Seabed Arms Control Treaty
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (February 2011) |
Treaty on the Prohibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Sea-Bed and the Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil Thereof | |
---|---|
Signed | 11 February 1971 |
Effective | 18 May 1972 |
Condition | 22 ratifications (including depositary states) |
Signatories | 84 |
Parties | 94[1] (as of May 2014) |
Depositary | Governments of the United States of America, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics |
Languages | English, French, Russian, Spanish and Chinese |
Full text | |
Seabed Arms Control Treaty at Wikisource |
The Seabed Arms Control Treaty (or Seabed Treaty, formally the Treaty on the Prohibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Sea-Bed and the Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil thereof) is a multilateral agreement between the
Like the
History
In the 1960s, advances in the technology of oceanography and greatly increased interest in the vast and virtually untapped resources of the ocean floor led to concern that the absence of clearly established rules of law might lead to strife. There were concurrent fears that nations might use the seabed as a new environment for military installations, including those capable of launching nuclear weapons.
In keeping with a proposal submitted to the
Status
List of parties
The Seabed Arms Control Treaty was opened for signature in Washington, London, and Moscow on 11 February 1971.[2] It entered into force 18 May 1972, when the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and more than 22 nations had deposited instruments of ratification. As of October 2018, 94 current states are parties to the treaty, while another 21 have signed the treaty but have not completed ratification.[1]
Multiple dates indicate the different days in which states submitted their signature or deposition, which varied by location. This location is noted by: (L) for London, (M) for Moscow, and (W) for Washington.
State[1][3][4][5] | Signed | Deposited | Method |
---|---|---|---|
Afghanistan | Feb 11, 1971 (L, M, W) | Apr 22, 1971 (M) Apr 23, 1971 (L) May 21, 1971 (W) |
Ratification |
Algeria | Jan 27, 1992 (W) | Accession | |
Antigua and Barbuda | Nov 16, 1988 (W) Dec 26, 1988 (M) Jan 26, 1989 (L) |
Succession from United Kingdom | |
Argentina | Sep 3, 1971 (L, M, W) | Mar 21, 1983 (L, M, W) | Ratification |
Australia | Feb 11, 1971 (L, M, W) | Jan 23, 1973 (L, M, W) | Ratification |
Austria | Feb 11, 1971 (L, M, W) | Aug 10, 1972 (L, M, W) | Ratification |
Bahamas | Jun 7, 1989 (W) | Accession | |
Belarus | Mar 3, 1971 (M) | Sep 14, 1971 (M) | Ratified as the Byelorussian SSR |
Belgium | Feb 11, 1971 (L, M, W) | Nov 20, 1972 (L, M, W) | Ratification |
Benin | Mar 18, 1971 (W) | Jun 19, 1986 (M) Jul 2, 1986 (L) Jul 7, 1986 (W) |
Ratification |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | Aug 15, 1994 (W) | Succession from SFR Yugoslavia | |
Botswana | Feb 11, 1971 (W) | Nov 10, 1972 (W) | Ratification |
Brazil | Sep 3, 1971 (L, M, W) | May 10, 1988 (L, W) Aug 4, 1988 (M) |
Ratification |
Bulgaria | Feb 11, 1971 (L, M, W) | Apr 16, 1971 (M) May 7, 1971 (W) May 26, 1971 (L) |
Ratification |
Canada | Feb 11, 1971 (L, M, W) | May 17, 1972 (L, M, W) | Ratification |
Cape Verde | Oct 24, 1979 (M) | Accession | |
Central African Republic | Feb 11, 1971 (W) | Jul 9, 1981 (W) | Ratification |
China | Feb 28, 1991 (L, M, W) | Accession | |
Congo | Oct 23, 1978 (W) | Accession | |
Côte d'Ivoire | Jan 14, 1972 (M, W) | Accession | |
Cuba | Jun 3, 1977 (M) | Accession | |
Cyprus | Feb 11, 1971 (L, M, W) | Nov 17, 1971 (L, M) Dec 30, 1971 (W) |
Ratification |
Czech Republic | Jan 1, 1993 (W) Apr 5, 1993 (L) Apr 9, 1993 (M) |
Succession from Czechoslovakia | |
Denmark | Feb 11, 1971 (L, M, W) | Jun 15, 1971 (L, M, W) | Ratification |
Dominican Republic | Feb 11, 1971 (W) | Feb 11, 1972 (W) | Ratification |
Ethiopia | Feb 11, 1971 (L, M, W) | Jul 12, 1977 (L) Jul 14, 1977 (M, W) |
Ratification |
Finland | Feb 11, 1971 (L, M, W) | Jun 8, 1971 (L, M, W) | Ratification |
Germany | Jun 8, 1971 (L, M, W) | Nov 18, 1975 (L, W) | Ratification |
Ghana | Feb 11, 1971 (L, M, W) | Aug 9, 1972 (W) | Ratification |
Greece | Feb 11, 1971 (M) Feb 12, 1971 (W) |
May 28, 1985 (L, M, W) | Ratification |
Guatemala | Feb 11, 1971 (W) | Apr 1, 1996 (W) | Ratification |
Guinea-Bissau | Aug 20, 1976 (M) | Accession | |
Hungary | Feb 11, 1971 (L, M, W) | Aug 13, 1971 (L, M, W) | Ratification |
Iceland | Feb 11, 1971 (L, M, W) | May 30, 1972 (L, M, W) | Ratification |
India | Jul 20, 1973 (L, M, W) | Accession | |
Iran | Feb 11, 1971 (L, M, W) | Aug 26, 1971 (L, W) Sep 6, 1971 (M) |
Ratification |
Iraq | Feb 22, 1971 (M) | Sep 13, 1972 (M) | Ratification |
Ireland | Feb 11, 1971 (L, W) | Aug 19, 1971 (L, W) | Ratification |
Italy | Feb 11, 1971 (L, M, W) | Sep 3, 1974 (L, M, W) | Ratification |
Jamaica | Oct 11, 1971 (L, W) Oct 14, 1971 (M) |
Jul 30, 1986 (L, M, W) | Ratification |
Japan | Feb 11, 1971 (L, M, W) | Jun 21, 1971 (L, M, W) | Ratification |
Jordan | Feb 11, 1971 (L, M, W) | Aug 17, 1971 (W) Aug 30, 1971 (M) Nov 1, 1971 (L) |
Ratification |
South Korea | Feb 11, 1971 (L, W) | Jun 25, 1987 (L, W) | Ratification |
Laos | Feb 11, 1971 (L, W) Feb 15, 1971 (M) |
Oct 19, 1971 (L) Oct 22, 1971 (M) Nov 3, 1971 (W) |
Ratification |
Latvia | Jun 24, 1992 (L) Aug 3, 1992 (W) Aug 21, 1992 (M) |
Accession | |
Lesotho | Sep 8, 1971 (W) | Apr 3, 1973 (W) | Ratification |
Libya | Jul 6, 1990 (M) | Accession | |
Liechtenstein | May 30, 1991 (L, W) May 31, 1991 (M) |
Accession | |
Luxembourg | Feb 11, 1971 (L, M, W) | Nov 11, 1982 (L, M, W) | Ratification |
Malaysia | May 20, 1971 (L, M, W) | Jun 21, 1972 (L, M, W) | Ratification |
Malta | Feb 11, 1971 (L, W) | May 4, 1971 (W) | Ratification |
Mauritius | Feb 11, 1971 (W) | Apr 23, 1971 (W) May 3, 1971 (L) May 18, 1971 (M) |
Ratification |
Mexico | Mar 23, 1984 (L, M, W) | Accession | |
Mongolia | Feb 11, 1971 (L, M) | Oct 8, 1971 (M) Nov 15, 1981 (L) |
Ratification |
Montenegro | Jun 3, 2006 (M) Dec 12, 2006 (L) |
Succession from FR Yugoslavia[a] | |
Morocco | Feb 11, 1971 (M, W) Feb 18, 1971 (L) |
Jul 26, 1971 (L) Aug 5, 1971 (W) Jan 18, 1972 (M) |
Ratification |
Nepal | Feb 11, 1971 (M, W) Feb 24, 1971 (L) |
Jul 6, 1971 (L) Jul 29, 1971 (M) Aug 9, 1971 (W) |
Ratification |
Netherlands | Feb 11, 1971 (L, M, W) | Jan 14, 1976 (L, M, W) | Ratification |
New Zealand | Feb 11, 1971 (L, M, W) | Feb 24, 1972 (L, M, W) | Ratification |
Nicaragua | Feb 11, 1971 (W) | Feb 7, 1973 (W) | Ratification |
Niger | Feb 11, 1971 (W) | Aug 9, 1971 (W) | Ratification |
Norway | Feb 11, 1971 (L, M, W) | Jun 28, 1971 (L, M) Jun 29, 1971 (W) |
Ratification |
Panama | Feb 11, 1971 (W) | Mar 20, 1974 (W) | Ratification |
Philippines | Nov 5, 1993 (L) | Accession | |
Poland | Feb 11, 1971 (L, M, W) | Nov 15, 1971 (L, M, W) | Ratification |
Portugal | Jun 24, 1975 (L, M, W) | Accession | |
Qatar | Nov 12, 1974 (L) | Accession | |
Romania | Feb 11, 1971 (L, M, W) | Jul 10, 1972 (L, M, W) | Ratification |
Russia | Feb 11, 1971 (L, M, W) | May 18, 1972 (L, M, W) | Ratified as the Soviet Union |
Rwanda | Feb 11, 1971 (W) | May 20, 1975 (L, M, W) | Ratification |
Saint Kitts and Nevis | May 18, 1972 (W) | Accession | |
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | May 13, 1999 (L) | Succession from United Kingdom | |
Sao Tome and Principe | Aug 24, 1979 (M) | Accession | |
Saudi Arabia | Jan 7, 1972 (W) | Jun 23, 1972 (W) | Ratification |
Serbia | Jun 3, 2006 (L, M) | Succession from FR Yugoslavia | |
Seychelles | Mar 12, 1985 (L) Mar 14, 1985 (M) Apr 8, 1985 (W) |
Accession | |
Singapore | May 5, 1971 (L, M, W) | Sep 10, 1976 (L, M, W) | Ratification |
Slovakia | Jan 1, 1993 (W) May 17, 1993 (L) Jun 25, 1993 (M) |
Succession from Czechoslovakia | |
Slovenia | Apr 7, 1992 (L) Aug 20, 1992 (W) |
Succession from SFR Yugoslavia | |
Solomon Islands | Jun 17, 1981 (L) | Succession from United Kingdom | |
South Africa | Feb 11, 1971 (W) | Nov 14, 1973 (W) Nov 26, 1973 (L) Nov 30, 1973 (M) |
Ratification |
Spain | Jul 15, 1987 (L, M, W) | Accession | |
Swaziland | Feb 11, 1971 (W) | Aug 9, 1971 (W) | Ratification |
Sweden | Feb 11, 1971 (L, M, W) | Apr 28, 1972 (L, M, W) | Ratification |
Switzerland | Feb 11, 1971 (L, M, W) | May 4, 1976 (L, M, W) | Ratification |
Togo | Apr 2, 1971 (W) | Jun 28, 1971 (W) | Ratification |
Tunisia | Feb 11, 1971 (L, M, W) | Oct 22, 1971 (M) Oct 28, 1971 (L) Oct 29, 1971 (W) |
Ratification |
Turkey | Feb 25, 1971 (L, M, W) | Oct 19, 1972 (W) Oct 25, 1972 (L) Oct 30, 1972 (M) |
Ratification |
Ukraine | Mar 3, 1971 (M) | Sep 3, 1971 (M) | Ratified as the Ukrainian SSR |
United Kingdom | Feb 11, 1971 (L, M, W) | May 18, 1972 (L, M, W) | Ratification |
United States | Feb 11, 1971 (L, M, W) | May 18, 1972 (L, M, W) | Ratification |
Vietnam | Jun 20, 1980 (M) | Accession as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam[b] | |
Yemen | Feb 23, 1971 (M) | Jun 1, 1979 (M) | Ratification |
Zambia | Oct 9, 1972 (L) Nov 1, 1972 (W) Nov 2, 1972 (M) |
Accession |
- Notes
State with limited recognition, abiding by treaty
The
State | Signed | Deposited | Method |
---|---|---|---|
Republic of China | Feb 11, 1971 | Feb 22, 1972 | Ratification |
States that have signed but not ratified
State | Signed |
---|---|
Bolivia | Feb 11, 1971 (L, M, W) |
Burundi | Feb 11, 1971 (M, W) |
Cambodia | Feb 11, 1971 (W) |
Cameroon | Nov 11, 1971 (M) |
Colombia | Feb 11, 1971 (W) |
Costa Rica | Feb 11, 1971 (W) |
Equatorial Guinea | Jun 4, 1971 (W) |
Gambia | May 18, 1971 (L) May 21, 1971 (M) Oct 29, 1971 (W) |
Guinea | Feb 11, 1971 (M, W) |
Honduras | Feb 11, 1971 (W) |
Lebanon | Feb 11, 1971 (L, M, W) |
Liberia | Feb 11, 1971 (W) |
Madagascar | Sep 14, 1971 (W) |
Mali | Feb 11, 1971 (W) Feb 15, 1971 (M) |
Myanmar | Feb 11, 1971 (L, M, W) |
Paraguay | Feb 23, 1971 (W) |
Senegal | Mar 17, 1971 (W) |
Sierra Leone | Feb 11, 1971 (L) Feb 12, 1971 (M) Feb 24, 1971 (W) |
Sudan | Feb 11, 1971 (L) Feb 12, 1971 (M) |
Tanzania | Feb 11, 1971 (W) |
Uruguay | Feb 11, 1971 (W) |
Non-signatory states
The remaining
- Albania
- Andorra
- Angola
- Armenia
- Azerbaijan
- Bahrain
- Bangladesh
- Barbados
- Belize
- Bhutan
- Brunei
- Burkina Faso
- Chad
- Chile
- Comoros
- Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Croatia
- Djibouti
- Dominica
- Ecuador
- Egypt
- El Salvador
- Eritrea
- Estonia
- Fiji
- France
- Gabon
- Georgia
- Grenada
- Guyana
- Haiti
- Indonesia
- Israel
- Kazakhstan
- Kenya
- Kiribati
- North Korea
- Kuwait
- Kyrgyzstan
- Lithuania
- Malawi
- Maldives
- Marshall Islands
- Mauritania
- Micronesia
- Moldova
- Monaco
- Mozambique
- Namibia
- Nauru
- Nigeria
- North Macedonia
- Oman
- Pakistan
- Palau
- Papua New Guinea
- Peru
- Saint Lucia
- Samoa
- San Marino
- Somalia
- South Sudan
- Sri Lanka
- Suriname
- Syria
- Tajikistan
- Thailand
- Timor Leste
- Tonga
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Turkmenistan
- Tuvalu
- Uganda
- United Arab Emirates
- Uzbekistan
- Vanuatu
- Venezuela
- Zimbabwe
See also
References
This article incorporates public domain material from Treaty on the Prohibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Seabed and the Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil Thereof. United States Department of State.
- ^ a b c d "Treaty on the Prohibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Sea-Bed and the Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil Thereof". United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
- ^ Milutin Tomanović, ed. (1972). Hronika međunarodnih događaja 1971 [The Chronicle of International Events in 1971] (in Serbo-Croatian). Belgrade: Institute of International Politics and Economics. p. 2615.
- Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
- ^ "Treaty on the Prohibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Seabed and the Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil Thereof". United States Department of State. 6 October 2010. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
- ^ "Договор о запрещении размещения на дне морей и океанов и в его недрах ядерного оружия и других видов оружия массового уничтожения" (in Russian). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia. 26 June 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
- ^ "Montenegro: Succession to Sea-Bed Treaty". United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
- ^ "Viet Nam: Accession to Sea-Bed Treaty". United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
- ^ "China: Accession to Sea-Bed Treaty". United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
External links
- Text of the treaty
- Seabed Arms Control Treaty, Federation of American Scientists
- Treaty on the Prohibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and other Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Sea-Bed and the Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil Thereof, United States Department of State
- Signatories and ratifications list