Scoti
Scoti or Scotti is a
History
An early use of the word can be found in the Nomina Provinciarum Omnium (Names of All the Provinces), which dates to about AD 312. This is a short list of the names and provinces of the Roman Empire. At the end of this list is a brief list of tribes deemed to be a growing threat to the Empire, which included the Scoti, as a new term for the Irish.[2] There is also a reference to the word in St Prosper's chronicle of AD 431 where he describes Pope Celestine sending St Palladius to Ireland to preach "ad Scotti in Christum" ("to the Scots who believed in Christ").[3]
Thereafter, periodic raids by Scoti are reported by several later 4th and early 5th century Latin writers, namely
By the 5th century, the Gaelic or
Etymology
The etymology of Late Latin Scoti is unclear. It is not a Latin derivation, nor does it correspond to any known Goidelic (Gaelic) term the Gaels used to name themselves as a whole or a constituent population group. Several derivations have been conjectured, but none has gained general acceptance in mainstream scholarship.
In the 19th century, Aonghas MacCoinnich proposed that Scoti came from Gaelic sgaothaich, meaning "crowd" or "horde".[12]
Charles Oman (1910) derived it from Gaelic scuit, meaning someone cut off. He believed it referred to bands of outcast Gaelic raiders, suggesting that the Scots were to the Gaels what the Vikings were to the Norse.[13]
More recently, Philip Freeman (2001) has speculated on the likelihood of a group of raiders adopting a name from an
Linguist Kim McCone (2013) derives it from the Old Irish noun scoth meaning "pick", as in "the pick" of the population, the nobility, from an
An origin has also been suggested in a word related to the English scot ("tax") and Old Norse skot; this referred to an activity in ceremonies whereby ownership of land was transferred by placing a parcel of earth in the lap of a new owner,[16] whence 11th-century King Olaf, one of Sweden's first known rulers, may have been known as a scot king.[17]
See also
- Attacotti
- Caledonia
- Déisi
- Gaelic Ireland
- Name of Britain
- Picts
- Uí Liatháin
References
- ^ a b Duffy, Seán. Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia. Routledge, 2005. p.698
- ^ P. Freeman, Ireland and the Classical World, Austin, 2001, pp. 91-92.
- ^ M. De Paor – L. De Paor, Early Christian Ireland, London, 1958, p. 27.
- ^ Pacatus, Panegyric 5.1.
- ^ Ammianus Marcellinus, Res Gestae XX 1.1; XXVI 4.5; XXVII 8.5.
- ^ Claudius Claudianus, Panegyricus dictus Honorio Augusto tertium consuli 52–58; Panegyricus dictus Honorio Augusto quartum consuli 24–33; De consulatu Stilichonis II 247–255; Epithalamium dictum Honorio Augusto et Mariae 88–90; Bellum Geticum 416–418.
- ^ Chronica Gallica ad annum 452, Gratiani IV (= T. Mommsen (ed.), Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Auctores antiquissimi IX, Berlin, 1892, p. 646).
- ^ P. Rance, Epiphanius of Salamis and the Scotti: new evidence for late Roman-Irish relations, in Britannia 43 (2012), pp. 227–242.
- ^ P. Freeman, Ireland and the Classical World, Austin, 2001, pp. 88-106; P. Rance, Epiphanius of Salamis and the Scotti: new evidence for late Roman-Irish relations, in Britannia 43 (2012), pp. 227–242.
- ^ From Caledonia to Pictland, Scotland to 795, James E. Fraser, 2009, Edinburgh University Press
- ^ From Pictland to Alba, 789-1070, Alex Woolf, 2007, Edinburgh University Press
- ^ A. MacCoinnich, Eachdraidh na h-Alba, Glasgow, 1867, p. 18-19.
- ^ C. Oman, A History of England before the Norman Conquest, London, 1910, p. 157.
- ^ P. Freeman, Ireland and the Classical World, Austin, 2001, pp. 93.
- ^ McCone, Kim (2013). "The Celts: questions of nomenclature and identity", in Ireland and its Contacts. University of Lausanne. p.26
- ^ J. Truedson Demitz, Throne of a Thousand Years: Chronicles as Told by Erik, Son of Riste, Commemorating Sweden's Monarchy from 995–96 to 1995–1996, Ludvika – Los Angeles, 1996, p. 9.
- ^ L.O. Lagerqvist – N. Åberg, Öknamn och tillnamn på nordiska stormän och kungligheter, Stockholm, 1997, p. 23 (etymology of epithets of Nordic kings and magnates).
Bibliography
- Freeman, Philip (2001), Ireland in the Classical World (University of Texas Press: Austin, Texas. ISBN 978-0-292-72518-8
- Rance, Philip (2012), 'Epiphanius of Salamis and the Scotti: new evidence for late Roman-Irish relations', Britannia 43: 227–242
- Rance, Philip (2015), 'Irish' in Y. Le Bohec et al. (edd.), The Encyclopedia of the Roman Army (Wiley-Blackwell: Chichester/Malden, MA, 2015).