Scutari vilayet
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Vilâyet-i İşkodra Vilajeti i Shkodrës | |||||||||||
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the Ottoman Empire | |||||||||||
1867–1913 | |||||||||||
Flag | |||||||||||
The Scutari Vilayet in 1867–1912 | |||||||||||
Capital | Scutari (present-day Shkodër) | ||||||||||
Area | |||||||||||
• Coordinates | 42°4′N 19°30′E / 42.067°N 19.500°E | ||||||||||
Population | |||||||||||
• 1911[1] | 349,455 | ||||||||||
History | |||||||||||
1867 | |||||||||||
1913 | |||||||||||
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Today part of | Montenegro Albania |
The Vilayet of Scutari, Shkodër or Shkodra (Turkish: İşkodra Vilayeti or Vilayet-i İşkodra; Albanian: Vilajeti i Shkodrës) was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire that existed from 1867 to 1913, located in parts of what today is Montenegro and Albania. In the late 19th century it reportedly had an area of 13,800 square kilometres (5,310 square miles).[2]
History
The Scutari Vilayet was established in 1867.
In 1867, the
In the late Ottoman period, unlike in other areas of the empire, Albanian Catholics in İşkodra vilayet had access to emerging Albanian language schooling subsidized by Austria-Hungary.[7] Local Catholic clergy were also involved in developing mostly religious Albanian literature, aimed at preserving and strengthening the Roman Catholic faith in the region.[7] Due partly to the location of being near the border with Montenegro the state exempted the townspeople of İşkodra from regular military service and unlike other urban dwellers within the empire they paid fewer taxes.[7]
Ottoman control mainly existed in the few urban centres and valleys of the vilayet and was minimal and almost non-existent in the mountains, where Malisors (Albanian highlanders) lived an autonomous existence according to
The Malisors (highlanders) lived in three geographical regions within İşkodra sanjak.[9] Malesia e Madhe (great highlands) with its religiously mixed Catholic-Muslim five large (Hoti, Kelmendi, Shkreli, Kastrati and Gruda) and seven small tribes; Malesia e Vogel (small highlands) with seven Catholic tribes such as the Shala, Shoshi, Toplana, Nikaj; and Mirdita, which was also a large powerful tribe that could mobilise 5,000 irregular troops.[9] The government estimated the military strength of Malisors in İşkodra sanjak as numbering over 30,000 tribesmen and Ottoman officials were of the view that the highlanders could defeat Montenegro on their own with limited state assistance.[10]
Dıraç sanjak contained the fertile plain of Zadrima between Mirdita and the Drin river.
In 1912 and beginning of 1913 it was occupied by members of
Administrative divisions
Sanjaks of the Vilayet:[14]
- Sanjak of Scutari (Shkodër, Lezhë, Orosh, Pukë, Tuzi)
- Sanjak of Durrës (Durrës, Tirana, Krujë, Kavajë, Shijak)
Demographics
During the 1880s, the population of İşkodra vilayet ranged between 200,000 and 300,000 people, split between the two sanjaks of İşkodra (Catholic majority) and Dıraç (Muslim majority).[7] Albanians were the main ethnicity in the vilayet consisting more than 90 percent of the population.[7]
Ottoman-Albanian intellectual Sami Frashëri during the 1880s estimated the population of Shkodër as numbering 37,000 inhabitants that consisted of three-quarters being Muslims and the rest Christians made up of mostly Catholics and a few hundred Orthodox.[15]
1874 estimation
According to Russian consulate Ivan Yastrebov's estimations, there were 80.000 Catholic males, 20.000 Orthodox males, and 9.500 Muslim males in the Sanjak of Scutari. The majority of the population spoke the Albanian language. He asserted that the Orthodox, and a number of Muslims, spoke the Serbian language.[16]
1911 estimation
According to Ottoman census data, the total population of the vilayet in 1911 was 349,455 with the following ethnoreligious composition (Orthodox Serbs and Albanians were counted as Greeks):[17]
1912 estimation
A publication from 21 December 1912 in the Belgian magazine Ons Volk Ontwaakt (Our Nation Awakes) estimated 185,200 inhabitants:[18]
- Muslim Albanians - 80,000
- Muslim Serbs - 40,000
- Orthodox Serbs - 30,000
- Catholic Albanians - 14,000
- Orthodox Vlachs - 10,000
- Jews - 5,000
- Muslim Gypsies - 5,000
- Muslim Turks - 1,200
See also
History of Albania |
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Timeline |
- Vilayets of the Ottoman Empire
References
- ^ Teaching Modern Southeast European History Archived 20 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Alternative Educational Materials, p. 26
- Éliseé Reclus, p. 152
- ^ Bayly Winder, Richard (1969). Near Eastern round table, 1967-68. New York: Near East Center and the Center for International Studies, New York University. p. 110. Retrieved 29 September 2011.
In June 1867, thirteen new vilayets were formed: Bursa, Dardanelles, ... Ankara, Diyarbekir (Kurdistan), Sivas , Kastamonu, Thessaloniki (Salanik), Konya, and Yanina (Epirus and Thessaly), Prizren, and Ishkodra (Scutari of Albania).
- ^ Ćorović, Vladimir (1933). Istorija Jugoslavije (in Serbian). Beograd: Narodno Delo. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
Год. 1499. припојена је била Црна Гора скадарском санџакату. Али, год. 1514. одвојио је султан поново и поставио јој за управника, као санџак-бега, потурченог Станишу, односно Скендер-бега Црнојевића.
- ^ Ćorović, Vladimir (1933). Istorija Jugoslavije (in Serbian). Beograd: Narodno Delo. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
1528... Црна Гора је потом поново припојена скадарском санџакату и остала је са извесним ... правима његов саставни део...
- ^ Gençoğlu, Mustafa (16 October 2017). "İŞKODRA VİLAYETİ'NİN İDARİ TAKSİMATI VE YAPISI (1867/1868-1908)". Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 13 (3) – via dergipark.ulakbim.gov.tr.
- ^ a b c d e f g Gawrych 2006, p. 29.
- ^ a b Gawrych 2006, p. 30.
- ^ a b Gawrych 2006, pp. 31–32.
- ^ Gawrych 2006, p. 33.
- ^ a b c Gawrych 2006, pp. 33–34.
- ^ Gawrych 2006, p. 28.
- ISBN 978-1-86064-541-9.
- ^ "İşkodra Vilayeti - Tarih ve Medeniyet". 8 October 2009.
- ISBN 9781845112875.
- OCLC 29549273; Гласник Српског ученог друштва, књ. XL. стр. 182-183
- ^ Teaching Modern Southeast European History Archived 2012-03-20 at the Wayback Machine. Alternative Educational Materials, p. 26
- ^ Published on 21 December 1912 in the Belgian magazine Ons Volk Ontwaakt (Our Nation Awakes) - view the table of Vilajet Skutari: Skynet GodsdBalkan
External links
Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 518–519.
.- Media related to Scutari Vilayet at Wikimedia Commons