Music of Scotland

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Scottish music
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Scotland is internationally known for its traditional music, which remained vibrant throughout the 20th century and into the 21st when many traditional forms worldwide lost popularity to pop music. Despite emigration and a well-developed connection to music imported from the rest of Europe and the United States, the music of Scotland has kept many of its traditional aspects and influenced many other forms of music.

Music is celebrated in Scotland through annual award ceremonies, including the Scottish Music Awards, Scottish Album of the Year Award, the Scots Trad Music Awards, and BBC Radio Scotland Young Traditional Musician.

Early music

Main article: Early music of the British Isles
The harper on the Monifeith Pictish Stone, 700 – 900 AD

Bards acted as musicians but also as poets, storytellers, historians, genealogists, and lawyers, relying on an oral tradition that stretched back generations in Scotland as well as Wales and Ireland.[3] Often accompanying themselves on the harp, they can be seen in records of Scottish courts throughout the medieval period.[4] Scottish church music from the later Middle Ages was increasingly influenced by continental developments, with figures like 13th-century musical theorist Simon Tailler studying in Paris before returning to Scotland, where he introduced several reforms of church music.[5] Scottish collections of music like the 13th-century 'Wolfenbüttel 677', which is associated with St Andrews, contain mostly French compositions but with some distinctive local styles.[5] The captivity of James I in England from 1406 to 1423, where he earned a reputation as a poet and composer, may have led him to bring English and continental styles and musicians back to the Scottish court on his release.[5] In the late 15th century, a series of Scottish musicians trained in the Netherlands before returning home, including John Broune, Thomas Inglis and John Fety. The latter became master of the song school in Aberdeen and then Edinburgh, introducing the new five-fingered organ playing technique.[6]

In 1501, James IV refounded the Chapel Royal within

chansons and consorts of viols to his court and was patron to composers such as David Peebles (c. 1510–1579?).[8]

The

metrical psalms, including a setting by David Peebles commissioned by James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray.[6] The most important work in Scottish reformed music was probably A Form of Prayers, published in Edinburgh in 1564.[9] The return in 1561 from France of James V's daughter Mary, Queen of Scots renewed the Scottish court as a centre of musical patronage and performance. The Queen played the lute and virginals and, unlike her father, was a fine singer.[10] She brought many influences from the French court where she had been educated, employing lutenists and viola players in her household.[11] Mary's position as a Catholic gave a new lease of life to the choir of the Scottish Chapel Royal in her reign, but the destruction of Scottish church organs meant that instrumentation to accompany the mass had to employ bands of musicians with trumpets, drums, fifes, bagpipes and tabors.[10]

The outstanding Scottish composer of the era was Robert Carver (c. 1485–c. 1570) whose works included the nineteen-part motet 'O Bone Jesu'.[7] James VI, king of Scotland from 1567, was a major patron of the arts in general. He rebuilt the Chapel Royal at Stirling in 1594, and the choir was used for state occasions like the baptism of his son Henry.[12] He followed the tradition of employing lutenists for his private entertainment, as did other members of his family.[13] When he came south to take the throne of England in 1603 as James I, he removed one of the major sources of patronage in Scotland. The Scottish Chapel Royal was now used only for occasional state visits, as when Charles I returned in 1633 to be crowned, bringing many musicians from the English Chapel Royal for the service, it began to fall into disrepair.[12] From now on the court in Westminster would be the only major source of royal musical patronage.[12]

Folk music

Main article: Scottish folk music
David Allan
, 1780
KT Tunstall has incorporated folk music with rock, earning her international success through the 2000s–2020s

There is evidence that there was a flourishing culture of popular music in Scotland during the late Middle Ages, but the only song with a melody to survive from this period is the Pleugh Song.

penny weddings.[15] This period saw the creation of the ceòl mór (the great music) of the bagpipe, which reflected its martial origins with battle tunes, marches, gatherings, salutes, and laments.[16] The Highlands in the early seventeenth century saw the development of piping families, including the MacCrimmonds, MacArthurs, MacGregors and Mackays of Gairloch. There is also evidence of the adoption of the fiddle in the Highlands, with Martin Martin noting in his A Description of the Western Isles of Scotland (1703) that he knew of 18 players in Lewis alone.[17] Well-known musicians included the fiddler Pattie Birnie and the piper Habbie Simpson.[15] This tradition continued into the nineteenth century, with major figures such as the fiddlers Niel and Nathaniel Gow.[18] There is evidence of ballads from this period. Some may date back to the late Medieval era and deal with events and people that can be traced back as far as the thirteenth century.[19] They remained an oral tradition until they were collected as folk songs in the eighteenth century.[20]

The earliest printed collection of secular music comes from the seventeenth century.

The Scots Musical Museum (1787–1803) by James Johnson and Robert Burns.[22] In the late nineteenth century, there was renewed interest in traditional music, which was more academic and political in intent.[23] In Scotland collectors included the Reverend James Duncan and Gavin Greig. Major performers included James Scott Skinner.[24] This revival began to have a major impact on classical music, with the development of what was in effect a national school of orchestral and operatic music in Scotland, with composers that included Alexander Mackenzie, William Wallace, Learmont Drysdale, Hamish MacCunn and John McEwen.[25]

After World War II, traditional music in Scotland was marginalized but remained a living tradition. This marginal status was changed by individuals including

Peter Kennedy through collecting, publications, recordings, and radio programmes.[26] Acts that were popularised included John Strachan, Jimmy MacBeath, Jeannie Robertson and Flora MacNeil.[27] In the 1960s, there was a flourishing folk club culture and Ewan MacColl emerged as a leading figure in the revival in Britain.[28] They hosted traditional performers, including Donald Higgins and the Stewarts of Blairgowrie, alongside English performers and new Scottish revivalists such as Robin Hall, Jimmie Macgregor, The Corries and the Ian Campbell Folk Group.[26] There was also a strand of popular Scottish music that benefited from the arrival of radio and television, which relied on images of Scottishness derived from tartanry and stereotypes employed in music hall and variety. This was exemplified by the TV programme The White Heather Club which ran from 1958 to 1967, hosted by Andy Stewart and starring Moira Anderson and Kenneth McKellar.[29]

Folk band Runrig sang mostly in Scottish Gaelic and found commercial success in mainland Europe

The fusing of various styles of American music with British folk created a distinctive form of fingerstyle guitar playing known as folk baroque, pioneered by figures including Davey Graham and Bert Jansch. Others such as Donovan and The Incredible String Band abandoned the traditional element and have been seen as developing psychedelic folk.[23] Acoustic groups who continued to interpret traditional material through into the 1970s included The Tannahill Weavers, Ossian, Silly Wizard, The Boys of the Lough, Battlefield Band, The Clutha and the Whistlebinkies.[30]

ceilidhs and festivals helped sustain traditional music.[23] Two of the most successful groups of the 1980s that emerged from this dance band circuit were Runrig and Capercaillie.[32] A by-product of the Celtic Diaspora was the existence of large communities across the world that looked for their cultural roots and identity to their origins in the Celtic nations. From the US, this includes Scottish bands Seven Nations, Prydein and Flatfoot 56. From Canada are bands such as Enter the Haggis, Great Big Sea, The Real McKenzies and Spirit of the West.[33]

Classical music

Main articles: Classical music in Scotland and opera in Scotland
Thomas Erskine, 6th Earl of Kellie, the first Scot known to have produced a symphony

The development of a distinct tradition of

John Clerk of Penicuik.[18] The Italian style of classical music was probably first brought to Scotland by the cellist and composer Lorenzo Bocchi, who travelled to Scotland in the 1720s.[34] The Musical Society of Edinburgh was incorporated in 1728.[35] Several Italian musicians were active in the capital in this period and there are several known Scottish composers in the classical style, including Thomas Erskine, 6th Earl of Kellie, the first Scot known to have produced a symphony.[36]

In the mid-eighteenth century, a group of Scottish composers including

The Scots Musical Museum.[38] Burns also collaborated with George Thomson in A Select Collection of Original Scottish Airs, which adapted Scottish folk songs with "classical" arrangements. However, Burns' championing of Scottish music may have prevented the establishment of a tradition of European concert music in Scotland, which faltered towards the end of the eighteenth century.[18]

From the mid-nineteenth century, classical music began a revival in Scotland, aided by the visits of

Mendelssohn in the 1840s.[39] By the late nineteenth century, there was in effect a national school of orchestral and operatic music in Scotland, with major composers including Alexander Mackenzie, William Wallace, Learmont Drysdale and Hamish MacCunn.[25] Major performers included the pianist Frederic Lamond, and singers Mary Garden and Joseph Hislop.[40]

After World War I,

Edinburgh Festival was founded in 1947 and led to an expansion of classical music in Scotland, leading to the foundation of Scottish Opera in 1960.[40] Important post-war composers included Ronald Stevenson,[42] Francis George Scott, Edward McGuire, William Sweeney, Iain Hamilton, Thomas Wilson, Thea Musgrave, Judith Weir, James MacMillan and Helen Grime. Craig Armstrong has produced music for numerous films. Major performers include the percussionist Evelyn Glennie.[41] Major Scottish orchestras include the Royal Scottish National Orchestra (RSNO), the Scottish Chamber Orchestra (SCO) and the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra (BBC SSO). Major venues include Glasgow Royal Concert Hall, Usher Hall, Edinburgh and Queen's Hall, Edinburgh.[43][44][45]

Pop, rock and fusion

Lewis Capaldi achieved international success in the 2010s
The Bay City Rollers found fame in both Europe and the United States, selling 120 million records worldwide
Amy Macdonald achieved European success in the 2000s, 2010s and 2020s
Travis' The Man Who (1999) album is the best selling album by a Scottish act in the UK
debut album
was the highest-selling album internationally in 2009

Scotland produced few rock or pop bands of note in the 1950s or 1960s. Thanks to accolades from

Clouds), active between 1966–1971, were acknowledged as a definitive precursor of the progressive rock movement.[46] By the 1970s, groups such as the Average White Band, Nazareth and The Sensational Alex Harvey Band began to gain international success. The most commercially successful Scottish pop act of the 1970s by sales was the Bay City Rollers, who sold over 120 million albums worldwide.[47]

UK Singles Chart
on 1 February 1975.

Several members of the internationally successful rock band AC/DC were born in Scotland, including original lead singer Bon Scott[51] and guitarists Malcolm and Angus Young, though by the time they began playing, all three had moved to Australia.[52] Angus and Malcolm's older brother, George Young, found success as a member of the Australian band The Easybeats and later produced some of AC/DC's records and formed a songwriting partnership with Dutch ex-pat Harry Vanda. Musicians Mark Knopfler and John Martyn were also partly raised in Scotland.

During the 1960s, two innovative rock musicians from Scotland became central to the international rock scene – Donovan and Jack Bruce. Traces of Scottish literary and musical influences can be found in both Donovan's and Bruce's work.[53][54] Donovan's music on 1965's Fairytale anticipated the British folk rock revival, and his musicianship is said to have pioneered psychedelic rock with Sunshine Superman in 1966. Donovan is said to be an early influence on Marc Bolan, founder of T. Rex.[53] Jack Bruce co-founded Cream along with Eric Clapton and Ginger Baker in 1966, debuting with the album Fresh Cream. Fresh Cream and the launch of Cream are considered a pivotal moment in blues-rock history, introducing virtuosity and improvisation to the form. Bruce, as a member of The Tony Williams Lifetime (along with John McLaughlin and Larry Young) on Emergency!, similarly contributed to a seminal jazz-rock work that predated Bitches Brew by Miles Davis.[54]

Scotland produced a number of punk bands which achieved mainstream success, namely

Arab Strap, Belle and Sebastian, Camera Obscura, The Delgados, Bis and Mogwai
.

In 1990, Scottish band Aztec Camera released a protest song against Margaret Thatcher and her government entitled "Good Morning Britain", with lyrics referencing the social unrest evident in the country during the 1980s.[56] The late 1990s and 2000s saw Scottish guitar bands continue to achieve critical or commercial success. Examples include Franz Ferdinand, Frightened Rabbit, Biffy Clyro, Texas, Travis, KT Tunstall, Amy Macdonald, Paolo Nutini, The View, Idlewild, Shirley Manson of Garbage, Glasvegas, We Were Promised Jetpacks, The Fratellis, and Twin Atlantic. Scottish extreme metal bands include Man Must Die and Cerebral Bore. Successful electronic music producer Calvin Harris is also Scottish.[57] The Edinburgh-based group Young Fathers won the 2014 Mercury Prize for their album Dead. With the arrival and increasing popularity of musical talent television shows throughout the 2000s, notable Scottish acts include Michelle McManus (winner of Pop Idol, 2003), Darius Campbell Danesh (3rd, Pop Idol, 2001–2002), Leon Jackson (winner, The X Factor, 2007), Nicholas McDonald (runner-up, The X Factor, 2014) and Susan Boyle (runner-up, Britain's Got Talent, 2009).

Artists to achieve international and commercial success through the 2010s and 2020s include Calvin Harris, Susan Boyle, Lewis Capaldi,[58] Nina Nesbitt, The Snuts, Nathan Evans, Gerry Cinnamon and Chvrches. Susan Boyle achieved international success, particularly with her first two studio albums, topping both the UK Album Charts and the Billboard 200 chart in the United States, [55] becoming the first female artist in history to have a number one album simultaneously in both the United Kingdom and the United States within the space of a year. In 2011, Boyle made UK music history by becoming the first female artist to achieve three successive album debuts at No.1 in less than two years.[59] Her debut album, I Dreamed a Dream (2009), is one of the best-selling albums of the 21st century, having sold over 10 million copies worldwide, and it was the best-selling album internationally in 2009.[60]Calvin Harris Invaded Pop Culture in the 2010s with songs with Billions of views on YouTube and Spotify such as: How Deep Is Your Love, This Is What You Came For and One Kiss

Scotland in Eurovision

As part of the United Kingdom, Scotland does not compete separately in the annual Eurovision Song Contest. Edinburgh hosted the contest in 1972.

Scotland entered the Eurovision Choir 2019, a European Broadcasting Union competition for choral singers. This marked the first time that Scotland had entered a Eurovision or European Broadcasting Union competition separately from the United Kingdom. The choir, Alba, performed three songs in Scottish Gaelic; Cumha na Cloinne, Ach a' Mhairead and Alba. The choir competed in the first round and did not advance to the second and final round.[61]

Scotland competed in the second

Covid-19 pandemic. Singer Amy Macdonald represented Scotland and finished in 4th place with the song Statues.[62]

Instruments

Accordion

Main article: Accordion

Though often derided as Scottish kitsch, the accordion has long been a part of Scottish music.

melodeon, a variety of diatonic button accordion was popular among rural folk and was part of the bothy band tradition. More recently, Phil Cunningham
(of Silly Wizard) has helped popularise the accordion in Scottish music.

Bagpipes

Main article:
Bagpipe
Great Highland Bagpipe

Many associate Scottish folk music with the

MacKays and, especially, the MacCrimmon, who were hereditary pipers to the Clan MacLeod
.

Though bagpipes are closely associated with Scotland, the instrument (or, more precisely, family of instruments) is found throughout large swathes of Europe, North Africa and South Asia. The most common bagpipe heard in modern Scottish music is the

Great Highland Bagpipe
, which was spread by the Highland regiments of the British Army. Historically, numerous other bagpipes existed, and many of them have been recreated in the last half-century. Also during the 19th century bagpipes were played on ships sailing off to war to keep the men's hopes up and to bring good luck in the coming war.

The classical music of the Great Highland Bagpipe is called

Pìobaireachd
, which consists of a first movement called the urlar (in English, the 'ground' movement,) which establishes a theme. The theme is then developed in a series of movements, growing increasingly complex each time. After the urlar there is usually a number of variations and doublings of the variations. Then comes the taorluath movement and variation and the crunluath movement, continuing with the underlying theme. This is usually followed by a variation of the crunluath, usually the crunluath a mach (other variations: crunluath breabach and crunluath fosgailte) ; the piece closes with a return to the urlar.

Bagpipe competitions are common in Scotland, for both solo pipers and pipe bands. Competitive solo piping is currently popular among many aspiring pipers, some of whom travel from as far as Australia to attend Scottish competitions. Other pipers have chosen to explore more creative usages of the instrument. Different types of bagpipes have also seen a resurgence since the 70s, as the historical border pipes and Scottish smallpipes have been resuscitated and now attract a thriving alternative piping community.[63] Two of Scotland's most highly regarded pipers are Gordon Duncan and Fred Morrison.

The

Strathclyde Police Pipe Band. These bands, as well as many others, compete in numerous pipe band competitions, often the World Pipe Band Championships
, and sometimes perform in public concerts.

Skye Boat Song performed by Pipe Band.

Fiddle

Main articles: Fiddle and Scottish fiddling

Scottish traditional fiddling encompasses a number of regional styles, including the

Shetland Islands and the Strathspey and slow airs of the northeast. The instrument arrived late in the 17th century, and is first mentioned in 1680 in a document from Newbattle Abbey in Midlothian
, Lessones For Ye Violin.

In the 18th century, Scottish fiddling is said to have reached new heights. Fiddlers like William Marshall and Niel Gow were legends across Scotland, and the first collections of fiddle tunes were published in the mid-century. The most famous and useful of these collections was a series published by Nathaniel Gow, one of Niel's sons, and a fine fiddler and composer in his own right. Classical composers such as Charles McLean, James Oswald and William McGibbon used Scottish fiddling traditions in their Baroque compositions.

Scottish fiddling is most directly represented in North America in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, an island on the east coast of Canada, which received some 25,000 emigrants from the Scottish Highlands during the Highland Clearances of 1780–1850. Cape Breton musicians such as

Jerry Holland have brought their music to a worldwide audience, building on the traditions of master fiddlers such as Buddy MacMaster and Winston Scotty Fitzgerald
.

Among native Scots, Aly Bain and Alasdair Fraser are two of the most accomplished, following in the footsteps of influential 20th-century players such as James Scott Skinner, Hector MacAndrew, Angus Grant and Tom Anderson. The growing number of young professional Scottish fiddlers makes a complete list impossible.

The Annual Scots Fiddle Festival which runs each November showcases the great fiddling tradition and talent in Scotland.

Guitar

Main article: Guitar

The history of the guitar in traditional music is recent, as is that of the

Wings, Manny Charlton of Nazareth, Zal Cleminson of The Sensational Alex Harvey band, and Brian Robertson of Thin Lizzy
.

Gittern
Five course Gittern or "Quintern" dated 1450, built by luthier Hans Oth
Classification
Chordophone
)
Developed13th century

Gittern

Not to be confused with cittern, zither, or guitar.

Stringed instruments similar to that of modern guitars have appeared in Scottish folk music for centuries. The Gittern, an ancestor to the modern guitar, featured in medieval Scottish appearing from at least the 13th century and was still around in Scotland 300 years later.[65]

Harp

Main article: Harp
Museum of Scotland
, is one of only three surviving medieval Gaelic harps.

Material evidence suggests that lyres and / or harp, or

clarsach, has a long and ancient history in Britain, with Iron Age lyres dating from 2300 BC.[1][2] The harp was regarded as the national instrument until it was replaced with the Highland bagpipes in the 15th century.[67] Stone carvings in the East of Scotland support the theory that the harp was present in Pictish
Scotland well before the 9th century and may have been the original ancestor of the modern European harp and even formed the basis for Scottish pibroch, the folk bagpipe tradition.

Barring illustrations of harps in the 9th century

MacWhirter, Mac a' Chruiteir, means son of the harpist, and is common throughout Scotland, but particularly in Carrick and Galloway
.

The Clàrsach (

Kings of Scotland employed harpers until the end of the Middle Ages, and they featured prominently in royal iconography. Several Clarsach players were noted at the Battle of the Standard (1138), and when Alexander III of Scotland
(died 1286) visited London in 1278, his court minstrels with him, records show payments were made to one Elyas, "King of Scotland's harper." One of the nicknames for the Scottish harp is "taigh nan teud", the house of strings.

Three medieval Gaelic harps survived into the modern period, two from Scotland (the Queen Mary Harp and the Lamont Harp) and one in Ireland (the Brian Boru harp), although artistic evidence suggests that all three were probably made in the western Highlands.

The playing of this Gaelic harp with wire strings died out in Scotland in the 18th century and in Ireland in the early 19th century. In the late 19th century Gaelic revival the instruments used differed greatly from the old wire-strung harps. The new instruments had gut strings, and their construction and playing style was based on the larger orchestral pedal harp. Nonetheless, the name "clàrsach" was and is still used in Scotland today to describe these new instruments. The modern gut-strung clàrsach has thousands of players, both in Scotland and Ireland, as well as North America and elsewhere. The 1931 formation of the

Sileas. Notable events include the annual Edinburgh International Harp Festival, which in 2006 staged the world record for the largest number of harpists to play at the same time.[68]

Tin whistle

Main article: Tin whistle
Tin whistles in a variety of makes and keys.

One of the oldest tin whistles still in existence is the Tusculum whistle, found with pottery dating to the 14th and 15th centuries; it is currently in the collection of the

Museum of Scotland
. Today the whistle is a very common instrument in recorded Scottish music. Although few well-known performers choose the tin whistle as their principal instrument, it is quite common for pipers, flute players, and other musicians to play the whistle as well.

Bodhrán

Main article: Bodhrán

The Irish word bodhrán (plural bodhráin), indicating a drum, is first mentioned in a document translated to English from Irish in the 17th century. The bodhrán originated in southwest Ireland, probably in the 18th century, and was known as the "poor man's tambourine". Made from farm implements and without the cymbals, it was popular among mummers or wren boys. A large oil painting by Irish artist Daniel Maclise (1806–1870) depicts a large Halloween house party in which a bodhrán features clearly.[69] The bodhrán in Scotland and also Cape Breton, the northern mainland of Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and Prince Edward Island is an import from Ireland due to its popularity in the 1960s because of the music of Seán Ó Riada[70]

Music awards

The Scottish Music Awards, Scottish Album of the Year Award, the Scots Trad Music Awards and the BBC Radio Scotland Young Traditional Musician Award each recognise musical talent in Scotland annually from both Scottish and international artists.

Music festivals

See also: Category:Music festivals in Scotland
The Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo
T in the Park

Scotland has long had a number of festivals that celebrate music of Scottish and international origin on an annual basis. T in the Park (1994–2016) was one of Scotland's largest music festivals,[71] drawing crowds annually during the second weekend of July since its inception in 1994. Featuring a lineup of some of the globe's biggest and most successful artists and bands, it held a special place in the hearts of music enthusiasts. T in the Park was replaced by TRNSMT (2017–present) which similarly takes place in the second weekend of July and is held in Glasgow Green.

Other festivals include the Aberdeen and NE Scotland Music Festival, Big Burns Supper Festival, Callander Jazz and Blues Festival, Connect Music Festival, the Darvel Music Festival, Eden Festival, the Glasgow International Jazz Festival, Glasgow Summer Sessions, Let's Rock, the Leith Festival and the Skye Live Festival.

The Glasgow Bandstand at Kelvingrove Park hosts the annual Summer Nights festival with artists such as KT Tunstall, Anastacia, Sophie Ellis-Bextor, Belinda Carlisle, Rick Astley and The Jesus & Mary Chain being past performers.[72]

Former major festivals include Wickerman Festival, Big in Falkirk, RockNess and Be in Belhaven.

Celtic Connections started in 1994 and celebrates Celtic music. It is held annually in Glasgow, for 18 days in January and February.

The

Edinburgh Festivals
.

Samples

  • Download recording of Na cuperean, a traditional Scottish song from Nova Scotians in California from the Library of Congress' California Gold: Northern California Folk Music from the Thirties Collection; performed by Mary A. McDonald on 11 April 1939 in Berkeley, California

See also

References

Notes

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  2. ^ a b "Skye cave find western Europe's 'earliest string instrument'". BBC News. 28 March 2012.
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  7. ^
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  8. ISBN 0-7614-7650-4
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  17. ISBN 3-03910-948-0
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  38. ISBN 0-203-99111-7
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  39. ISBN 0-19-211696-7
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  40. ^
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  44. ISBN 1-74059-382-0
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  45. ISBN 1-56554-227-4
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  61. ^ "🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿 Scotland: BBC Alba to Decide on Eurovision Choir 2023 Participation by End of January". January 2023.
  62. ^ "Ireland emerges as winner of Free European Song Contest 2021". 16 May 2021.
  63. ^ Hamish Moore of Dunkeld – maker of Scottish smallpipes and Highland bagpipes Archived 13 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  64. ISBN 0-340-83796-9
    .
  65. ^ "Renovata Cythara". Theater of Music (theaterofmusic.com). Plucked, fretted instruments in Medieval and Renaissance Scotland. ... articles about the history of wire string instruments ...
  66. ^ Caldwell, D.H. (ed). Angels Nobles and Unicorns: Art and Patronage in Medieval Scotland. Edinburgh: NMS, 1982
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  69. ^ "Comhaltas: Bodhrán: its origin, meaning and history". Comhaltas.ie. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
  70. ISBN 0-19-514554-2
  71. ^ Barry Nicolson (10 July 2016). "T in the Park review". The Guardian. Whatever its faults, [T in the Park] remains the biggest – and best – party on Scotland's cultural calendar.
  72. ^ "Summer Nights at Kelvingrove Park Bandstand 2022 - eFestivals". www.efestivals.co.uk.

Further reading

External links
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