Scottish surnames

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Scottish surnames are

surnames currently found in Scotland
, or surnames that have a historical connection with the country.

History

The earliest surnames found in Scotland occur during the reign of

King of England in 1296. The surnames recorded within are for the most part very similar to those found in England at around the same date, consisting of local, patronymic and occupational names, and nicknames. Some of the local surnames with the roll are derived from places within Scotland; there are very few Gaelic surnames recorded in the roll.[2]

Categorisation

Patronymics

Many Scottish surnames originate from names that were originally

patronyms. Patronyms are derived from the forename of the bearer's father (for example, the full name of a man named John Donaldson indicates that the father's name was Donald). Patronyms change with every successive generation[3]
(for example, the patronyms of a grandson, father, and grandfather may be John Donaldson, son of Donald Robertson, son of Robert Williamson).

The earliest patronyms recorded in Scotland are written in several different languages. In early

genitive case of the father's name preceded by forms of filius, meaning "son" (for example Dugaldus filius Nigelli); later the filius was only implied (for example Dugaldus Nigelli).[3][note 1] Other early records show patronyms using forms of the Welsh ap, meaning "son"; and the Gaelic mac, meaning son (for example, the names of Macrath ap Molegan, and Gilmychel Mac Eth appear in the same document).[4][note 2]

There are several

Martin). In some cases, the suffix -s was used, and according to Black, such names appear to have originated in England (for example Adams).[3]

The use of patronyms died out in the Lowlands after the 15th century, as they became solidified as surnames.

Simpson
, which means the son of "Simon", in Gaelic the equivalent names are McSymon, and MacSymon.

Territorial names, topographical names

Many of the first surnames recorded in Scotland were those of nobles, or great landowners, whose surnames derived from the lands they possessed.[8] These names are sometimes called territorial names,[8] or habitation names.[9] Many of these surnames were brought to Scotland by Anglo-Normans, whose surnames were derived from either lands in Normandy or in England (for example, Bruce is derived from Brix in Manche, France,[10] Crawford is derived from Crawford, South Lanarkshire, in the south of Scotland, Barton is derived from Dumbarton, or the several villages and towns in England, and Graham is derived from Grantham, in Lincolnshire, England).[11] Not all territorial surnames are derived from lands owned by their bearers.[8] In some cases such names were borne by tenants, or followers, of the owners of the lands they lived on. In this way the bearers of these surnames may not have had any kinship with the landowners (the surname Gordon is an historical example of such a name).[8]

Some Scottish surnames are derived from vague geographical locations rather than specific places.[12] These names are sometimes called "topographic names".[9] These names refer to physical features, like forests, streams, and marshes; such names may also refer to man-made structures, such as castles and churches[9] (for example the surnames Wood, Milne, and Shaw).[12] Sometimes names derived from proper names of geographical features can be classified as topographic names rather than habitational names. This is because these names refer to a location rather than a specific settlement.[9]

Occupational names

Many surnames are derived from the occupations, or

Shepherd, Mason, Kemp, Webb, and Fletcher).[13] In time, true occupational surnames became hereditary and were passed down through families (for example, in 1525 there is a record of a woman named Agnes Beltmakar, who is described as a kaikbakstar).[12][note 4] Occupational names were rare amongst Gaelic speakers[14] Examples of such surnames derived from Gaelic occupational name is Gow, from the Scottish Gaelic Gobha (smith),[15] and MacIntyre from Mac an t-Saoir ([ˈmaxk ən̪ˠ ˈt̪ʰɯːɾʲ] "son of the carpenter."[15] Macpherson means "son of the parson",[16] from the Gaelic surname Mac a' Phearsain.[15]

Bynames

Bynames, to-names, or other names,[note 5] were once very common in Scotland.[17] These names were used in areas where there were few names in circulation, and the bynames were added onto the name of person, in order to distinguish them from others who bore the same name. Bynames were particularly prevalent in fishing communities in the northeastern part of Scotland,[17] but were also used in the Borders and the West Highlands.[6] In some cases within fishing communities, the names of fishing boats were tacked onto the names of people in order to differentiate them from others.[13]

Examples of Scottish surnames derived from nicknames are: Little; White; and Meikle (which means "big"). One of the most common Scottish surnames is Campbell, which is derived from the Gaelic Caimbeul, meaning "crooked-mouth".[13] Another common Scottish surname is Armstrong, which means the son of a strong man.

Regional names, or ethnic names

Some Scottish surnames can be classified as either "regional names" or "ethnic names".

Scott
.

Scottish clans

Many Scottish surnames are the names of

Scottish clans that were once powerful families dominating large swaths of territory.[18] However, it is a common misconception that every person who bears a clan's name is a lineal descendant of the chiefs of that particular clan.[6][note 6] There are several reasons for this. In many cases, the families that originally lived on the lands acquired by powerful clans (such as the Campbells, Gordons, Macdonalds, and Mackenzies) adopted the names of their new lords.[18][note 7] The leadership of large clans increased their power by increasing the number of their followers by both conciliation and coercion.[2] The memory of such renaming is sometimes preserved in tradition. One old Gaelic saying reads: Frisealach am boll a mine ("the Frasers of the boll of meal"), which explains that some of name Fraser are actually Bissets, who originally controlled the lands taken by the Frasers.[note 8]

In the 17th and 18th centuries, the clan name of the MacGregors was outlawed, and members of the clan were forced to assume other names. When the bans were lifted once and for all, some of the clan resumed using forms of MacGregor—but not all.[18][note 9] In some cases, the name of a clan may be identical to the surname of another family, yet there is no etymological link between the employed surname, and there is no historical connection between the different families (for example, the Hebridean/Kintyre surname Brodie is not connected to the surname of the Brodies of Brodie, who were centred in Moray).[23][note 10] Similarly, a surname derived from a patronym, may be used by numerous unconnected families descended from a like-named individual (for example, the bardic family of the surname MacEwan employed by the Campbells are not connected to the MacEwens of Otter).[26][note 11] Historian Charles Ian Fraser stated in his history of the Clan Munro that the bond between clansman and chief cannot in every instance have been that of a common blood.[27]

Scottish heraldry

Chief of the Name and Arms of Fergusson; consequently, the arms of Fergusson of Glensellich are based upon the arms of Fergusson of Kilkerran).[30][31]

Influences

Gaelic

Not all surnames that begin with the prefix Mac- are truly derived from patronyms. Forms of the surnames MacBeth and MacRae are derived from the Gaelic personal names Mac-bethad and Mac-raith. The prefix in such cases means "pupil", "devotee", "disciple".[32] (Other examples can be found under the section Occupational Surnames). Also, not all names beginning with the prefix are derived from Gaelic personal names; in areas along the Lowland border, the prefix was added to the diminutives of non-Gaelic personal names ending with the suffix -ie (for example, McRitchie, MacWillie). Other Lowland, or English, diminutives of personal names ending with the suffixes -on, and -in, were borrowed by Gaelic speakers (for example Rankin to Macrankin, Gibbon to Macgibbon).[33]

Norse

In the northern Hebrides, many of the indigenous surnames are derived from

Macleod).[15] Such 'Norse' names in these areas are in complete contrast to the indigenous surnames of the adjacent islands and lands to the south.[34]
Some surnames brought to Scotland in the Middle Ages by English, or Anglo-Normans, are also derived from Norse personal names.

Anglo-Normans

Nearly all the surnames brought to Britain by the Normans were territorial names derived from lands on the continent. In some families where patronyms were used, once a man acquired lands in Britain he would assume his surname from these lands. Norman patronyms were made up of mainly three types of names:

Adam, and Paton from Patrick).[35]

The name Fraser (Gaelic Friseal) has a unique etymology; it originally derives from the French fraise, meaning strawberry.[36]

Most common surnames

The top twenty

opt out of having their information publicly viewable; thus the 2001 register has been considered by at least one recent study to be the most recent reliable source for determining the most common surnames in Scotland.[37]

  1. Smith (1.28%) (occupational name)
  2. Brown (0.94%) (nickname)
  3. Wilson
    (0.89%) (patronym)
  4. Robertson (0.78%) (patronym)
  5. Thomson (0.78%) (patronym)
  6. Campbell (0.77%) (nickname)
  7. Stewart (0.73%) (occupational name)
  8. Anderson (0.70%) (patronym)
  9. Scott
    (0.55%) (ethnic name)
  10. Murray (0.53%) (territorial name)
  11. MacDonald
    (0.52%) (patronym)
  12. Reid (0.52%) (nickname)
  13. Taylor (0.49%) (occupational name)
  14. Clark (0.47%) (occupational name)
  15. Ross (0.43%) (territorial name)
  16. Young (0.42%) (nickname)
  17. Mitchell (0.41%) (patronym; nickname)
  18. Watson (0.41%) (patronym)
  19. Paterson (0.40%) (patronym)
  20. Morrison (0.40%) (patronym)

Extinction

While the total bearers of specific surnames have grown in number over the years, such as the names of the most dominant clans, some Scottish surnames have

completely died out in the country (for example, the family with the Hebridean surname MacUspaig, derived from a Gaelicised Norse personal name, died out in the male line shortly after the turn of the 20th century).[38]

Surname changes

Anyone whose

wills, settlements, or deeds of trust, contain conditions where a person must take a surname different from the one which they were registered at birth; or when a male has married and changed his surname following his marriage, and has received a decree or certificate from the Lord Lyon King of Arms. Surname changes can consist of substituting one surname for another (for example, from Brown to Johnson); changing the spelling of the surname (for example, from Brown to Broun); or changing surname by hyphenation (for example, from Brown to Brown-Johnson) (see also: double-barrelled name).[40]

Scottish surnames as given names

In recent years, names that have been traditionally surnames have been used as given names, particularly in North America. These names are sometimes given to both males and females (for example, the given name Mackenzie, taken from the Scottish surname Mackenzie, is given to girls more than boys in North America;[41] another North American given name used for both sexes is Cameron derived from the surname Cameron).[42]

The male name 'Douglas' has become very popular throughout the commonwealth countries, and is derived from the Douglas clan.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ In names where filius is implied, it is sometimes difficult to know whether the name refers to a Dugald who is actually a son of Nigel, or if he is just a Dugald who is descended in several generations from a Nigel.[3]
  2. ^ Both Macrath, and Gilmychel, were recorded as being from Dumfriesshire.[5]
  3. ^ This names equates to Modern Scottish Gaelic: Iain Ruadh mac Iain mhic Eòghainn mhic Dhùghaill mhic Iain; or in English: John the Red, son of John, son of Ewen, son of Dougal, son of John.
  4. ^ Several hundred years before she would have been known as Agnes 'the maker of belts and girdles', rather than Agnes 'the baker of cakes'.[12]
  5. ^ From the Old English tō-nama.[17]
  6. eponymous ancestor, Domhnall mac Raghnaill
    .
  7. ^ From the beginning of the 16th century, as tenants of the Earl of Seaforth, the native clans of Lewis followed the Mackenzies. An account of Lewis, written in about 1750, states: "the common inhabitants of Lewis are Morisons, McAulays and McKivers, but when they go from home, all who live under Seaforth call themselves Mackenzies".[20] The Campbells are known to have swallowed the names of several smaller clans that they dominated over, such as in the case of the MacIvers of Lergachonzie sometime after the mid 16th century.[21]
  8. Cumins reads: Cuminich clach nan cearc ("Cumins of the hen-trough"), to distinguish certain renamed families from the lineal Cumins of the clan.[18]
  9. Act of Parliament in 1603. The proscription was rescinded in 1661, but revived in 1693; it wasn't abolished once and for all until 1784.[22]
  10. Anglicised into the form used by Brodies of Clan Brodie.[24][25]
  11. ^ The bardic MacEwans are actually MacDougalls, or possibly O'Hoseys.[7][26]

References

Footnotes
  1. ^ Black 1946: pp. xix-xx.
  2. ^ a b Reaney 2006: Introduction: Scottish surnames
  3. ^ a b c d Black 1946: pp. xxiv-xxv.
  4. ^ Thomason 1834: p. 124.
  5. ^ Thomason 1834: pp. xxiv-xxv.
  6. ^ a b c Scottish Surnames and Variants, ScotlandsPeople (www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk), retrieved 5 August 2010
  7. ^ a b Black 1946: p. xlii.
  8. ^ a b c d Black 1946: pp. xxv-xxvii.
  9. ^
    AskOxford.com, archived from the original
    on 17 January 2013
  10. ^ Blakely 2005: p. 5.
  11. ISBN 0-19-508137-4
    . for the surname "Graham".
  12. ^ a b c d Nicolaisen 1986: p. 96.
  13. ^ a b c Bowie, Neil; Jackson, G. W. L. (2003). "Surnames in Scotland over the last 140 years". www.nrscotland.gov.uk. National Records of Scotland. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
  14. ^ Black 1946: pp. xxviii-xxix.
  15. ^
    docx). Sabhal Mòr Ostaig
    . Retrieved 15 October 2009.
  16. ISBN 0-19-508137-4
    . for the surname "McPherson".
  17. ^ a b c Black 1946: pp. xxx-xxxii.
  18. ^ a b c d Black 1946: pp. xxxvii-xxxviii.
  19. ^ Clan Donald USAGenetic Genealogy Project, Clan Donald USA Genealogy Project (dna-project.clan-donald-usa.org), retrieved 31 August 2010
  20. ^ Mackenzie 1903: p. 64.
  21. ^ Campbell of Airds 2000: pp. 238-240.
  22. ^ Black 1946: pp. 505–506.
  23. ^ Black 1946: pp. 104-105.
  24. ^ Mac Giolla-Domhnaigh 1923: p. 4.
  25. ^ MacLysaght 1996: p. 246.
  26. ^ a b Campbell of Airds 2000: p. 7.
  27. ISBN 0-7179-4535-9
    .
  28. ^ a b Burnett 1997: p. 41.
  29. ^ Who is a member of a clan?, Court of the Lord Lyon (www.lyon-court.com), retrieved 31 August 2010
  30. ^ Campbell of Airds 2004: p. 186.
  31. ^ Campbell of Airds 2000: p. 235.
  32. ^ Bannerman 1996: p. 20.
  33. ^ Black 1946: pp. xxxviii-xl.
  34. ^ Graham-Campbell; Batey 1998: pp. 71–72.
  35. ^ Black 1946: pp. xliv-xlv.
  36. ^ Clann ’ic Shimidh (Litir Bheag 67) by Ruairidh MacIlleathain.
  37. Significance, 5 (4), The Royal Statistical Society
    : 189–192
  38. ^ Henderson 1910: p. 57.
  39. ^ "Recording Changes of Forename(s) and Surname(s) in Scotland", www.nrscotland.gov.uk, National Records of Scotland, retrieved 14 October 2016
  40. ^ "Leaflet RCN1: Recording changes of forename(s) and surname(s) in Scotland" (pdf), www.nrscotland.gov.uk, National Records of Scotland, retrieved 14 October 2016
  41. AskOxford.com. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 17 April 2010. which cited Concise Dictionary of First Names. Oxford University Press
    .
  42. AskOxford.com. Retrieved 8 September 2010.[dead link] which cited Concise Dictionary of First Names. Oxford University Press
    .
Bibliography
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