000 | −7.5% |
Source: pop-stat.mashke.org[63] |
Shkodër is the fourth-most-populous city and fifth-most-populous municipality in Albania. As of the 2011 census, the municipal unit of Shkodër had an estimated population of 77,075 of whom 37,630 were men and 39,445 women.[4] The population of the municipality was 135,612 in 2011.[a][4]
The 20th century found Shkodër with a population of around 30,000 to 40,000. After
In 1918, the majority—two thirds—of the population was Muslim and one third was Catholic with a small community of Orthodox faith of Slavic and Vlah origin who immigrated to Shkodër during the 19th century.[65] The city was divided into 12 mahallas, of which nine were inhabited by the Muslim and three by the Catholic population, and a separated bazaar. The Muslims were mostly to be found in the quarters on the west side of the city while the Catholics were living in the quarters on the east side of the city.[65] The Orthodox population mostly lived within the Muslim quarters.
The city of Shkodër was one of the most important centres for Islamic scholars and cultural and literary activity in Albania. Here stands the site of the only institution in Albania which provides high-level education in Arabic, Turkish and Islamic Studies.[66] Shkodër is the centre of
Culture
Shkodër is referred to as the capital and cultural cradle of
Rozafa Castle has played an instrumental role in Shkodër's history as the residence of Illyrian monarchs and a military stronghold.[70] Located in the south of Shkodër, its foundations are associated with a legend about a woman who sacrificed herself so the castle could be constructed.[70][71] Historical Museum of Shkodër is the most important museum in Shkodër and was founded to protect artefacts from all over the region of Shkodër, thus displaying their cultural and historical value.[3][72] It is housed inside a monumental mansion from the 19th century, collectively known as the house of Oso Kuka.[3] The expanded Marubi National Museum of Photography located on the Kolë Idromeno Street displays an extensive visual collection of Albanian social, cultural and political life beginning from 1850 on its galleries.[3][73][74]
Shkodër's architecture and urban development are historically and culturally significant for northern Albania. It was and is inhabited by many people of different cultures and religions with many of them leaving mark of their cultural heritage. The
The Vllaznia club is a professional Albanian soccer team dedicated to Shkoder. It is one of the most well-known teams in Albania.
See also
Notes
- ^ a b The municipality of Shkodër consists of the administrative units of Ana e Malit, Bërdicë, Dajç, Guri i Zi, Postribë, Pult, Rrethinat, Shalë, Shosh, Velipojë and Shkodër.[54][64] The population of the municipality results from the sum of the listed administrative units in the former as of the 2011 Albanian census.[4]
- ^ The estimation for the administrative unit of Shkodër is to be taken into consideration.[4]
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Scutari fu fondata intorno al V-IV secolo a.C. Dagli scavi archeologici eseguiti al castello di Rozafa, si dedusse che il centro era già abitato dall'età del bronzo
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{{cite book}}
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{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link); cited after Matzinger 2009. - ^ Lafe 2022, pp. 362–363, 366.
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- ^ Origins: Serbs, Albanians and Vlachs Chapter 2 in Noel Malcolm's Kosovo, a short history (Macmilan, London, 1998, p. 22-40) - The evidence is in fact very mixed; some of the Albanian forms (of both urban and rural names) suggest transmission via Slav, but others -including the towns of Shkodra, Drisht, Lezha, Shkup (Skopje) and perhaps Shtip (Stip, south-east of Skopje) - follow the pattern of continuous Albanian development from the Latin. [48] (One common objection to this argument, claiming that 'sc-' in Latin should have turned into 'h-', not 'shk-' in Albanian, rests on a chronological error, and can be disregarded.) [49] There are also some fairly convincing derivations of Slav names for rivers in northern Albania - particularly the Bojana (Alb.: Buena) and the Drim (Alb.: Drin) - which suggest that the Slavs must have acquired their names from the Albanian forms. [50
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После битке код Велбужда млади краљ Душан, чији је углед знатно порастао, добио је од оца на управљање Зету са седиштем у Скадру.
- ISBN 9788670871045. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
Краљ је у јануару 1331. г. разорио Душанов двор на реци Дримац, код Скадра. Половином априла долази до примирја
- ^ Nikolić, Dejan (1996). Svi vladari Srbije. Narodna biblioteka "Resavska škola". p. 102. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
Стефан Душан је августа 1331. крен- уо са својом војском из Скадра и дошао до Стефановог дворца у Неродимљу, где је изненадио оца. Краљ Стефан је једва успео да побегне из свог дворца у град Петрич у коме га је Душанова војска опколила
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- Shpuza, Saimir (2014). Dyczek, Piotr (ed.). "Iron Age Fortifications and the Origin of the City in the Territory of Scodra". Novensia. 25. Warszawa: Ośrodek Badań nad Antykiem Europy Południowo-Wschodniej: 105–126. ISSN 0860-5777.
- Shpuza, Saimir; Dyczek, Piotr (2015). "Scodra, de la capitale du Royaume Illyrien à la capitale de la province romaine". In Jean-Luc Lamboley; Luan Përzhita; Altin Skenderaj (eds.). L'Illyrie Méridionale et l'Épire dans l'Antiquité – VI (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Diffusion De Boccard. pp. 269–278. ISBN 978-9928-4517-1-2.
- Shpuza, Saimir (2017). Dyczek, Piotr (ed.). "Scodra and the Labeates. Cities, rural fortifications and territorial defense in the Hellenistic period". Novensia. 28. Warszawa: Ośrodek Badań nad Antykiem Europy Południowo-Wschodniej: 41–64. ISSN 0860-5777.
- Tafilica, Zamir; Baze, Ermal; Lafe, Ols (2023). "Historical Background". In Galaty, Michael L.; Bejko, Lorenc (eds.). Archaeological Investigations in a Northern Albanian Province: Results of the Projekti Arkeologjik i Shkodrës (PASH): Volume One: Survey and Excavation Results. Memoirs Series. Vol. 64. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 9781951538736.
External links
- bashkiashkoder.gov.al – Official Website (in Albanian)