Scuderia Ferrari

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Italy Ferrari
Traditional Scuderia Ferrari badge
Full nameScuderia Ferrari
BaseMaranello, Province of Modena, Italy 44°31′59″N 10°51′47″E / 44.533124°N 10.863097°E / 44.533124; 10.863097 (Ferrari's facilities at Maranello)
Team principal(s)Frédéric Vasseur[1]
Diego Ioverno (Racing Director & Head of Track Area)
Technical DirectorsEnrico Cardile (Technical Director - Chassis)
Enrico Gualtieri (Technical Director - Power Unit)
Fabio Montecchi (Concept of Vehicle & Project of Chassis)
Enrico Racca (Head of Supply Chain & Manufacturing)
Founder(s)Enzo Ferrari
Websitewww.ferrari.com/formula1
2024 Formula One World Championship
Race drivers16. Monaco Charles Leclerc[2]
38. United Kingdom Oliver Bearman
55. Spain Carlos Sainz Jr.[3]
Test drivers99. Italy Antonio Giovinazzi[4]
Israel Robert Shwartzman[4]
United Kingdom Oliver Bearman[4]
ChassisSF-24
EngineFerrari 066/12
TyresPirelli
Formula One World Championship career
First entry1950 Monaco Grand Prix
Last entry2024 Chinese Grand Prix
Races entered1080[a] (1077 starts[b])
EnginesFerrari
Constructors'
Championships
16 (1961, 1964, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2008)
Drivers'
Championships
15 (1952, 1953, 1956, 1958, 1961, 1964, 1975, 1977, 1979, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007)
Race victories243[c]
Podiums807[d]
Pole positions249
Fastest laps260[e]
2023 position3rd (406 pts)
Ferrari as a Formula One chassis constructor
Formula One World Championship career
EnginesFerrari, Jaguar[5]
EntrantsScuderia Ferrari, NART, numerous minor teams and privateers between 1950 and 1966
First entry1950 Monaco Grand Prix
Last entry2024 Chinese Grand Prix
Races entered1080 (1078 starts[f])
Race victories244[g]
Constructors' Championships16 (1961, 1964, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2008)
Drivers'
Championships
15 (1952, 1953, 1956, 1958, 1961, 1964, 1975, 1977, 1979, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007)
Podiums812
PointsWCC: 9792
WDC: 10693.77[i]
Pole positions249
Fastest laps261[h]
Ferrari as a Formula One engine manufacturer
Formula One World Championship career
First entry1950 Monaco Grand Prix
Last entry2024 Chinese Grand Prix
Races entered1084 (1080 starts)
ChassisFerrari, Kurtis Kraft, Cooper, De Tomaso, Minardi, Dallara, Lola, Red Bull, Toro Rosso, Spyker, Force India, Sauber, Marussia, Haas, Alfa Romeo
Constructors' Championships16 (1961, 1964, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2008)
Drivers'
Championships
15 (1952, 1953, 1956, 1958, 1961, 1964, 1975, 1977, 1979, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007)
Race victories245
Podiums818
PointsWCC: 10814
WDC: 11406.79
Pole positions251
Fastest laps269

Scuderia Ferrari

S.p.A. (Italian: [skudeˈriːa ferˈraːri]) is the racing division of luxury Italian auto manufacturer Ferrari and the racing team that competes in Formula One racing. The team is also known by the nickname "The Prancing Horse" (Italian: il Cavallino Rampante or simply il Cavallino), in reference to their logo. It is the oldest surviving and most successful Formula One team, having competed in every world championship since 1950
.

The team was founded by

Monza
is regarded as the team's home race.

As a constructor in Formula One, Ferrari has a record 16 Constructors' Championships. Their most recent Constructors' Championship was won in 2008. The team also holds the record for the most Drivers' Championships with 15, won by nine different drivers including Alberto Ascari, Juan Manuel Fangio, Mike Hawthorn, Phil Hill, John Surtees, Niki Lauda, Jody Scheckter, Michael Schumacher, and Kimi Räikkönen. Räikkönen's title in 2007 is the most recent for the team. The 2020 Tuscan Grand Prix marked Ferrari's 1000th Grand Prix in Formula One.

Schumacher is the team's most successful driver. Joining the team in 1996 and driving for them until his first retirement in 2006, he won five consecutive drivers' titles and 72 Grands Prix for the team. His titles came consecutively between 2000 and 2004, and the team won consecutive constructors' titles between 1999 and 2004, marking the era as the most successful period in the team's history. The team's drivers for the 2024 season are Charles Leclerc and Carlos Sainz Jr. The latter will be replaced by Lewis Hamilton in 2025.

History

Alfa Romeo 8C 2900 Scuderia Ferrari

Scuderia Ferrari was founded by Enzo Ferrari in 1929 to enter amateur drivers in various races.[6] Ferrari himself had raced in Costruzioni Meccaniche Nazionali and Alfa Romeo cars before that date. The idea came about on the night of 16 November at a dinner in Bologna, where Ferrari solicited financial help from textile heirs Augusto and Alfredo Caniato and wealthy amateur racer Mario Tadini. He then gathered a team which at its peak included over forty drivers, most of whom raced in various Alfa Romeo 8C cars; Ferrari himself continued racing, with moderate success, until the birth of his first son Dino in 1932. The prancing horse blazon first appeared at the 1932 Spa 24 Hours in Belgium on a two-car team of Alfa Romeo 8C 2300 Spiders, which finished first and second.

In 1933, Alfa Romeo experienced economic difficulties and withdrew its team from racing. From then, the Scuderia Ferrari became the acting racing team of Alfa Romeo when the factory released to the Scuderia the up to date

Portello, Milan
. The Viale Trento e Trieste facilities remained active to assist the racing customers.

Enzo Ferrari (first from left), Tazio Nuvolari (fourth), and Achille Varzi (sixth) with Alfa Romeo managing director Prospero Gianferrari (third) at Colle Maddalena

Enzo Ferrari disagreed with this policy change and was dismissed by Alfa in 1939. In October 1939, Enzo Ferrari left Alfa when the racing activity stopped and founded Auto Avio Costruzioni Ferrari, which also manufactured machine tools. The agreement with Alfa included the condition that he would not use the Ferrari name on cars for four years. In the winter of 1939–1940, Ferrari started work on a racecar of his own, the Tipo 815 (eight cylinders, 1.5 L displacement).[8] The 815s, designed by Alberto Massimino, were thus the first true Ferrari cars. After Alberto Ascari and the Marchese Lotario Rangoni Machiavelli di Modena drove them in the 1940 Mille Miglia, World War II put a temporary end to racing and the 815s saw no more competition. Ferrari continued to manufacture machine tools (specifically oleodynamic grinding machines). In 1943, he moved his headquarters to Maranello, where it was bombed in November 1944 and February 1945.[9][10]

Rules for a Grand Prix World Championship had been established before the war; it took several years afterwards for the series to become active. Meanwhile, Ferrari rebuilt his works in Maranello and constructed the 12-cylinder, 1.5 L

S.p.A., while the name SEFAC (Società Esercizio Fabbriche Automobili e Corse) was used for the racing department.[11]

Headquarters

The team was based in Modena from its pre-war founding until 1943, when Enzo Ferrari moved the team to a new factory in Maranello in 1943,[12] and both Scuderia Ferrari and Ferrari's road car factory remain at Maranello to this day. The team owns and operates a test track on the same site, the Fiorano Circuit built in 1972, which is used for testing road and race cars.

Identity

The team is named after its founder Enzo Ferrari. Scuderia is Italian for a stable reserved for racing horses,[13] and is also commonly applied to Italian motor racing teams. The prancing horse was the symbol used on Italian World War I ace Francesco Baracca's fighter plane. It became the logo of Ferrari after the fallen ace's parents, close acquaintances of Enzo Ferrari, suggested that Ferrari use the symbol as the logo of the Scuderia, telling him it would "bring him good luck".[14]

Formula One

Since its debut in 1950, Ferrari has become a byword for Formula One. For many, Ferrari and Formula One racing have become inseparable, being the only team to have competed in every season since the world championship began.[15]

Engine supply

Ferrari produces engines for its own

Sauber (1997–2005 with engines badged as Petronas, and 2010–2025), Prost (2001, badged Acer), Red Bull Racing (2006), Spyker (2007), Scuderia Toro Rosso (2007–2013, 2016), Force India (2008), and Marussia (2014–2015). When regulations changed in 2014, Cosworth decided not to make the new V6 turbo engines. Marussia, Cosworth's only team at the time, signed a multi-year deal with Ferrari, beginning in 2014. For the 2024 season, Ferrari supplies the Haas F1 Team and Sauber Motorsport.[16]

Relationship with governing body

Ferrari did not enter the first-ever race of the championship, the 1950 British Grand Prix, due to a dispute with the organisers over "start money". In the 1960s, Ferrari withdrew from several races in strike actions. In 1987, Ferrari considered abandoning Formula One for the American IndyCar series. This threat was used as a bargaining tool with the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), and Enzo Ferrari offered to cancel the IndyCar Project and commit to Formula One on the condition that the technical regulations were not changed to exclude V12 engines. The FIA agreed to this, and the IndyCar project was shelved, although a car, the Ferrari 637, had already been constructed. In 2009, it had emerged that Ferrari had an FIA-sanctioned veto on the technical regulations.[17]

Team orders controversies

Team orders have proven controversial at several points in Ferrari's history. At the 1982 San Marino Grand Prix, the two Ferraris were leading with Gilles Villeneuve ahead of Didier Pironi. The team showed the slow sign to its drivers, and, as per a pre-race agreement, the driver leading at that point was expected to take the win of the Grand Prix. Villeneuve slowed and expected that Pironi would follow; the latter did not and instead passed Villeneuve. Villeneuve was angered by what he saw as a betrayal by his teammate and, at one point, had even refused to go onto the podium.[18] This feud is often considered to have been a contributory factor to his fatal accident in qualifying at the next race, the 1982 Belgian Grand Prix.[19][20]

At the

FIA, the sport's governing body.[21][22] Following this incident and others in which team orders were used, such as McLaren's use of them at the 1997 European Grand Prix and at the 1998 Australian Grand Prix, and Jordan Grand Prix's at the 1998 Belgian Grand Prix, team orders in Formula One were officially banned ahead of the 2003 season.[23][24][25]

On lap 49 of the 2010 German Grand Prix, Fernando Alonso went past Felipe Massa for the race lead, after Ferrari had informed Massa that Alonso was "faster than him". This communication has widely been interpreted as a team order from Ferrari. Alonso won the race, with Massa finishing second and Sebastian Vettel taking the final place on the podium.[26] Ferrari were fined the maximum penalty available to the stewards, $100,000, for breach of regulations and for "bringing the sport into disrepute" as per "Article 151c' of the International Sporting Code". Ferrari said they would not contest the fine. The team were referred to the FIA World Motor Sport Council, where they upheld the stewards' view but did not take any further action.[27][28] The ban on team orders was subsequently lifted for the 2011 season.[29]

Formula One team sponsorship

The Ferrari Formula One team was resistant to the

Marlboro withdrew its sponsorship agreement with McLaren after 22 years (since the 1974 season) to become the title sponsor of Ferrari, resulting to the change of the official team's name to Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro from the beginning of the 1997 season until the 2011 European Grand Prix. Marlboro had already been Ferrari's minor sponsor since the 1984 season and increased to the team's major sponsorship in the 1993
season.

A Ferrari truck displaying Ferrari's sponsors in 2008

Alongside

F1 Racing magazine judged it to be a black day for the sport, putting non-tobacco funded teams at a disadvantage and discouraging other brands from entering a sport still associated with tobacco. The magazine estimated that between 2005 and 2011, Ferrari received $1 billion from the agreement. The last time Ferrari ran explicit tobacco sponsorship on the car was at the 2007 Chinese Grand Prix
, with barcodes and other subliminal markers used afterwards.

Ferrari SF90, driven by Charles Leclerc, with Mission Winnow branding at the 2019 Chinese Grand Prix

On 8 July 2011, it was announced that the Marlboro section of its official team name had been removed from the 2011 British Grand Prix onwards, following complaints from sponsorship regulators.[31] As a consequence, the official team's name was reverted to Scuderia Ferrari. At the 2018 Japanese Grand Prix, Ferrari added Philip Morris International's new Mission Winnow project logos to the car and team clothing.[32] Although Mission Winnow is described as a non-tobacco brand "dedicated to science, technology and innovation", commentators such as The Guardian's Richard Williams have noted that the logos incorporate elements whose shapes mimic the iconic Marlboro cigarette packet design.[33] In 2019, Mission Winnow became the team's title sponsor, and the team originally entered the 2019 season as Scuderia Ferrari Mission Winnow.[34] Mission Winnow was dropped from team name before the season opener,[35] while the car's Mission Winnow logos were replaced by a special 90th anniversary logo,[36] after Australian authorities had launched an investigation into whether the initiative introduced by Philip Morris contravened laws banning tobacco advertising.[37] Mission Winnow was restored for the second race of the season,[38] and was used until the Monaco Grand Prix.[39] The Mission Winnow logos were again replaced by the 90th anniversary logos for the Canadian until the Russian Grand Prix.[37] The Mission Winnow branding returned at the Japanese Grand Prix.[40] At the end of the 2021 season, the Mission Winnow sponsorship was dropped to promote new technologies.[41]

On 10 September 2009, Ferrari announced that it would be sponsored by

Santander and Ferrari renewed their partnership on 21 December 2021 with a multi-year contract.[44] As part of the deal with Acer, Acer was allowed to sell Ferrari-badged laptops.[45] On the other hand, semiconductor chip maker AMD, announced in early 2009 that it had decided to drop its sponsorship of the team and was waiting for its contract to expire after its former vice-president/sales executive (who was an avid fan of motorsports) had left the company.[46] AMD returned to sponsor the team in 2018.[47] On 3 July 2014, Ferrari announced a two-year sponsorship agreement with the United States-based Haas Automation tool company, which transferred into a powertrain deal in 2016 when the Haas F1 Team entered the sport.[48]

On 14 April 2018,

Other racing series

Formula Two

Ferrari 500 F2

Ferrari competed in the

Formula 2
series in several years, as follows:

  • 1948–51: 166 F2
  • 1951–53:
    500 F2
  • 1953:
    553 F2
  • 1957–60:
    Dino 156 F2
  • 1967–69:
    Dino 166 F2

Sportscar racing

1949 Mille Miglia and Le Mans-winning Ferrari 166 MM

From the late 1940s to the early 1970s, Ferrari competed in sports car racing with great success, winning the overall

Shelby Cobra
of the early 1960s. Ferrari cars, being able to win at the first try at Le Mans and to triumph in all the major races of the time, become soon a product of excellence and famous, rich people started to desire and buy them.

Ferrari 250 MM
Ferrari 375 Plus that won Silverstone International in 1954
Eugenio Castellotti winning the 1956 Mille Miglia with Ferrari 290 MM

The streak of prestigious victories continued the following seasons with wins at the

340 MM, 375 MM, 375 Plus, and 410 S; and Jano-powered 290 MM, 315 S, and 335 S; the four-cylinder 500, 625, 750, and 860 Monzas; and the six-cylinder 376 S and 735 LM
. With this potent line-up, Ferrari was able to claim six of the first seven WSC titles (1953, 1954, 1956, 1957, and 1958).

1000 km Nürburgring
1000 km Nürburgring
1000km Monza
, 1967

In the first half of the 1960s, Ferrari continued to enjoy considerable success, including six overall wins in a row at the 24 Hours of Le Mans (from 1960 to 1965). With the introduction of the

Sports Prototypes class, the team developed the Ferrari P series of cars. Up to the 1964 season, they faced little competition from major manufacturers, as only Porsche stayed in the series albeit with smaller engined cars that were able to be competitive only in selected races where engine power was less relevant and overall lightness was a premium, such as at the Targa Florio or at the Nurburgring. At the end of 1963, a conflict between Ferrari and Ford over the potential acquisition of the Italian manufacturer by the American giant carmaker gave way to the famous "Ford vs. Ferrari war", a sort of modern David vs. Goliath battle that changed international motorsport forever. Ford decided to enter endurance racing pouring unprecedented amounts of money in the development of a racing department in England with the objective to beat Ferrari in this category of races. The Ford GT40
was born and developed in the years following that initiative. After a few years, Ford entered also the Formula One championship. No European manufacturer was able to compete with this level of investment at the time, and Ford engines dominated Formula One racing for over a decade. Moreover, the advent of the American carmaker brought along munificent sponsorships from American tobacco and oil companies, in addition to a bigger level of media coverage to the sport. Ferrari was able to prevail in the 1964 and 1965 seasons both in the championship and at the 24 Hours of Le Mans but had to concede Ford the victory in the 1966 championship and Le Mans race, when the 7-litre GT40 had a dominant season.

Ferrari 312 PB
Ferrari 333 SP

In 1967, the last where Ford and Ferrari could battle on the tarmac, saw Ferrari taking the championship but losing at the 24 Hours of Le Mans race. This last race was really controversial as the race timing completely disappeared for some hours during nighttime before reappearing with altered results. This and other controversial aspects of the race were recounted by the late

grand touring (GT) racing at the end of the year to concentrate on Formula One. This choice paid off and Ferrari was able to contend the Formula One title already from the 1974 season and then went on to win several titles in the following years. After Ferrari withdrawal from the WSC, the series soon saw a decline in the level of competition and reduced almost to a one-contender show until the 1987 season, when several manufacturers entered the championship again. Since the 1985 season, the championship was declassed to a team one and there was not a largely participated world manufacturer title for sportscars until the inception of the FIA World Endurance Championship (WEC). Ferrari cars were raced in a range of classes, such as GT racing by other entrants, but not by the factory Scuderia Ferrari team. In the 1990s, Ferrari returned to sports prototypes as a constructor with the Ferrari 333 SP
with success, although Scuderia Ferrari itself never raced this car.

#51 AF Corse Ferrari 488 GTE, 2018 6 Hours of Silverstone

From 2006, Ferrari returned to GT car racing with a factory effort Ferrari Competizioni GT, in partnership with racing teams, such as

Ferrari 488 GT3 scored the overall win at the 2017 12 Hours of Bathurst and the 2021 24 Hours of Spa
.

Ferrari 499P

In 2023, after a 50-year hiatus, Ferrari returned to the top class of endurance racing with its new

24 Hours of Nürburgring
.

Personnel and statistics

Formula One results

As a constructor, Ferrari has achieved the following statistics:

  • Constructors' Championship winning percentage: 24.2%
  • Drivers' Championship winning percentage: 20.3%
  • Winning percentage: 22.6%[g]

Formula One records

Ferrari has achieved unparalleled success in Formula One and holds many significant records including (all numbers are based on World Championship events only). Ferrari is the most successful Formula One engine manufacturer with 245 wins, having achieved a single non-Ferrari victory with Scuderia Toro Rosso at the 2008 Italian Grand Prix, as well as one Ferrari privateer win at the 1961 French Grand Prix.

Record As a team As a constructor
Most Constructors' Championships 16 16
Most Drivers' Championships 15 15
Most Grands Prix participated 1080[a] 1080
Most Grands Prix started 1077[b] 1078[f]
Most wins 243[c] 244[g]
Most podium finishes 807 (in 616 races)[d][j] 812 (in 619 races)[k][j]
Most 1–2 finishes 85[l] 86[m]
Most pole positions 249 249
Most 1–2 qualifying results 83[n] 83[o]
Most fastest laps 260[e] 261[h]
Most laps led 15746[p] 15753[q]
Most Constructors' Championship points 9792
Most Drivers' Championship points 10693.77[i]

Drivers' Champions

Nine drivers have won the Drivers' Championship while driving for Ferrari, winning a total of fifteen Drivers' Championships.[52]

Team principals / sporting directors

Privateer entries

Between 1950 and 1966, numerous privateer teams entered Ferrari cars in World Championship events. Between them, these teams achieved five podium finishes, including Giancarlo Baghetti's win at the 1961 French Grand Prix, and one fastest lap (Baghetti at the 1961 Italian Grand Prix). The 1966 Italian Grand Prix was the last time a Ferrari car was entered by a privateer team when Giancarlo Baghetti drove a private Ferrari car entered by the British Reg Parnell team.

Ferrari-supplied Formula One engine results

Constructor Season(s) Win(s) Pole position(s) Fastest lap(s) First win Last win
Italy Ferrari 1950–present 244 249 261 1951 British Grand Prix 2024 Australian Grand Prix
United States Kurtis Kraft 1956 0 0 0
United Kingdom Cooper 1960, 1966 0 0 0
Italy De Tomaso 1963 0 0 0
Italy Minardi 1991 0 0 0
Italy Scuderia Italia 19921993 0 0 0
United Kingdom Red Bull Racing 2006 0 0 0
Netherlands Spyker 2007 0 0 0
Italy Toro Rosso 20072013, 2016 1 1 1 2008 Italian Grand Prix 2008 Italian Grand Prix
India Force India 2008 0 0 0
Switzerland Sauber 20102018, 2024–present 0 0 3
Russia Marussia 20142015 0 0 0
United States Haas 2016–present 0 1 2
Switzerland Alfa Romeo 20192023 0 0 2
Total 1950–present 245 251 269

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ a b Includes NART entries.
  2. ^ a b Includes NART entries. Does not include the 1950 French Grand Prix, where the team-entered cars did not start the race but Peter Whitehead in a privately entered car did.
  3. ^ a b Does not include Giancarlo Baghetti's win in the 1961 French Grand Prix in a privately entered Ferrari.
  4. ^ a b Includes NART entries. Does not include five podium finishes achieved in privately entered Ferraris.
  5. ^ a b This is the number of different World Championship races in which a team-entered Ferrari set the fastest lap time. In both the 1954 British Grand Prix and 1970 Austrian Grand Prix, two drivers each set equal fastest lap time in team-entered Ferraris. This number does not include Giancarlo Baghetti's fastest lap in the 1961 Italian Grand Prix in a privately entered Ferrari.
  6. ^ a b Includes the 1950 French Grand Prix, where the team-entered cars did not start the race but Peter Whitehead in a privately entered car did.
  7. ^ a b c Includes Giancarlo Baghetti's win in the 1961 French Grand Prix in a privately entered Ferrari.
  8. ^ a b This is the number of different World Championship races in which a Ferrari car set the fastest lap time. In both the 1954 British Grand Prix and 1970 Austrian Grand Prix, two drivers each set equal fastest lap time in Ferraris. This number includes Giancarlo Baghetti's fastest lap in the 1961 Italian Grand Prix in a privately entered Ferrari.
  9. ^ a b The extra 901.77 points (in drivers' vs. constructors' tally) are Ferrari drivers' points from 1950 to 1957, before the World Constructors' Championship was established in 1958, plus the fact that before 1979, only the highest-placed car per constructor scored points towards the Constructors' Championship
  10. ^ a b Does not include Gilles Villeneuve's third-place finish at the 1982 United States Grand Prix West from which he, despite having participated in a podium ceremony, was eventually disqualified.
  11. ^ Includes NART entries. Includes five podium finishes achieved in privately entered Ferraris.
  12. ^ Does not include the 1952 Swiss Grand Prix, where a team-entered Ferrari finished first, and a privately entered Ferrari finished second.
  13. ^ Includes the 1952 Swiss Grand Prix, where a team-entered Ferrari finished first, and a privately entered Ferrari finished second.
  14. ^ Record shared with Mercedes
  15. ^ Record shared with Mercedes
  16. ^ Does not include Giancarlo Baghetti's 7 laps in the lead at the 1961 French Grand Prix in a privately entered Ferrari.
  17. ^ Includes Giancarlo Baghetti's 7 laps in the lead at the 1961 French Grand Prix in a privately entered Ferrari.

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External links

Achievements
Preceded by Formula One Constructors' Champion
1961
Succeeded by
Preceded by Formula One Constructors' Champion
1964
Succeeded by
Preceded by Formula One Constructors' Champion
197519761977
Succeeded by
Preceded by Formula One Constructors' Champion
1979
Succeeded by
Preceded by Formula One Constructors' Champion
19821983
Succeeded by
Preceded by Formula One Constructors' Champion
199920002001200220032004
Succeeded by
Preceded by Formula One Constructors' Champion
20072008
Succeeded by
Awards
Preceded by Lorenzo Bandini Trophy
2017
Succeeded by