Universities in Scotland
There are fifteen
The first university college in Scotland was founded at
In the eighteenth century the universities went from being small and parochial institutions, largely for the training of clergy and lawyers, to major intellectual centres at the forefront of Scottish identity and life, seen as fundamental to democratic principles and the opportunity for social advancement for the talented. Many of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment were university professors, who developed their ideas in university lectures. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Scotland's five university colleges had no entrance exams. Students typically entered at ages of 15 or 16, attended for as little as two years, chose which lectures to attend and left without qualifications. There was a concerted attempt to modernise the curriculum to meet the needs of the emerging middle classes and the professions. The result of these reforms was a revitalisation of the Scottish university system and growth in the number of students. In the first half of the twentieth century Scottish universities fell behind those in England and Europe in terms of participation and investment. After the Robbins Report of 1963 there was a rapid expansion in higher education in Scotland. By the end of the decade the number of Scottish universities had doubled. In 1992 the distinction between universities and colleges was removed, creating a series of new universities.
All Scottish universities are public and funded in part by the Scottish Government (through its Scottish Funding Council). In 2021–22, approximately 301,000 students studied at universities or institutes of higher education in Scotland, 82,440 of which are international students.[1] The sector employs, directly and indirectly, six per cent of all jobs in the Scottish economy.[2]
History
Middle Ages
Until the fifteenth century, Scots who wished to attend university had to travel to England or to the Continent.[3] This situation was transformed by the founding of St John's College, St Andrews in 1418 by Henry Wardlaw, bishop of St. Andrews.[4] St Salvator's College was added to St. Andrews in 1450. The other great bishoprics followed, with the University of Glasgow being founded in 1451 and King's College, Aberdeen in 1495.[5] Initially, these institutions were designed for the training of clerics, but they would increasingly be used by laymen.[3] International contacts helped integrate Scotland into a wider European scholarly world and would be one of the most important ways in which the new ideas of Humanism were brought into Scottish intellectual life in the sixteenth century.[6]
Early modern era
Eighteenth century
In the eighteenth century the universities went from being small and parochial institutions, largely for the training of clergy and lawyers, to major intellectual centres at the forefront of Scottish identity and life, seen as fundamental to democratic principles and the opportunity for social advancement for the talented.
Modern era
At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Scotland's five university colleges had no entrance exam, students typically entered at ages of 15 or 16, attended for as little as two years, chose which lectures to attend and left without qualifications.
Present
Organisation
There are fifteen universities in Scotland
All Scottish universities have the power to award degrees at all levels: undergraduate, taught postgraduate, and doctoral. Education in Scotland is controlled by the
Funding and finances
All Scottish universities are
The total consolidated annual income for the fifteen Scottish universities for 2020–21 was £4.38 billion of which £847 million was from research grants and contracts, with an operating surplus of £290.4 million (6.63%). £1.36 billion was received from the Scottish Funding Council via grants and £298.5 million was received from tuition fees of Home-domiciled students, defined as Scotland-domiciled students and European Union-domiciled students who began their studies prior to 2021-22.[29] The table below is a record of each Scottish university's financial data for the 2020–21 financial year as recorded by the Higher Education Statistics Agency:[30]
University | Government funding body grants (£m) | Funding Body income as % of total income | Home-Domiciled Teaching income (£m) | Overall Teaching income (£m) | Teaching income as % of total income | Research income (£m) | Research income as % of total income | Total income (£m) | Operating surplus (£m) | Surplus as % of total income |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
University of Aberdeen | 87.6 | 37.1% | 16.6 | 74.4 | 31.5% | 45.9 | 19.5% | 235.9 | 7.0 | 2.96% |
Abertay University | 21.6 | 58.0% | 6.1 | 10.4 | 28.0% | 2.9 | 7.7% | 37.2 | —0.9 | —2.49% |
University of Dundee | 93.4 | 33.8% | 17.9 | 73.9 | 26.8% | 74.4 | 26.9% | 276.2 | 6.7 | 2.42% |
University of Edinburgh | 236.3 | 19.9% | 41.4 | 435.0 | 36.6% | 324.0 | 27.3% | 1,187.4 | 127.3 | 10.72% |
Edinburgh Napier University | 66.3 | 50.6% | 14.7 | 51.8 | 39.5% | 3.7 | 2.8% | 131.1 | —2.7 | —2.05% |
University of Glasgow | 198.4 | 24.4% | 42.5 | 292.8 | 36.0% | 173.3 | 21.3% | 813.1 | 117.3 | 14.42% |
Glasgow Caledonian University | 73.8 | 54.9% | 26.3 | 47.0 | 34.9% | 5.4 | 4.0% | 134.6 | —2.1 | —1.59 |
Heriot-Watt University | 50.0 | 21.1% | 17.6 | 128.1 | 54.5% | 32.9 | 14.0% | 235.1 | 2.2 | 0.94% |
Queen Margaret University | 20.7 | 47.0% | 6.6 | 15.1 | 34.2% | 3.0 | 6.8% | 44.0 | —1.9 | —4.2% |
Robert Gordon University | 51.9 | 50.3% | 18.5 | 40.3 | 39.0% | 3.0 | 2.9% | 103.2 | —2.5 | —2.45% |
University of St Andrews | 48.2 | 16.6% | 7.0 | 121.9 | 42.0% | 43.7 | 15.0% | 290.4 | 40.5 | 13.95% |
University of Stirling | 53.7 | 43.1% | 15.7 | 43.5 | 34.9% | 13.3 | 10.7% | 124.5 | 11.6 | 9.28% |
University of Strathclyde | 114.3 | 32.9% | 37.2 | 103.3 | 29.7% | 88.0 | 25.3% | 347.4 | —9.6 | —2.75% |
University of the Highlands and Islands | 110.2 | 74.0% | 10.2 | 12.0 | 8.1% | 14.5 | 9.7% | 148.9 | —4.1 | —2.72% |
University of West of Scotland
|
77.3 | 60.2% | 20.3 | 43.1 | 33.5% | 4.8 | 3.7% | 128.5 | 1.6 | 1.27% |
Students
In the 2021–22 academic year, 301,230 students studied at universities or institutes of higher education in Scotland, 232,080 of which were full-time, 59.1% were female and 40.9% male. 61% of students were domiciled in Scotland, 12% from the rest of the United Kingdom, and the remaining 27% being international students (6% from the European Union). Of all these, approximately 204,465 were studying at undergraduate level, 83,065 for a taught postgraduate degree (primarily a master's degree) and 13,705 for a postgraduate research degree (primarily PhD).[1] The three largest universities by enrolment were the Universities of Glasgow (42,980 students), Edinburgh (41,250 students) and Strathclyde (25,715 students).[1]
Scottish Universities Summer Schools in Physics
The Scottish Universities Summer School in Physics (SUSSP) was established in 1960 by the four ancient Scottish Universities (Aberdeen, Edinburgh, Glasgow and St. Andrews) to contribute to the dissemination of advanced knowledge in physics and the formation of contacts among scientists from different countries through the setting up of a series of annual summer schools of the highest international standard.[31] As of 2014[update] it had increased to include Dundee, Glasgow Caledonian, Heriot-Watt, Paisley, and Strathclyde.
Rankings
In the 2024 national league table rankings, five of the top twenty in both of The Guardian University Guide and in The Times/Sunday Times Good University Guide were Scottish universities. In the 2024 global rankings, three Scottish universities featured in the world's top 200 universities in both of the QS and the Times Higher Education World University Rankings.
University | Complete 2024 (National)[32] | Guardian 2024 (National)[33] | Times/Sunday Times 2024 (National)[34] | ARWU 2023 (Global)[35] | QS 2024 (Global)[36] | THE 2024 (Global)[37] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
University of Aberdeen | 35 | 12 | 19 | 201–300 | 208 | 201–250 |
Abertay University | 103= | 84 | 84 | — | — | — |
University of Dundee | 58 | 66 | 33 | 401–500 | 441= | 301–350 |
University of Edinburgh | 12 | 14 | 13 | 38 | 22 | 30= |
Edinburgh Napier University | 89 | 92 | 60 | — | 801–850 | 501–600 |
University of Glasgow | 26 | 13 | 12 | 101–150 | 76= | 87= |
Glasgow Caledonian University | 79 | 40 | 50 | — | 1001–1200 | 601–800 |
Heriot-Watt University | 44 | 85 | 64 | 901–1000 | 235 | 351–400 |
Queen Margaret University | 103= | 63 | 63 | — | 851–900 | — |
Robert Gordon University | 92 | 98 | 62 | — | 901–950 | 801–1000 |
University of St Andrews | 4 | 1 | 1 | 301–400 | 95= | 193= |
University of Stirling | 51 | 61 | 53 | 701–800 | 431= | 401–500 |
University of Strathclyde | 31 | 16 | 20 | 501–600 | 276 | 301–350 |
University of the West of Scotland | 128 | 119 | 126 | — | — | 601–800 |
In terms of rankings there are four distinctive clusters of higher and lower status universities in the UK: Oxbridge comprising cluster one; a second cluster containing the remaining 22 Russell Group universities together with 17 other old universities, including Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Heriot-Watt, St Andrews, Stirling and Strathclyde; a third cluster containing 13 old universities and 54 new universities including the remaining Scottish universities; and a fourth cluster contains 19 new universities but no Scottish universities.[38]
Research Excellence Framework
The below lists the outcome of the latest Research Excellence Framework undertaken in 2021 (the next REF is scheduled for 2028) by the four UK higher education funding bodies. The quality of research was rated 4* (world leading), 3* (internationally excellent), 2* (recognised internationally), 1* (recognised nationally) and unclassified. GPA measures the quality of research and Research Power is calculated by the GPA score of a university multiplied by the full-time equivalent number of researchers submitted. The rankings are out of 129 institutions as measured by output:[39]
Quality profile % | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
University | 4* | 3* | 2* | 1* | Unclassified | GPA ranking | Research Power ranking |
University of Aberdeen | 29 | 51 | 19 | 1 | 0 | 53 | 37 |
Abertay University | 12 | 52 | 31 | 4 | 0 | 97 | 108 |
University of Dundee | 38 | 45 | 16 | 1 | 0 | 41 | 49 |
University of Edinburgh | 41 | 45 | 12 | 1 | 0 | 19 | 4 |
Edinburgh Napier University | 19 | 52 | 27 | 2 | 0 | 77 | 83 |
University of Glasgow | 48 | 43 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 13 |
Glasgow Caledonian University | 22 | 53 | 22 | 3 | 0 | 66 | 91 |
Heriot-Watt University | 35 | 53 | 10 | 1 | 0 | 33 | 51 |
Queen Margaret University | 14 | 37 | 40 | 8 | 2 | 116 | 116 |
Robert Gordon University | 12 | 57 | 28 | 3 | 0 | 87 | 113 |
University of St Andrews | 41 | 46 | 12 | 1 | 0 | 17 | 36 |
University of Stirling | 27 | 51 | 21 | 1 | 0 | 58 | 53 |
University of Strathclyde | 31 | 56 | 13 | 1 | 0 | 47 | 32 |
University of the Highlands and Islands | 26 | 42 | 27 | 5 | 0 | 77 | 106 |
University of West of Scotland |
12 | 46 | 32 | 9 | 1 | 114 | 85 |
See also
- List of universities in Scotland
- List of universities in the United Kingdom
- Universities in the United Kingdom
Notes
- ^ a b c "Where do HE students study?: Students by HE provider". HESA. HE student enrolments by HE provider. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
- ^ "Ten things to know about Scottish Higher Education". universities-scotland.ac.uk. Universities Scotland.
- ^ ISBN 0-333-56761-7, pp. 124–5.
- ISBN 9004162771, p. 119.
- ISBN 0-19-211696-7, pp. 610–12.
- ^ ISBN 0-7486-0276-3, pp. 68–72.
- ISBN 0748614559, p. 187.
- ISBN 0748602763, p. 185.
- ^ ISBN 1862321140, p. 332.
- ISBN 0140136495, pp. 227–8.
- ISBN 1-4464-7563-8, p. 262.
- ISBN 0-7486-1625-X, pp. 219–28.
- ^ ISBN 0-19-211696-7, pp. 612–14.
- ISBN 0521003237, p. 100.
- ISBN 0-521-89088-8, p. 245.
- ISBN 0-609-80999-7.
- ^ ISBN 0-7486-1625-X, p. 224.
- ISBN 0748601023, pp. 147–50.
- ISBN 0-7486-0999-7, pp. 78–9.
- ISBN 0-19-211696-7, pp. 614–5.
- ISBN 0-7486-1625-X, pp. 664–5.
- ^ "Briefing". Universities Scotland. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 1 April 2011.
- ^ "UHI is awarded taught degree awarding powers". Highland Council. 26 June 2008. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
- ^ "Cabinet Secretary for Education and Skills". Scottish Government. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
- ^ "The Privy Council, Standard Note: SN/PC/3708" (PDF). The Privy Council. 5 July 2005. pp. 5–6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 December 2011. Retrieved 6 July 2010.
- ^ "Degree-awarding powers and university title". Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education (QAA). 29 November 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
- ^ "Higher Education". The Scottish Government. Retrieved 6 July 2010.
- ^ "Universities Scotland". Retrieved 7 September 2010.
- ^ "EU Residence Guide - Tuition Fee Status of Students Starting Studies in 2021-22" (PDF). saas.gov.uk. Student Awards Agency Scotland. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
- ^ "What is the income of HE providers?". hesa.ac.uk. Higher Education Statistics Agency. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
- ^ Walker, Alan (19 March 2014). "Scottish Universities Summer Schools in Physics". Retrieved 13 November 2014.
- ^ "Complete University Guide 2024". The Complete University Guide. 8 June 2023.
- ^ "Guardian University Guide 2024". The Guardian. 9 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
- ^ "Good University Guide 2024". The Times. 15 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
- ^ "Academic Ranking of World Universities 2023". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 15 August 2023.
- ^ "QS World University Rankings 2024". Quacquarelli Symonds Ltd. 27 June 2023.
- ^ "THE World University Rankings 2024". Times Higher Education. 28 September 2023. Retrieved 28 September 2023.
- ^ Vikki Bolivera, "Are there distinctive clusters of higher and lower status universities in the UK?", Oxford Review of Education, 41 (5), 2015, pp. 608–27, DOI 10.1080/03054985.2015.1082905.
- ^ "REF 2021 Outputs". Times Higher Education. Retrieved 2 May 2022.