Scottish people

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(Redirected from
Scottish settlers
)
This article is about the Scottish people as an ethnic group. For residents or nationals of Scotland, see Demographics of Scotland.
"Scotsman" redirects here. For other uses, see Scotsman (disambiguation).
"Scot" redirects here. For people and other things named Scott or Scot, see Scott. For other uses, see Scot (disambiguation).

Scottish people
Total population
c. 28 – c. 40 million
Scots-Irish)[3][4]
Canada4,799,005[5] (2016)B
Australia2,176,777[6] (2021)C
New Zealand1,000,000–2,000,000 (Scottish descent)
25,953 Scottish-born[7][8]
England795,000[9]
South Africa11,160 (estimate)[9]: 10 
Isle of Man2,403[10]
Hong Kong1,459[11][12]E
Languages
Scottish English
Scots
Scottish Gaelic
British Sign Language
Religion
Presbyterianism
Catholicism
Episcopalianism
Irreligion
other minority groups
Data based on official census data of populations.
Part of a series on the
Culture of Scotland
History
People
Languages
Traditions
Folklore
Cuisine
Festivals
Religion
Art
Literature
Music and Performing arts
Media
Sport
Monuments
Symbols
Victorian-era
Property of the National Trust for Scotland taken in 1886.
Part of a series on the
Culture of the United Kingdom
History
People
Historic peoples

Modern ethnicities

Languages
Folklore
Cuisine
Festivals
Religion
Art
Literature
Music and Performing arts
Media
Sport
Monuments
Symbols

The Scottish people or Scots (

Norse-Gaels of the Western Isles became part of Scotland, followed by the Norse of the Northern Isles
in the 15th century.

In modern usage, "Scottish people" or "Scots" refers to anyone whose linguistic, cultural, family ancestral or genetic origins are from Scotland. The Latin word Scoti[13] originally referred to the Gaels, but came to describe all inhabitants of Scotland.[14] Considered pejorative by some,[15] the term Scotch has also been used for Scottish people, now primarily outwith Scotland.

People of Scottish descent live in many countries. Emigration, influenced by factors such as the

Murihiku/Southland in New Zealand, the Falkland Islands, and Northern Ireland in the United Kingdom. Canada has the highest level of Scottish descendants per capita in the world and the second-largest population of Scottish descendants, after the United States.[16]

Etymology

See also: Scotia

Originally the Romans used Scotia to refer to Ireland.

James VI.[23]

In modern times, the words Scot and Scottish are applied mainly to inhabitants of Scotland. The possible ancient Irish connotations are largely forgotten. The language known as

Ulster Scots
, spoken in parts of northeastern Ireland, is the result of 17th- and 18th-century immigration to Ireland from Scotland.

In the English language, the word Scotch is a term to describe a thing from Scotland, such as Scotch whisky. However, when referring to people, the preferred term is Scots. Many Scottish people find the term Scotch to be offensive when applied to people.[24] The Oxford Dictionary describes Scotch as an old-fashioned term for "Scottish".[25]

Scottish ethnic and cultural groups

History of ethnogeneses

Further information: Genetic history of the British Isles, Prehistoric Scotland, and Scandinavian Scotland

In the

Britons, as well as the Gaels and the Picts.[26] Germanic peoples included the Angles of Northumbria, who settled in south-eastern Scotland in the region between the Firth of Forth to the north and the River Tweed to the south. They also occupied the southwest of Scotland up to and including the Plain of Kyle. Their language, Old English, was the earliest form of the language which eventually became known as Scots
.

The Covenanters were members of a 17th-century Scottish religious and political movement

Use of the Gaelic language spread through nearly the whole of Scotland by the 9th century,

Old English, also known as Early Scots
, was spoken.

As a result of

England where it was by conquest. To this day, many of the common family names of Scotland can trace ancestry to Normans from this period, such as the Stewarts, the Bruces, the Hamiltons, the Wallaces and the Melvilles
.

The Northern Isles and some parts of Caithness were Norn-speaking (the west of Caithness was Gaelic-speaking into the 20th century, as were some small communities in parts of the Central Highlands). From 1200 to 1500, the Early Scots language spread across the lowland parts of Scotland between Galloway and the Highland line, being used by Barbour in his historical epic The Brus in the late 14th century in Aberdeen.[citation needed]

From 1500 on, Scotland was commonly divided by language into two groups of people,

Urdu, but almost every adult throughout Scotland is fluent in the English language.[citation needed
]

Constructs of a unitary ethnicity

Historian

nation building.[30] Academics have explored how 15th and 16th-century Scottish poets and orators, such as Blind Harry, constructed terms such as 'trew Scottis' in an effort to diminish differences between the ethnic groups living within Scotland in the popular consciousness.[31]

A 1974 International Political Science Association report defined this ethnic plurality in Scotland as the following: "The basic ethnic and cultural division in the British Isles has been that between the Anglo-Saxon peoples of England and the Scottish Lowlands and the Celtic peoples of Wales, Ireland and the Scottish Highlands.[32][full citation needed]

In 2014, historian Steven L. Danver, who specialises in indigenous ethnic research, wrote regarding Lowlands Scots and Gaelic Scots' unique ancestries: "The people of Scotland are divided into two groups - Lowland Scots in the southern part of the country and Highland Scots in the north - that differ from one another ethnically, culturally, and linguistically ... Lowlanders differ from Highlanders in their ethnic origin. While Highland Scots are of Celtic (Gaelic) descent, Lowland Scots are descended from people of Germanic stock. During the seventh century C.E., settlers of Germanic tribes of Angles moved from Northumbria in present-day northern England and southeastern Scotland to the area around Edinburgh. Their descendants gradually occupied all of the Lowlands."[33]

Knox College's Stuart Macdonald, who specialises in early modern Scottish history, writes that during the 18th and 19th centuries, the people of Scotland remained grouped into multiple ethnicities:[34]

To speak of Scots as a single ethnic group is also somewhat problematic. It would be more accurate in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to talk of two distinct Scottish ethnic communities divided by language and culture, and, at times, mutual antagonisms – Highlanders and Lowlanders.

With regard to the period spanning the 16th century to the 18th century, sociologist Ian Carter's research into marriage patterns found little intermarrying between the groups.[35]

Scottish diaspora

Main articles: Scottish diaspora, Ulster Scots people, Highland Clearances, and Lowland Clearances
Numbers of the Scottish diaspora
Year[a] Country Population % of local
population
2016
 Canada[5] 4,799,005 15.1
2016 Australia[6] 2,023,474 9.3
2010
 United States ACS[36] 5,460,679 1.5
2011 England[37] 708,872 1.34
2010 United States[36] 3,257,161
(scotch-Irish) 		1.1

Today, Scotland has a population of just over five million people,[38] the majority of whom consider themselves Scottish.[39][40] In addition, there are many more people with Scots ancestry living abroad than the total population of Scotland.[citation needed]

United States

Main article: Scottish Americans
Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie

In the 2013 American Community Survey 5,310,285 identified as Scottish and 2,976,878 as of Scots-Irish descent.[36] Americans of Scottish descent outnumber the population of Scotland, where 4,459,071 or 88.09% of people identified as ethnic Scottish in the 2001 Census.[41][42]

The number of Americans with a Scottish ancestor is estimated to be between 9 and 25 million[43][44][45][46] (up to 8.3% of the total US population), and "Scotch-Irish", 27 to 30 million[47][48] (up to 10% of the total US population), but these subgroups overlap and are often not distinguishable. The majority of Scotch-Irish originally came from Lowland Scotland and Northern England before migrating to the province of Ulster in Ireland (see Plantation of Ulster) and thence, beginning about five generations later, to North America in large numbers during the 18th century.[citation needed]

Canada

James Naismith, the inventor of basketball.
The province of Nova Scotia where over 30% of the population are of Scottish origin.
Main article: Scottish Canadians

As the third-largest

2011 Census of Canada, the number of Canadians claiming full or partial Scottish descent is 4,714,970,[49]
or 15.10% of the nation's total population.

Many respondents may have misunderstood the question and the numerous responses for "Canadian" do not give an accurate figure for numerous groups, particularly those of British Isles origins. Scottish-Canadians are the 3rd biggest ethnic group in Canada. Scottish culture has particularly thrived in the Canadian province of

Gaelic College of Celtic Arts and Crafts. Glengarry County in present-day Eastern Ontario is a historic county that was set up as a settlement for Highland Scots, where many from the Highlands settled to preserve their culture as a result of the Highland Clearances. Gaelic was the native language of the community since its settlement in the 18th century although the number of speakers decreased as a result of English migration[clarification needed
]. As of the modern 21st century, there are still a few Gaelic speakers in the community.

John Kenneth Galbraith in his book The Scotch (Toronto: MacMillan, 1964) documents the descendants of 19th-century Scottish pioneers who settled in Southwestern Ontario and affectionately referred to themselves as 'Scotch'. He states the book was meant to give a true picture of life in the community in the early decades of the 20th century.

Australia

Main article: Scottish Australians
The Australian city of Brisbane is named after Scotsman Thomas Brisbane.

By 1830, 15.11% of the colonies' total non-Aboriginal population were Scots, which increased by the middle of the century to 25,000, or 20–25% of the non-Aboriginal population. The

Hunter Valley and the Illawarra
.

Much settlement followed the Highland Potato Famine, Highland Clearances and the Lowland Clearances of the mid-19th century. In the 1840s, Scots-born immigrants constituted 12% of the non-Aboriginal population. Out of the 1.3 million migrants from Britain to Australia in the period from 1861 to 1914, 13.5% were Scots. Just 5.3% of the convicts transported to Eastern Australia between 1789 and 1852 were Scots.[51]

A steady rate of Scottish immigration continued into the 20th century and substantial numbers of Scots continued to arrive after 1945.

Highland Games, dance, Tartan Day
celebrations, clan and Gaelic-speaking societies found throughout modern Australia.

According to the

2011 Australian census, 130,204 Australian residents were born in Scotland,[53] while 1,792,600 claimed Scottish ancestry, either alone or in combination with another ancestry.[6]
This is the fourth most commonly nominated ancestry and represents over 8.9% of the total population of Australia.

New Zealand

Main article: Scottish New Zealanders
Scottish Highland family migrating to New Zealand in 1844

Significant numbers of Scottish people also settled in New Zealand. Approximately 20 per cent of the original European settler population of New Zealand came from Scotland, and Scottish influence is still visible around the country.[54] The South Island city of Dunedin, in particular, is known for its Scottish heritage and was named as a tribute to Edinburgh by the city's Scottish founders.

Scottish migration to New Zealand dates back to the earliest period of European colonisation, with a large proportion of Pākehā New Zealanders being of Scottish descent.[55] However, identification as "British" or "European" New Zealanders can sometimes obscure their origin. Many Scottish New Zealanders also have Māori or other non-European ancestry.

The majority of Scottish immigrants settled on the South Island. All over New Zealand, the Scots developed different means to bridge the old homeland and the new. Many Caledonian societies were formed, well over 100 by the early twentieth century, that helped maintain Scottish culture and traditions. From the 1860s, these societies organised annual Caledonian Games throughout New Zealand. The Games were sports meets that brought together Scottish settlers and the wider New Zealand public. In so doing, the Games gave Scots a path to cultural integration as Scottish New Zealanders.[56] In the 1961 census there were 47,078 people living in New Zealand who were born in Scotland; in the 2013 census there were 25,953 in this category.[57]

United Kingdom

Carol Ann Duffy, the first woman and the first Scottish person to be appointed the Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom[58]
Kathleen Jamie, Scotland's makar, or national poet[59]

Many people of Scottish descent live in other parts of the United Kingdom. In Ulster particularly the colonial policies of James VI, known as the plantation of Ulster, resulted in a Presbyterian and Scottish society, which formed the Ulster-Scots community.[60] The Protestant Ascendancy did not however benefit them much, as the ascendancy was predominantly Anglican. The number of people of Scottish descent in England and Wales is difficult to quantify due to the many complex migrations on the island,[citation needed] and ancient migration patterns due to wars, famine and conquest.[citation needed] The 2011 Census recorded 708,872 people born in Scotland resident in England, 24,346 resident in Wales[61] and 15,455 resident in Northern Ireland.[62]

Northamptonshire town Corby became a centre for Scottish migration in the 1930s. In 1961 a third of residents were born in Scotland, and in 2011 the figure was 12.7%.[63]

Rest of Europe

Other European countries have had their share of Scots immigrants. The Scots have emigrated to mainland Europe for centuries as merchants and soldiers.

Italy, Germany, Scandinavia,[66] and the Netherlands.[67] Recently some scholars suggested that up to 250,000 Russian nationals may have Scottish ancestry.[68]

Africa

Troops of the South African Scottish regiment in France, 1918
Guy Scott, the 12th vice-president and acting president of Zambia from Oct 2014 – Jan 2015, is of Scottish descent.

A number of Scottish people settled in South Africa in the 1800s and were known for their road-building expertise, their farming experience, and architectural skills.[69]

Latin America

The largest population of Scots in Latin America is found in Argentina,[70][failed verification] followed by Chile,[71][failed verification] Colombia and Mexico.

Scots in mainland Europe

Netherlands

It is said[by whom?] that the first people from the Low Countries to settle in Scotland came in the wake of Maud's marriage to the Scottish king, David I, during the Middle Ages. [when?] Craftsmen and tradesmen followed courtiers and in later centuries a brisk trade grew up between the two nations: Scotland's primary goods (wool, hides, salmon and then coal) in exchange for the luxuries obtainable in the Netherlands, one of the major hubs of European trade.

By 1600, trading colonies had grown up on either side of the well-travelled shipping routes: the Dutch settled along the eastern seaboard of Scotland; the Scots congregating first in

Scots Law was practised. In Rotterdam, meanwhile, the doors of the Scots International Church have remained open since 1643.[72]

Russia

Main article: Scottish Russians
Patrick Gordon was a Russian General originally from Scotland and a friend of Peter the Great.

The first Scots to be mentioned in Russia's history were the Scottish soldiers in

Paul Menzies, Samuel Greig, Charles Baird, Charles Cameron, Adam Menelaws and William Hastie. Several doctors to the Russian court were from Scotland,[75] the best-known being James Wylie
.

The next wave of migration established commercial links with Russia.[76]

The 19th century witnessed the immense literary cross-references between Scotland and Russia.[clarification needed]

A Russian scholar, Maria Koroleva, distinguishes between 'the Russian Scots' (properly assimilated) and 'Scots in Russia', who remained thoroughly Scottish.[77]

There are several societies in contemporary Russia to unite[clarification needed] the Scots. The Russian census lists do not distinguish Scots from other British people, so it is hard to establish reliable figures for the number of Scots living and working in modern Russia.

Poland

From as far back as the mid-16th century there were Scots trading and settling in Poland.[78] A "Scotch Pedlar's Pack in Poland" became a proverbial expression. It usually consisted of cloths, woollen goods and linen kerchiefs (head coverings). Itinerants also sold tin utensils and ironware such as scissors and knives. Along with the protection offered by King Stephen in the Royal Grant of 1576, a district in Kraków was assigned to Scottish immigrants.

Records from 1592 mention Scots settlers who were granted citizenship of Kraków give their employment as traders or merchants. Fees for citizenship ranged from 12 Polish florins to a musket and gunpowder, or an undertaking to marry within a year and a day of acquiring a holding.

By the 17th century, an estimated 30,000 to 40,000 Scots lived in the

James Murray created the Polish navy[79][failed verification] and participated in the Battle of Oliwa. A series of four Polish novels include him as Captain Mora or Flying Scotsman.[80] The writer Jerzy Bohdan Rychliński [pl] was supported by navy historian Jerzy Pertek.[81][need quotation to verify
]

The Scots integrated well and many acquired great wealth. They contributed to many charitable institutions in the host country, but did not forget their homeland; for example, in 1701 when collections were made for the restoration fund of the Marischal College, Aberdeen, Scottish settlers in Poland gave generously.[citation needed]

Many royal grants and privileges were granted to Scottish merchants until the 18th century, at which time the settlers began to merge more and more into the native population.

Aleksander Czamer (Alexander Chalmers) as its mayor.[85]

Novelist Henryk Sienkiewicz created a fictional character, Hassling-Ketling of Elgin, played by Jan Nowicki in the film Colonel Wolodyjowski.

Italy

See also: Italian Scots

By 1592, the Scottish community in Rome was big enough to merit the building of

Feast of St Andrew is still celebrated there on 30 November.[86]

Gurro in Italy is said to be populated by the descendants of Scottish soldiers. According to local legend, Scottish soldiers fleeing the Battle of Pavia who arrived in the area were stopped by severe blizzards that forced many, if not all, to give up their travels and settle in the town. To this day, the town of Gurro is still proud of its Scottish links. Many of the residents claim that their surnames are Italian translations of Scottish surnames.[87] The town also has a Scottish museum.[88][89][failed verification]

Culture

See also: Culture of Scotland
Scottish Gaelic and English are both used on road signs – such as this one in the village of Mallaig – throughout the Highlands and Islands of Scotland
Geographic distribution of speakers of the two native Scottish languages, namely Scots and Scottish Gaelic
Waverley Novels helped define Scottish identity in the 19th century
Scottish actor Sean Connery polled as "The Greatest Living Scot"[97] and "Scotland's Greatest Living National Treasure", before his death in late 2020.[98]
James Watt, a Scottish mechanical engineer whose improvements in steam engine technology drove the Industrial Revolution
.

Language

See also: Languages of Scotland

Historically, Scottish people have spoken many different languages and dialects. The Pictish language, Norse, Norman-French and Brythonic languages have been spoken by forebears of Scottish people. However, none of these is in use today. The remaining three major languages of the Scottish people are English,

Scots (various dialects) and Gaelic[citation needed]. Of these three, English is the most common form as a first language. There are some other minority languages of the Scottish people, such as Spanish, used by the population of Scots in Argentina
.

The Norn language was spoken in the Northern Isles into the early modern period – the current Shetland and Orcadian dialects are heavily influenced by it to this day.

There is still debate whether Scots is a dialect or a language in its own right, as there is no clear line to define the two. Scots is usually regarded as a midway between the two, as it is highly mutually intelligible with English, particularly the dialects spoken in the North of England as well as those spoken in Scotland, but is treated as a language in some laws.

Scottish English

Main article: Scottish English

After the

English English, began to replace the Scots language. Scottish English soon became the dominant language. By the end of the 17th century, Scots had practically ceased to exist, at least in literary form.[100]
While Scots remained a commonly spoken language, the southern Scottish English dialect was the preferred language for publications from the 18th century to the present day. Today most Scottish people speak Scottish English, which has some distinctive vocabulary and may be influenced to varying degrees by Scots.

Scots

Main article: Scots language
See also:
Ulster Scots dialects

Lowland Scots, also known as

Ullans. In 1993, Ulster Scots was recognised, along with Scots, as a variety of the Scots language by the European Bureau for Lesser-Used Languages.[105]

Scottish Gaelic

Main article: Scottish Gaelic
See also: Canadian Gaelic

2001 UK Census showed about 92,400 people or 1.9% of the population can speak Gaelic, while the number of people able to read and write it rose by 7.5% and 10% respectively.[107] Outwith Scotland, there are communities of Scottish Gaelic speakers such as the Canadian Gaelic community; though their numbers have also been declining rapidly. The Gaelic language is recognised as a minority language by the European Union. The Scottish Parliament is also seeking to increase the use of Gaelic in Scotland through the Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005. Gaelic is now used as a first language in some schools and is prominently seen in use on dual language road signs
throughout the Gaelic-speaking parts of Scotland.

Religion

See also: Religion in Scotland

The modern people of Scotland remain a mix of different religions and no religion. Christianity is the largest faith in Scotland. In the

Presbyterian
denominations.

According to the Social Scottish Attitudes research, 52% of Scottish people identified as having no religion in 2016.[110] As a result, Scotland has thus become a secular and majority non-religious country.

Literature

See also: Scottish literature

Folklore

Main article: Scottish folklore

Science and engineering

Main article: List of Scottish scientists

Music

Main article: Music of Scotland

Sport

See also: Sport in Scotland

The modern games of

World Curling Federation and the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews respectively. Scots helped to popularise and spread the sport of association football; the first official international match was played in Glasgow between Scotland and England
in 1872.

Cuisine

See also: Scottish cuisine

Clans

Main article: Scottish clan
See also: Tartan and Kilt

Anglicisation

Main article: Anglicisation

Many

Acts of Union of 1707 and the subsequent defeat of rebellions.[who?
]

However, many Scottish surnames have remained predominantly

Gaelic albeit written according to English orthographic practice (as with Irish surnames). Thus MacAoidh in Gaelic is Mackay in English, and MacGill-Eain in Gaelic is MacLean and so on. Mac (sometimes Mc) is common as, effectively, it means "son of". MacDonald, MacDougal, MacAulay, Gilmore, Gilmour, MacKinley, Macintosh, MacKenzie, MacNeill, MacPherson, MacLear, MacAra, Bruce, Campbell, Fraser, Oliver, Craig, Lauder, Menzies, Stewart, Galloway and Duncan are just a few of many examples of traditional Scottish surnames. There are, of course, also the many surnames, like Wallace and Morton, stemming from parts of Scotland which were settled by peoples other than the (Gaelic) Scots. The most common surnames in Scotland are Smith and Brown,[111] which each come from more than one origin: e.g. Smith might be a translation of Mac a' Ghobhainn (thence also e.g. MacGowan), and Brown can refer to the colour, or be akin to MacBrayne.[citation needed
]

Anglicisation is not restricted to language. In his Socialism: critical and constructive, published in 1921, future British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald wrote: "The Anglification of Scotland has been proceeding apace to the damage of its education, its music, its literature, its genius, and the generation that is growing up under this influence is uprooted from its past, and, being deprived of the inspiration of its nationality, is also deprived of its communal sense."[112]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Year the official census was taken.

References

  1. ^ "The Scottish Diaspora and Diaspora Strategy: Insights and Lessons from Ireland". Scottish Government. May 2009. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  2. ^ "Statistical Bulletin: Ethnicity" (PDF). Government of the United Kingdom. 2014. pp. 16–17. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
  3. ^ "English Most Common Race or Ethnicity in 2020 Census". United States census. 10 October 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
  4. ^ "Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census". United States census. 21 September 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
  5. ^ a b "Census Profile, 2016 Census". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
  6. ^ a b c "Census of Population and Housing: Cultural diversity data summary, 2021". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 28 June 2022. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  7. ^ "2013 Census ethnic group profiles: Scottish". stats.govt.nz. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  8. ^ "Ethnic group (total responses) by age group and sex, for the census usually resident population count, 2001, 2006, and 2013 Censuses (RC, TA) Information on table". stats.govt.nz. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  9. ^ a b D Carr, Julie (2009). Scotland's diaspora and overseas-born population (PDF). Edinburgh: Scottish Government Social Research. p. 10.
    ISBN 978-0-7559-7657-7. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
  10. ^ "Isle of Man Census Report 2006" (PDF). Economic Affairs Division, Isle of Man Government Treasury. 2006. p. 20. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  11. ^ Office, Great Britain: Home (2014). Scotland analysis: borders and citizenship (PDF). London. p. 70.
    ISBN 978-0-10-187262-1. Retrieved 11 July 2016. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
    )
  12. ISBN 978-0-7559-7657-7. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
  13. ^ Bede used a Latin form of the word Scots as the name of the Gaels of Dál Riata.Roger Collins, Judith McClure; Beda el Venerable, Bede (1999). The Ecclesiastical History of the English People: The Greater Chronicle; Bede's Letter to Egbert. Oxford University Press. p. 386. ISBN.
  14. ^ Anthony Richard (TRN) Birley, Cornelius Tacitus; Cayo Cornelio Tácito. Agricola and Germany. Oxford University Press. ISBN.
  15. ^ "Scotch". dictionary.com. Retrieved 25 April 2019. [Scotch is] disdained by the Scottish because of the many insulting and pejorative formations made from it by the English...
  16. ^ Landsman, Ned C. (1 October 2001). Nation and Province in the First British Empire: Scotland and the Americas. Bucknell University Press. ISBN.
  17. ^ Lehane, Brendan (1994). The Quest of Three Abbots: The Golden Age of Celtic Christianity. SteinerBooks. p. 121.
    ISBN 978-0-940262-65-2
    .
  18. ^ Duffy, Seán. "Robert the Bruce and Ireland's last, Scottish high king". The Irish Times.
  19. ^ George T. Stokes (1888). "Triumph of Brian Boru - Ireland and the Celtic Church, a history of Ireland from St. Patrick to the English Conquest in 1172" (PDF). aughty.org.
  20. ISBN 9780203497999
    . ISBN.
  21. ISBN 978-0-19-821737-4
    . Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  22. ^ Freer, Allan (1871). The North British Review. Edmonston & Douglas. p. 119. and Robertson, Eben William (1862). Scotland Under Her Early Kings: a history of the kingdom to the close of the thirteenth century. Edmonston and Douglas. p. 286.
  23. ISBN 978-0-521-56350-5
    . Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  24. ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language Scotch usage note, Encarta Dictionary Archived 20 April 2006 at the Wayback Machine usage note.
  25. ^ "Definition of scotch". Askoxford.com. 27 September 2012. Archived from the original on 26 May 2005. Retrieved 3 October 2012.
  26. ^ Jackson, "The Language of the Picts", discussed by Forsyth, Language in Pictland.
  27. ^ a b Clancy, Thomas Owen (13 July 2006). "Gaelic Scotland: a brief history". bord-na-gaidhlig.org.uk. Archived from the original on 11 September 2007. Retrieved 21 September 2007.
  28. ^ Barrow, "The Balance of New and Old", p. 13.
  29. ISBN 0-85976-097-9
  30. ISBN 978-1138981492. It is interesting to note that the recognition of the Scottish nation being a mixture of many different peoples, not being racially or ethnically pure, has been around since the Middle Ages as discussed in Chapter 1. Moreover, Susan Reynolds argues that it is why the medieval Scots sought to present themselves as one people because it was the only way to claim rightful regal independence. The recognition of the racial and ethnic plurality of the Scottish nation was, according to another historian
    , one of the reasons why Scotland failed to develop a classical nationalist ideology in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
  31. ISBN 978-0748621576. Harry
    used such phrases as ... 'trew Scottis' to display how Scotland could 'over-come the ethnic, linguistic, and political differences which had the potential to divide Scotland and make it vulnerable to English agression'.
  32. ^ Round Tables: Documents de travail/Working papers. International Political Science Association. 1974.
  33. ISBN 978-0765682949
    .
  34. ISBN 978-0802095848
    .
  35. The Reformation
    changed lowland Scotland but the highlands remained feudal, Roman Catholic and Gaelic-speaking. Sociologist Ian Carter's work on the marriage patterns of leading Scottish families between 1500 and 1700 shows a very clear division at the highland line: highland families inter-married with highland families rather than with lowlanders.
  36. ^ a b c "Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported 2010 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  37. ^ 2011 Census: KS202EW National identity, local authorities in England and Wales. Retrieved 22 December 2012
  38. ^ Office of the Chief Statistician. "Analysis of Ethnicity in the 2001 Census – Summary Report".
  39. ^ David McCrone, Professor of Sociology, University of Edinburgh. "Scottish Affairs, No. 24, Summer 1998; Opinion Polls in Scotland: July 1997 – June 1998". Archived from the original on 21 December 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) During 1997–1998 two polls were undertaken. During the first when asked about their national identity 59 per cent of the people polled stated they were Scottish or more Scottish than British, 28 per cent stated they were equally Scottish and British, while 10 per cent stated they were British or more British than Scottish. In the second poll 59 per cent of the people polled stated they were Scottish or more Scottish than British, 26 per cent stated they were equally Scottish and British, while 12 per cent stated they were British or more British than Scottish.
  40. ^ The Scottish Government (21 September 2006). "One Scotland Many Cultures 2005/06 – Waves 6 and 7 Campaign Evaluation".When asked what ethnic group they belonged to over five surveys, in the 2005/2006 period, people reporting that they were Scottish rose from 75 per cent to 84 per cent, while those reporting that they were British dropped from 39 per cent to 22 per cent. "a number of respondents selected more than one option, usually both Scottish and British, hence percentages adding to more than 100% ... This indicates a continued erosion of perceived Britishness among respondents..."
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Sources

  • Ritchie, A. & Breeze, D.J. Invaders of Scotland HMSO. (?1991)
  • David Armitage, "The Scottish Diaspora" in Jenny Wormald (ed.), Scotland: A History. Oxford UP, Oxford, 2005.

Further reading

  • Spence, Rhoda, ed. The Scottish Companion: a Bedside Book of Delights. Edinburgh: R. Paterson, 1955. vi, 138 p. N.B.: Primarily concerns Scottish customs, character, and folkways.

External links

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