Scots language
Scots | |
---|---|
Lowland Scots Broad Scots | |
(Braid) Scots Lallans Doric | |
Pronunciation | [ˈskɔts] |
Native to | United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland |
Region |
|
Ethnicity | Scots |
Native speakers | 1,541,693 (2011)[1] |
Indo-European
| |
Early forms |
|
Dialects | |
Latin | |
Official status | |
Official language in | Scotland[2] |
Recognised minority language in | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-2 | sco |
ISO 639-3 | sco |
Glottolog | scot1243 |
ELP | Scots |
Linguasphere | 52-ABA-aa (varieties: 52-ABA-aaa to -aav) |
The proportion of respondents in the 2011 census in Scotland aged 3 and above who stated that they can speak Lowland Scots | |
The proportion of respondents in the 2011 census in Northern Ireland aged 3 and above who stated that they can speak Ulster Scots |
Scots language |
---|
History |
Dialects |
Scots (
Scots is recognised as an indigenous language of Scotland by the Scottish government,[8] a regional or minority language of Europe,[9] and a vulnerable language by UNESCO.[10][11] In the 2011 Scottish Census, over 1.5 million people in Scotland reported being able to speak Scots.[12]
Given that there are no universally accepted
Nomenclature
Native speakers sometimes refer to their
Etymology
Scots is a contraction of Scottis, the
History
From 1610 to the 1690s during the Plantation of Ulster, some 200,000 Scots-speaking Lowlanders settled as colonists in Ulster in Ireland.[33][full citation needed] In the core areas of Scots settlement, Scots outnumbered English settlers by five or six to one.[34][full citation needed]
The name Modern Scots is used to describe the Scots language after 1700.[citation needed]
A seminal study of Scots was undertaken by
Scots was studied alongside English and Scots Gaelic in the Linguistic Survey of Scotland at the University of Edinburgh, which began in 1949 and began to publish results in the 1970s.[37] Also beginning in the 1970s, the Atlas Linguarum Europae studied the Scots language used at 15 sites in Scotland, each with its own dialect.[38]
Language shift
From the mid-sixteenth century, written Scots was increasingly influenced by the developing
He scorned modern literature, spoke broad Scots from the bench, and even in writing took no pains to avoid the Scotticisms which most of his colleagues were coming to regard as vulgar.
However, others did scorn Scots, such as
In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the use of Scots as a literary language was revived by several prominent Scotsmen[citation needed] such as Robert Burns. Such writers established a new cross-dialect literary norm.
Scots terms were included in the
During the first half of the twentieth century, knowledge of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century literary norms waned, and as of 2006[update], there is no institutionalised standard literary form.
Decline in status
Before the
German linguist
The UK government now accepts Scots as a regional language and has recognised it as such under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.[54]
Notwithstanding the UK government's and the Scottish Executive's obligations under part II of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, the Scottish Executive recognises and respects Scots (in all its forms) as a distinct language, and does not consider the use of Scots to be an indication of poor competence in English.
Evidence for its existence as a separate language lies in the extensive body of Scots literature, its independent – if somewhat fluid – orthographic conventions, and in its former use as the language of the original Parliament of Scotland.[55] Because Scotland retained distinct political, legal, and religious systems after the Union, many Scots terms passed into Scottish English.
Language revitalisation
During the 2010s, increased interest was expressed in the language.
Education
The status of the language was raised in Scottish schools,[56] with Scots being included in the new national school curriculum.[57] Previously in Scotland's schools there had been little education taking place through the medium of Scots, although it may have been covered superficially in English lessons, which could entail reading some Scots literature and observing the local dialect. Much of the material used was often Standard English disguised as Scots, which caused upset among proponents of Standard English and proponents of Scots alike.[58] One example of the educational establishment's approach to Scots is, "Write a poem in Scots. (It is important not to be worried about spelling in this – write as you hear the sounds in your head.)",[59] whereas guidelines for English require teaching pupils to be "writing fluently and legibly with accurate spelling and punctuation".[60]
A course in Scots language and culture delivered through the medium of Standard English and produced by the Open University (OU) in Scotland, the Open University's School of Languages and Applied Linguistics as well as Education Scotland became available online for the first time in December 2019.[61]
Government
In the
The Scottish government set its first Scots Language Policy in 2015, in which it pledged to support its preservation and encourage respect, recognition and use of Scots.[8] The Scottish Parliament website also offers some information on the language in Scots.[64]
Media
Serious use of the language for news, encyclopaedias, documentaries, etc., remains rare and usually reserved for niches where it is deemed acceptable, e.g. comedy,
Geographic distribution
In Scotland, Scots is spoken in the
It has been difficult to determine the number of speakers of Scots via census, because many respondents might interpret the question "Do you speak Scots?" in different ways. Campaigners for Scots pressed for this question to be included in the
The GRO questions, as freely acknowledged by those who set them, were not as detailed and systematic as the University of Aberdeen ones, and only included reared speakers (people raised speaking Scots), not those who had learned the language. Part of the difference resulted from the central question posed by surveys: "Do you speak Scots?". In the Aberdeen University study, the question was augmented with the further clause "... or a dialect of Scots such as Border etc.", which resulted in greater recognition from respondents. The GRO concluded that there simply was not enough linguistic self-awareness amongst the Scottish populace, with people still thinking of themselves as speaking badly pronounced, grammatically inferior English rather than Scots, for an accurate census to be taken. The GRO research concluded that "[a] more precise estimate of genuine Scots language ability would require a more in-depth interview survey and may involve asking various questions about the language used in different situations. Such an approach would be inappropriate for a Census." Thus, although it was acknowledged that the "inclusion of such a Census question would undoubtedly raise the profile of Scots", no question about Scots was, in the end, included in the 2001 Census.[52][73][74] The Scottish Government's Pupils in Scotland Census 2008[75] found that 306 pupils[clarification needed] spoke Scots as their main home language. A Scottish Government study in 2010 found that 85% of around 1000 respondents (being a representative sample of Scotland's adult population) claim to speak Scots to varying degrees.[49]
The
Literature
Among the earliest Scots literature is
After the seventeenth century, anglicisation increased. At the time, many of the oral
In the eighteenth century, writers such as Allan Ramsay, Robert Burns, James Orr, Robert Fergusson and Walter Scott continued to use Scots – Burns's "Auld Lang Syne" is in Scots, for example. Scott introduced vernacular dialogue to his novels. Other well-known authors like Robert Louis Stevenson, William Alexander, George MacDonald, J. M. Barrie and other members of the Kailyard school like Ian Maclaren also wrote in Scots or used it in dialogue.
In the Victorian era popular Scottish newspapers regularly included articles and commentary in the vernacular, often of unprecedented proportions.[81]
In the early twentieth century, a
. The revival extended to verse and other literature.In 1955, three Ayrshire men – Sandy MacMillan, an English teacher at Ayr Academy; Thomas Limond, noted town chamberlain of Ayr; and A. L. "Ross" Taylor, rector of Cumnock Academy – collaborated to write Bairnsangs ("Child Songs"),[82] a collection of children's nursery rhymes and poems in Scots. The book contains a five-page glossary of contemporary Scots words and their pronunciations.
Alexander Gray's translations into Scots constitute the greater part of his work, and are the main basis for his reputation.
In 1983,
Scots is sometimes used in contemporary fiction, such as the Edinburgh dialect of Scots in Trainspotting by Irvine Welsh (later made into a motion picture of the same name).
The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam has been translated into Scots by Rab Wilson (published in 2004). Alexander Hutchison has translated the poetry of Catullus into Scots, and in the 1980s, Liz Lochhead produced a Scots translation of Tartuffe by Molière. J. K. Annand translated poetry and fiction from German and Medieval Latin into Scots.
The strip cartoons
Phonology
Vowels
The vowel system of Modern Scots:[84]
Aitken | IPA | Common spellings |
---|---|---|
1 | short /əi/ long /aɪ/ |
i-e, y-e, ey |
2 | /i/ | ee, e-e, ie |
3 | /ei/[a] | ei, ea |
4 | /e/ | a-e, #ae |
5 | /o/ | oa, o-e |
6 | /u/ | ou, oo, u-e |
7 | /ø/[b][c] | ui, eu[c] |
8 | /eː/ | ai, #ay |
8a | /əi/[d] | i-e, y-e, ey |
9 | /oe/ | oi, oy |
10 | /əi/[d] | i-e, y-e, ey |
11 | /iː/ | #ee, #ie |
12 | /ɑː, ɔː/ | au, #aw |
13 | /ʌu/[e] | ow, #owe |
14 | /ju/ | ew |
15 | /ɪ/ | i |
16 | /ɛ/ | e |
17 | /ɑ, a/ | a |
18 | /ɔ/[f] | o |
19 | /ʌ/ | u |
- ^ With the exception of North Northern dialects[85] this vowel has generally merged with vowels 2, 4 or 8.
- ^ Merges with vowels 15. and 8. in central dialects and vowel 2 in Northern dialects.
- ^ a b Also /(j)u/ or /(j)ʌ/ before /k/ and /x/ depending on dialect.
- ^ a b Vowels 8a and 10 are ultimately the same vowel in Modern Scots.
- ^ Monophthongisation to /o/ may occur before /k/.
- ^ Some mergers with vowel 5.
Vowel length is usually conditioned by the Scottish vowel length rule.
Consonants
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n
|
ŋ[a] | |||||
Stop
|
p b | d[b]
|
tʃ dʒ[c] | k ɡ[d] | ʔ | |||
Fricative
|
f v | θ ð[e] | s z[f] | ʃ ʒ | ç[g] | x[g] | h | |
Approximant
|
central | ɹ[h]
|
j | ʍ[i] w | ||||
lateral | l
|
|||||||
Trill | r[h]
|
- ^ Spelt ⟨ng⟩, always /ŋ/.[86]
- ^ /t/ may be a glottal stop between vowels or word final.[86]: 501 In Ulster dentalised pronunciations may also occur, also for /d/.
- ^ The cluster ⟨nch⟩ is usually realised /nʃ/[48]: 500 e.g. brainch ("branch"), dunch ("push"), etc.
- ^ In Northern dialects, the clusters ⟨kn⟩ and ⟨gn⟩ may be realised as /kn/, /tn/ and /ɡn/[48]: 501 e.g. knap ("talk"), knee, knowe ("knoll"), etc.
- ^ Spelt ⟨th⟩. In Mid Northern varieties an intervocalic /ð/ may be realised /d/.[48]: 506 Initial ⟨th⟩ in thing, think and thank, etc. may be /h/.[86]: 507
- Culzean, Mackenzieetc.
- ^ a b Spelt ⟨ch⟩, also ⟨gh⟩. Medial ⟨cht⟩ may be /ð/ in Northern dialects. loch ("fjord" or "lake"), nicht ("night"), dochter ("daughter"), dreich ("dreary"), etc. Similar to the German Nacht.[86]: 499 The spelling ⟨ch⟩ is realised /tʃ/ word initially or where it follows ⟨r⟩ e.g. airch ("arch"), mairch ("march"), etc.
- ^ [r] is obsolete and only sporadically used for emphasis.[48]: 510–511
- ^ ⟨w⟩ /w/ and ⟨wh⟩ /ʍ/, older /xʍ/, do not merge.[86]: 499 Northern dialects also have /f/ for /ʍ/.[86]: 507 The cluster ⟨wr⟩ may be realised /wr/, more often /r/, but may be /vr/ in Northern dialects[86]: 507 e.g. wrack ("wreck"), wrang ("wrong"), write, wrocht ("worked"), etc.
Orthography
The orthography of Early Scots had become more or less standardised[87] by the middle to late sixteenth century.[88] After the Union of the Crowns in 1603, the Standard English of England came to have an increasing influence on the spelling of Scots[89] through the increasing influence and availability of books printed in England. After the Acts of Union in 1707 the emerging Scottish form of Standard English replaced Scots for most formal writing in Scotland.[32]: 11 The eighteenth-century Scots revival saw the introduction of a new
Other authors developed dialect writing, preferring to represent their own speech in a more phonological manner rather than following the pan-dialect conventions of modern literary Scots,[91] especially for the northern[98] and insular dialects of Scots.
During the twentieth century, a number of proposals for spelling reform were presented. Commenting on this, John Corbett (2003: 260) writes that "devising a normative orthography for Scots has been one of the greatest linguistic hobbies of the past century". Most proposals entailed regularising the use of established eighteenth- and nineteenth-century conventions, in particular, the avoidance of the apologetic apostrophe, which represented letters that were perceived to be missing when compared to the corresponding English cognates but were never actually present in the Scots word.[99][100] For example, in the fourteenth century, Barbour spelt the Scots cognate of "taken" as tane. It is argued that, because there has been no k in the word for over 700 years, representing its omission with an apostrophe is of little value. The current spelling is usually taen.
Through the twentieth century, with the decline of spoken Scots and knowledge of the literary tradition, phonetic (often humorous) representations became more common.[citation needed]
Grammar
Modern Scots follows the
Adverbs usually take the same form as the verb root or adjective, especially after verbs. Examples include Haein a real guid day ("Having a really good day") and She's awfu fauchelt ("She's awfully tired").
Sample text of Modern Scots
From The Four Gospels in Braid Scots (William Wye Smith):
Noo the nativitie o' Jesus Christ was this gate: whan his mither Mary was mairry't till Joseph, 'or they cam thegither, she was fund wi' bairn o' the Holie Spirit.
Than her guidman, Joseph, bein an upricht man, and no desirin her name sud be i' the mooth o' the public, was ettlin to pit her awa' hidlins.
But as he had thir things in his mind, see! an Angel o' the Lord appear't to him by a dream, sayin, "Joseph, son o' Dauvid, binna feared to tak till ye yere wife, Mary; for that whilk is begotten in her is by the Holie Spirit.
"And she sall bring forth a son, and ye sal ca' his name Jesus; for he sal save his folk frae their sins."
Noo, a' this was dune, that it micht come to pass what was said by the Lord throwe the prophet,
"Tak tent! a maiden sal be wi' bairn, and sal bring forth a son; and they wull ca' his name Emmanuel," whilk is translatit, "God wi' us."
Sae Joseph, comin oot o' his sleep, did as the Angel had bidden him, and took till him his wife.
And leev'd in continence wi' her till she had brocht forth her firstborn son; and ca'd his name Jesus.— Matthew 1:18–21
From The New Testament in Scots (William Laughton Lorimer, 1885–1967)
This is the storie o the birth o Jesus Christ. His mither Mary wis trystit til Joseph, but afore they war mairriet she wis fund tae be wi bairn bi the Halie Spírit. Her husband Joseph, honest man, hed nae mind tae affront her afore the warld an wis for brakkin aff their tryst hidlinweys; an sae he wis een ettlin tae dae, whan an angel o the Lord kythed til him in a draim an said til him, "Joseph, son o Dauvit, be nane feared tae tak Mary your trystit wife intil your hame; the bairn she is cairrein is o the Halie Spírit. She will beir a son, an the name ye ar tae gíe him is Jesus, for he will sauf his fowk frae their sins."
Aa this happent at the wurd spokken bi the Lord throu the Prophet micht be fulfilled: Behaud, the virgin wil bouk an beir a son, an they will caa his name Immanuel – that is, "God wi us".
Whan he hed waukit frae his sleep, Joseph did as the angel hed bidden him, an tuik his trystit wife hame wi him. But he bedditna wi her or she buir a son; an he caa'd the bairn Jesus.
— Matthew 1:18–21
See also
- Metis peopleof Scottish/British descent
- Doric dialect (Scotland)
- Glasgow patter
- Billy Kay
- Languages of the United Kingdom
- Phonological history of Scots
- Scotticism
- Scottish Corpus of Texts and Speech
- Scottish literature
References
- ^ "Scotland's Census 2011" (PDF). 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2014. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
- ^ "Fact: Scotland's official languages are English, Scots, Gaelic & British Sign Language". Scotland.org. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
- ^ "List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148". Conventions.coe.int. Archived from the original on 9 July 2011. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
- ^ "Gaelic Language". cranntara.scot.
- ^ Horobin, Simon; Smith, Jeremy (2002). An Introduction to Middle English. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
- ISBN 978-3-89586-513-8, pp. 4, 50. "Scots developed out of a mixture of Scandinavianised Northern English during the early Middle English period.... Scots originated as one form of Northern Old English and quickly developed into a language in its own right up to the seventeenth century."
- ISBN 978-91-554-1442-9.
Whereas Modern Standard English is traced back to an East Midland dialect of Middle English, Modern Scots developed from a northern variety which goes back to Old Northumbrian
- ^ a b c "Scots language policy: English version - gov.scot". www.gov.scot.
- ^ "States Parties to the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages and their regional or minority languages". coe.int.
- ^ "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ^ Evans, Lisa (15 April 2011). "Endangered languages: the full list". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ^ "Ethnicity, Identity, Language and Religion | Scotland's Census". Scotland's Census.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Aitken, A. J. (1992). The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford University Press. p. 894.
- ^ Stuart-Smith, J. (2008). "Scottish English: Phonology". In Kortman; Upton (eds.). Varieties of English: The British Isles. Mouton de Gruyter, New York. p. 47.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b "Scottish National Dictionary (1700–): Scots, adj". Dsl.ac.uk. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
- ^ "Scottish National Dictionary (1700–): Doric". Dsl.ac.uk. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
- ISBN 978-0-903065-94-8.
- ^ Traynor, Michael (1953). The English dialect of Donegal. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy. p. 244.
- ^ Nic Craith, M. (2002). Plural Identities—singular Narratives. Berghahn Books. p. 107.
- ^ "Scottish National Dictionary (1700–): Lawland, adj". Dsl.ac.uk. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
- ^ "Ethnologue – Scots". Ethnologue. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
- ISBN 1-55849-427-8.
- ^ "Scots, a. (n.)". OED online. Archived from the original on 26 December 2019. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
- ^ "A Brief History of Scots". Scotslanguage.
- ^ Bingham, Caroline (1974). The Stewart Kingdom of Scotland, 1371–1603. Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
- ^ McArthur, Tom (1994). Companion to the Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press.
- ^ The British Isles about 802 (Map). 1:7 500 000.
- ^ "cairt n. v.". The Online Scots Dictionary.
- ^ "550–1100 Anglo-Saxon (Pre-Scots)".
- ^ a b c d e Macafee, Caroline; Aitken, A.J. (2002). "A History of Scots to 1700". A Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue. Vol. 12. Dictionary of the Scots Language. p. xxxvi. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ^ "Dictionaries of the Scots Language – vocabulary". Retrieved 30 April 2021.
- ^ ISBN 0-7486-1596-2.
- ^ Montgomery & Gregg 1997: 572
- ^ Adams 1977: 57
- ^ Murray, James Augustus Henry (1873). The dialect of the southern counties of Scotland : its pronunciation, grammar, and historical relations; with an appendix on the present limits of the Gaelic and lowland Scotch, and the dialectical divisions of the lowland tongue; and a linguistical map of Scotland. Asher & Co.
- ^ Ellis, Alexander John. On early English pronunciation: with especial reference to Shakspere and Chaucer, containing an investigation of the correspondence of writing with speech in England from the Anglosaxon period to the present day means of the ordinary printing types. Trübner & Co. pp. 20–21.
- ISBN 0-233-97212-9.
- ISBN 978-3-631-52873-0.
- ^ Joseph Bain, Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), 322 no. 662
- ^ "A Speach in Parliament. Anno 1603" in "The Workes of the Most High and Mightie Prince Iames, by the Grace of God" (1616), pg. 485
- ^ ISBN 0-85976-427-3.
- ^ "Scuilwab, p.3" (PDF).
- ^ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
- ^ a b "The Dialect Dictionary: meeting in Bradford". Bradford Observer. 7 October 1895.
- ^ Eagle, Andy (2006). "Aw Ae Wey – Written Scots in Scotland and Ulster" (PDF). Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ^ Primary education: a report of the Advisory Council on Education in Scotland, Scottish Education Department 1946, p. 75
- ISBN 0-7486-1596-2.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7486-0754-9. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
Menzies (1991:42) also found that in her sample of forty secondary-school children from Easterhouse in Glasgow, there was a tendency to describe Scots words as 'slang' alongside the use of the term 'Scots'
- ^ a b The Scottish Government. "Public Attitudes Towards the Scots Language". Archived from the original on 1 April 2017. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ^ Horsbroch, Dauvit. "Nostra Vulgari Lingua: Scots as a European Language 1500–1700". www.scots-online.org. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ^ Kloss, Heinz, ²1968, Die Entwicklung neuer germanischer Kultursprachen seit 1800, Düsseldorf: Bagel. pp.70, 79
- ^ ISBN 978-3-11-017532-5.
- ^ Scott, Maggie (November 2007). "The Scots Continuum and Descriptive Linguistics". The Bottle Imp. Association for Scottish Literary Studies. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
- ^ "Second Report submitted by the United Kingdom pursuant to article 25, paragraph 2 of the framework convention for the protection of national minorities" (PDF). Council of Europe. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
- ^ See for example "Confession of Faith Ratification Act 1560". Archived from the original on 26 August 2020., written in Scots and still part of British Law
- ^ "Scots language being revived in schools". BBC News. 13 February 2015.
- ^ "Knowledge of Language: Scots: Scots and Curriculum for Excellence". Education Scotland. Archived from the original on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ^ "Exposed to ridicule". The Scotsman. 7 February 2004. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ^ "Scots – Teaching approaches – Learning and Teaching Scotland Online Service". Ltscotland.org.uk. 3 November 2005. Archived from the original on 30 October 2004. Retrieved 21 May 2009.
- ^ "National Guidelines 5–14: ENGLISH LANGUAGE Learning and Teaching Scotland Online Service". Ltscotland.org.uk. Archived from the original on 6 October 2008. Retrieved 21 May 2009.
- ^ "OLCreate: Scots language and culture". Archived from the original on 26 August 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
- ^ "Scottish government website" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 July 2023.
- ^ "Planning the 2022 census | Scotland's Census". Scotland's Census. Archived from the original on 26 August 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
- ^ "The Scottish Parliament: – Languages – Scots". Scottish Parliament. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ^ "The National at the fore of dictionary updates of Scots language". The National. 22 March 2019.
- ^ "Scotslanguage.com – Children's books in Scots". www.scotslanguage.com.
- ^ "Book List: Scots books for 9–14 year olds". Scottish Book Trust. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
- ^ "Singer wins campaign to persuade Spotify to recognise Scots language for first time". The Scotsman. 4 March 2021.
- ^ Caroline I. Macafee (ed.), A Concise Ulster Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996; pp. xi–xii.
- ISBN 978-1-4744-5290-8.
- ^ [Iain Máté] (1996) Scots Language. A Report on the Scots Language Research carried out by the General Register Office for Scotland in 1996, Edinburgh: General Register Office (Scotland).
- ^ Steve Murdoch, Language Politics in Scotland (AUSLQ, 1995), p. 18
- ISSN 1570-1239.
- ISBN 978-0-7486-1625-1.
- ^ "Pupils in Scotland, 2008". Scotland.gov.uk. 1 April 2009. Archived from the original on 26 August 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
- ^ "Scottish Census Day 2011 survey begins". BBC News. 26 March 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
- ^ "Scots language – Scottish Census 2011". Aye Can. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
- ^ "How to fill in your questionnaire: Individual question 16". Scotland's Census. General Register Office for Scotland. Archived from the original on 1 March 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
- ^ "Scotland's Census 2011: Standard Outputs". National Records of Scotland. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
- ^ "2011 Census: KS206EW Household language, local authorities in England and Wales (Excel sheet 268Kb)".
- ^ William Donaldson, The Language of the People: Scots Prose from the Victorian Revival, Aberdeen University Press 1989.
- ISBN 978-0-907526-11-7
- ^ Andy Eagle (26 July 2005). "Wir Ain Leed – An introduction to Modern Scots". Scots-online.org. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
- ^ Aitken A. J. "How to Pronounce Older Scots" in Bards and Makars. Glasgow University Press 1977
- ^ "SND INTRODUCTION". 22 September 2012. Archived from the original on 22 September 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g Johnston, Paul (1997). "Regional Variation". In Jones, Charles (ed.). The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 510.
- ^ Agutter, Alex (1987) "A taxonomy of Older Scots orthography" in Caroline Macafee and Iseabail Macleod eds. The Nuttis Schell: Essays on the Scots Language Presented to A. J. Aitken, Aberdeen University Press, p. 75.
- ^ Millar, Robert McColl (2005) Language, Nation and Power An Introduction, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke. pp. 90–91
- ^ Wilson, James (1926) The Dialects of Central Scotland, Oxford University Press. p.194
- ^ Tulloch, Graham (1980) The Language of Walter Scott. A Study of his Scottish and Period Language, London: Deutsch. p. 249
- ^ a b c Grant, William; Murison, David D. (eds.). The Scottish National Dictionary (SND) (1929–1976). Vol. I. Edinburgh: The Scottish National Dictionary Association. p. xv.
- ^ McClure, J. Derrick (1985) "The debate on Scots orthography" in Manfred Görlach (ed.), Focus on: Scotland, Amsterdam: Benjamins, p. 204
- ^ Mackie, Albert D. (1952) "Fergusson's Language: Braid Scots Then and Now" in Smith, Sydney Goodsir ed. Robert Fergusson 1750–1774, Edinburgh: Nelson, p. 123–124, 129
- ^ Mairi Robinson (editor-in-chief), The Concise Scots Dictionary, Aberdeen University Press, 1985 p. xiii
- ^ Stevenson, R.L. (1905). The Works of R. L. Stevenson Vol. 8, "Underwoods", London: Heinemann, p. 152
- ^ Todd, Loreto (1989). The Language of Irish Literature, London: Macmillan, p. 134
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Grant, William; Dixon, James Main (1921). Manual of Modern Scots. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- ^ McClure, J. Derrick (2002). Doric: The Dialect of North–East Scotland. Amsterdam: Benjamins, p. 79
- ^ Eagle, Andy (2014). "Aw Ae Wey—Written Scots in Scotland and Ulster" (PDF). v1.5.
- ^ Rennie, S. (2001) "The Electronic Scottish National Dictionary (eSND): Work in Progress", Literary and Linguistic Computing, 2001 16(2), Oxford University Press, pp. 159
- ^ Beal, J. "Syntax and Morphology". In Jones, C. (ed.). The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press. p. 356.
- ^ "SND Introduction - Dialect Districts. p.xxxi". Dsl.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2009.
External links
This section's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. (July 2015) |
- Scots-online
- The Scots Language Society
- Scots Language Centre
- Scots at Omniglot
- a phonetic description of Scottish Language and Dialects at Dictionary of the Scots Language
- Words Without Borders Peter Constantine: Scots: The Auld an Nobill Tung
- Scots in Schools
Dictionaries and linguistic information
- The Dictionary of the Scots Language
- Scottish Language Dictionaries Ltd.
- Scottish words – illustrated
- Scots Language Recordings
Collections of texts
- ScotsteXt – books, poems and texts in Scots
- Scots Threap
- Scottish Corpus of Texts & Speech – Multimedia corpus of Scots and Scottish English
- BBC Voices, Scots section – The BBC Voices Project is a major, though informal, look at UK language and speech
- Scots Syntax Atlas