Scotia

Scotia is a

Latin placename derived from Scoti, a Latin name for the Gaels,^[1] first attested in the late 3rd century.^[1] The Romans referred to Ireland as "Scotia" around 500 A.D. From the 9th century on, its meaning gradually shifted, so that it came to mean only the part of Britain lying north of the Firth of Forth: the Kingdom of Scotland.^[1] By the later Middle Ages it had become the fixed Latin term for what in English is called Scotland

.

Etymology and derivations

The name of Scotland is derived from the Latin Scotia. The word Scoti (or Scotti) was first used by the Romans. It is found in Latin texts from the 4th century describing an Irish group that raided Roman Britain.^[2] It came to be applied to all Gaels.^[3]^[4] It is not believed that any Gaelic groups called themselves Scoti in ancient times, except when writing in Latin.^[2] Old Irish documents use the term Scot (plural Scuit) going back as far as the 9th century; for example, in the glossary of Cormac mac Cuilennáin.^[5]

Oman derived it from Scuit (modern Gaelic scoith), meaning someone cut off. He believed it referred to bands of outcast Gaelic raiders, suggesting that the Scots were to the Gaels what the Vikings were to the Norse.^[6]^[7]

The 19th-century author Aonghas MacCoinnich of Glasgow proposed that Scoti was derived from a Gaelic ethnonym (proposed by MacCoinnich) Sgaothaich from sgaoth "swarm", plus the derivational suffix -ach (plural -aich).^[8] However, this proposal to date has not been met with any response in mainstream place-name studies. Pope Leo X (1513–1521) decreed that the use of the name Scotia be confined to referring to land that is now Scotland.^[9]^[10]

Virtually all names for Scotland are based on the Scotia root (cf.

Quechua Iskusya, Turkish İskoçya etc.), either directly or via intermediate languages. The only exceptions are the Celtic languages, where the names are based on the Alba root; e.g., Manx Nalbin, Welsh Yr Alban", Irish

"Albain."

Medieval usage

Scotia translates to "Land of the Scots". It was a way of saying "Land of the Gaels" (compare Angli and Anglia; Franci and Francia; Romani and Romania; etc). It was initially used as a name for Ireland, originally with ethnic connotations, for example in

Scottish Wars of Independence

, when Ireland was called Scotia Maior (greater Scotia) and Scotland Scotia Minor (lesser Scotia).

After the 11th century, Scotia was used mostly for the kingdom of Alba, or Scotland, and in this way became the fixed designation. As a translation of

King of Scots

, or just Scotland north of the Forth.
Schottenklöster
).

In Irish sources

One of the oldest sources recorded was from medieval Monarchy. In the year 1005, after Brian Boru was crowned king, he adopted the title Imperator Scotorum, 'Emperor of the Scoti suggesting he saw himself as the overlord of all Scotia and Gaels.^[12] The title was however adopted and not formally provided.

Within Irish Mythology,

Amenophis; Keating named him Cincris

.

Other uses

In geography, the term is also used for the following:

the Canadian province of Nova Scotia (New Scotland)
the village of
New York State
the
New York State
named after a Scottish settler
the Scotia Sea between Antarctica and South America
the Scotia Plate, a tectonic plate located to the south of South America

The term also is used/for the following purposes;

to describe a piece of wood
millwork
that is used at the base of columns and in stair construction
Scotiabank, a trade name for the Bank of Nova Scotia
(rarely) as a feminine first name
Pride Scotia, Scotland's national LGBT pride festival, involving a march and a community based festival held in June

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Duffy, Seán. Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia. Routledge, 2005. p.698
^ ^a ^b "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
^ Seán Duffy (22 September 2015). "Crowning of Ireland's Last, Scottish High King". Trinity College Dublin. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
^ "The Story of the Irish Race". Homepage.eircom.net. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
^ Meyer, K. (ed.). Sanas Cormaic: an Old-Irish Glossary compiled by Cormac úa Cuilennáin, King-Bishop of Cashel in the ninth century. Dil.ie. Retrieved 16 February 2015.^{[permanent dead link]}
^ C. Oman, A History of England before the Norman Conquest, London, 1910, p. 157.
^ Sir Charles Oman: A History of England before the Norman Conquest
^ MacCoinnich, Aonghas Eachdraidh na h-Alba (Glasgow 1867)
^ "Scotia, my Scotia, or bringing back the real Scotland!!". Reformation.org. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
^ Benedict's Fitzpatrick's Ireland and the Foundations of Europe, pp. 376-379
^ "Internet History Sourcebooks: Medieval Sourcebook".
^ https://www.tcd.ie/news_events/articles/crowning-of-irelands-last-scottish-high-king/
^ "The History of Ireland". celt.ucc.ie.

External links

A history of Romans in Scotland

[Duffy-1] Duffy, Seán. Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia. Routledge, 2005. p.698

[OED-2] "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 16 February 2015.

[3] Seán Duffy (22 September 2015). "Crowning of Ireland's Last, Scottish High King". Trinity College Dublin. Retrieved 4 November 2021.

[4] "The Story of the Irish Race". Homepage.eircom.net. Retrieved 16 February 2015.

[5] Meyer, K. (ed.). Sanas Cormaic: an Old-Irish Glossary compiled by Cormac úa Cuilennáin, King-Bishop of Cashel in the ninth century. Dil.ie. Retrieved 16 February 2015.^{[permanent dead link]}

[6] C. Oman, A History of England before the Norman Conquest, London, 1910, p. 157.

[7] Sir Charles Oman: A History of England before the Norman Conquest

[8] MacCoinnich, Aonghas Eachdraidh na h-Alba (Glasgow 1867)

[9] "Scotia, my Scotia, or bringing back the real Scotland!!". Reformation.org. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.

[10] Benedict's Fitzpatrick's Ireland and the Foundations of Europe, pp. 376-379

[11] "Internet History Sourcebooks: Medieval Sourcebook".

[12] ttps://www.tcd.ie/news_events/articles/crowning-of-irelands-last-scottish-high-king/

[13] "The History of Ireland". celt.ucc.ie.

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