Seattle
Seattle
Lushootseed: dᶻidᶻəlal̕ič | |
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Downtown Seattle skyline | |
UTC−7 (PDT) | |
ZIP Codes | |
ASN |
Seattle (
Seattle is situated on an isthmus between Puget Sound, an inlet of the Pacific Ocean, and Lake Washington. It is the northernmost major city in the United States, located about 100 miles (160 km) south of the Canadian border. A gateway for trade with East Asia, the Port of Seattle is the fourth-largest port in North America in terms of container handling as of 2021[update].[14]
The Seattle area has been inhabited by Native Americans (such as the Duwamish, who had at least 17 villages around Elliot Bay) for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent European settlers.[15] Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers, subsequently known as the Denny Party, arrived from Illinois via Portland, Oregon, on the schooner Exact at Alki Point on November 13, 1851.[16] The settlement was moved to the eastern shore of Elliott Bay in 1852 and named "Seattle" in honor of Chief Seattle, a prominent 19th-century leader of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes. Seattle currently has high populations of Native Americans alongside Americans with strong Asian, African, European, and Scandinavian ancestry, and, as of 2015, hosts the fifth-largest LGBT community in the U.S.[17]
Logging was Seattle's first major industry, but by the late 19th century the city had become a commercial and shipbuilding center as a gateway to Alaska during the Klondike Gold Rush. The city grew after World War II, partly due to the local Boeing company, which established Seattle as a center for its manufacturing of aircraft.
Beginning in the 1980s, the Seattle area developed into a technology center; Microsoft established its headquarters in the region. In 1994, Internet retailer Amazon was founded in Seattle, and Alaska Airlines is based in SeaTac, Washington, serving Seattle–Tacoma International Airport, Seattle's international airport. The stream of new software, biotechnology, and Internet companies led to an economic revival, which increased the city's population by almost 50,000 in the decade between 1990 and 2000.
The culture of Seattle is heavily defined by its
History
In May 1792, George Vancouver was the first European to visit the Seattle area during his 1791–1795 expedition for the Royal Navy, which sought to chart the Pacific Northwest for the British.[24]
19th century
In 1851, a large party of American pioneers led by Luther Collins made a location on land at the mouth of the Duwamish River; they formally claimed it on September 14, 1851.[26] Thirteen days later, members of the Collins Party on the way to their claim passed three scouts of the Denny Party.[27] Members of the Denny Party claimed land on Alki Point on September 28, 1851.[28] The rest of the Denny Party set sail on the schooner Exact from Portland, Oregon, stopping in Astoria, and landed at Alki Point during a rainstorm on November 13, 1851.[28] After a difficult winter, most of the Denny Party relocated across Elliott Bay and claimed land a second time at the site of present-day Pioneer Square,[28] naming this new settlement Duwamps.[29]
Charles Terry and John Low remained at the original landing location, reestablished their old land claim and called it "New York", but renamed "New York Alki" in April 1853, from a Chinook word meaning, roughly, "by and by" or "someday".[30][31] For the next few years, New York Alki and Duwamps competed for dominance, but in time Alki was abandoned and its residents moved across the bay to join the rest of the settlers.[32]
The name "Seattle" appears on official Washington Territory papers dated May 23, 1853, when the first plats for the village were filed. In 1855, nominal land settlements were established. On January 14, 1865, the Legislature of Territorial Washington incorporated the Town of Seattle with a board of trustees managing the city. The Town of Seattle was disincorporated on January 18, 1867, and remained a mere precinct of King County until late 1869, when a new petition was filed and the city was re-incorporated December 2, 1869, with a mayor–council government.[28][36] The corporate seal of the City of Seattle carries the date "1869" and a likeness of Chief Seattle in left profile.[37] That same year, Seattle acquired the epithet of the "Queen City", a designation officially changed in 1982 to the "Emerald City".[38]
Seattle has a history of boom-and-bust cycles, like many other cities near areas of extensive natural and mineral resources. Seattle has risen several times economically, then gone into precipitous decline, but it has typically used those periods to rebuild solid infrastructure.[39]
The first such boom, covering the early years of the city, rode on the lumber industry. During this period the road now known as
Seattle had achieved sufficient economic success when the Great Seattle Fire of 1889 destroyed the central business district. However, a far grander city center rapidly emerged in its place.[42] Finance company Washington Mutual, for example, was founded in the immediate wake of the fire.[43] The Panic of 1893 hit Seattle hard.[44]
The second and most dramatic boom resulted from the Klondike Gold Rush, which ended the depression that had begun with the Panic of 1893. In a short time, Seattle became a major transportation center. On July 14, 1897, the S.S. Portland docked with its famed "ton of gold", and Seattle became the main transport and supply point for the miners in Alaska and the Yukon. Few of those working men found lasting wealth. However, it was Seattle's business of clothing the miners and feeding them salmon that panned out in the long run. Along with Seattle, other cities like Everett, Tacoma, Port Townsend, Bremerton, and Olympia, all in the Puget Sound region, became competitors for exchange, rather than mother lodes for extraction, of precious metals.[45]
20th century
The boom lasted into the early part of the 20th century, and funded many new Seattle companies and products. In 1907, 19-year-old
The Gold Rush era culminated in the Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition of 1909, which is largely responsible for the layout of today's University of Washington campus.[47]
A
The Great Depression in Seattle affected many minority groups, one being the Asian Pacific Americans; they were subject to racism, loss of property, and failed claims of unemployment due to citizenship status.[50]
Seattle was one of the major cities that benefited from programs such as the Works Progress Administration, CCC, Public Works Administration, and others.[51][52] The workers, mostly men, built roads, parks, dams, schools, railroads, bridges, docks, and even historical and archival record sites and buildings. Seattle faced significant unemployment, loss of lumber and construction industries as Los Angeles prevailed as the bigger West Coast city. Seattle had building contracts that rivaled New York City and Chicago, but also lost to Los Angeles. Seattle's eastern farm land faded due to Oregon's and the Midwest's, forcing people into town.[53][54]
Hooverville arose during the Depression, leading to Seattle's growing homeless population. Stationed outside Seattle, the Hooverville housed thousands of men but very few children and no women. With work projects close to the city, Hooverville grew and the WPA settled into the city.[55]
A movement of women arose from Seattle during the Great Depression, fueled in part by Eleanor Roosevelt's 1933 book It's Up to the Women; women pushed for recognition, not just as housewives, but as the backbone to family. Using newspapers and journals Working Woman and The Woman Today, women pushed to be seen as equal and receive some recognition.[56]
The Great Depression did not impact the University of Washington negatively. As schools across Washington lost funding and attendance, the university actually prospered during the time period as they focused on growing their student enrollment. While Seattle public schools were influenced by Washington's superintendent Worth McClure,[57] they still struggled to pay teachers and maintain attendance.[58]
Seattle was the home base of impresario Alexander Pantages who, starting in 1902, opened a number of theaters in the city exhibiting vaudeville acts and silent movies. He went on to become one of America's greatest theater and movie tycoons. Scottish-born architect B. Marcus Priteca designed several theaters for Pantages in Seattle, which were later demolished or converted to other uses. Seattle's surviving Paramount Theatre, on which he collaborated, was not a Pantages theater.[59]
War work again brought local prosperity during
Another major local economic downturn was in the late 1960s and early 1970s, at a time when Boeing was heavily affected by the oil crises, loss of government contracts, and costs and delays associated with the Boeing 747. Many people left the area to look for work elsewhere, and two local real estate agents put up a billboard reading "Will the last person leaving Seattle – Turn out the lights."[62]
Seattle remained the corporate headquarters of Boeing until 2001, when the company separated its headquarters from its major production facilities; the headquarters were moved to Chicago.[63] The Seattle area is still home to Boeing's Renton narrow-body plant and Everett wide-body plant.[64] The company's credit union for employees, BECU, remains based in the Seattle area and has been open to all residents of Washington since 2002.[65]
On March 20, 1970, twenty-eight people were killed when the Ozark Hotel was burned by an unknown arsonist.
Prosperity began to return in the 1980s beginning with Microsoft's 1979 move from Albuquerque, New Mexico, to nearby Bellevue, Washington.[68]
Seattle and its suburbs became home to a number of technology companies, including
Seattle in this period attracted attention as home to the companies opened operations in or around the city. In 1990, the
In 1993, the movie Sleepless in Seattle brought the city further national attention,[75] as did the television sitcom Frasier. The dot-com boom caused a great frenzy among the technology companies in Seattle but the bubble ended in early 2001.[76][77]
In 1999, the
21st century
In 2001, the city was impacted by the
Another boom began as the city emerged from the Great Recession which commenced when Amazon.com moved its headquarters from North Beacon Hill to South Lake Union. This initiated a historic construction boom which resulted in the completion of almost 10,000 apartments in Seattle in 2017, which is more than any previous year and nearly twice as many as were built in 2016.[80][81]
Beginning in 2010, and for the next five years, Seattle gained an average of 14,511 residents per year, with the growth strongly skewed toward the center of the city,[82] as unemployment dropped from roughly 9 percent to 3.6 percent.[83] The city has found itself "bursting at the seams", with over 45,000 households spending more than half their income on housing and at least 2,800 people homeless, and with the country's sixth-worst rush hour traffic.[83]
Geography
Topography
Seattle is located between the saltwater Puget Sound (an arm of the Pacific Ocean) to the west and Lake Washington to the east. The city's chief harbor, Elliott Bay, is part of Puget Sound, which makes the city an oceanic port. To the west, beyond Puget Sound, are the
]The sea, rivers, forests, lakes, and fields surrounding Seattle were once rich enough to support one of the world's few sedentary hunter-gatherer societies. The surrounding area lends itself well to sailing, skiing, bicycling, camping, and hiking year-round.[84][85]
The city is hilly in some places.
North of the city center, Lake Washington Ship Canal connects Puget Sound to Lake Washington. It incorporates four natural bodies of water: Lake Union, Salmon Bay, Portage Bay, and Union Bay.[citation needed]
Due to its location in the
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 142.5 square miles (369 km2),[96] 84 square miles (220 km2) of which is land and 58.1 square miles (150 km2), water (41% of the total area).[1]
Cityscape
Climate
According to the Köppen climate classification system, Seattle has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Csb),[97][98][99] while under the Trewartha system, it is labeled as an oceanic climate (Do).[100][101] It has cool, wet winters and mild, relatively dry summers, covering characteristics of both.[102][103] The climate is sometimes characterized as a "modified Mediterranean" climate because it is cooler and wetter than a "true" Mediterranean climate, but shares the characteristic dry summer (which has a strong influence on the region's vegetation).[104]
Temperature extremes are moderated by the adjacent Puget Sound, greater Pacific Ocean, and Lake Washington. Thus extreme heat waves are rare in the Seattle area, as are very cold temperatures (below about 15 °F; −9 °C). The Seattle area is the cloudiest region of the United States, due in part to frequent storms and lows moving in from the adjacent Pacific Ocean. With many more "rain days" than other major American cities, Seattle has a well-earned reputation for frequent rain.[105] In an average year, at least 0.01 inches (0.25 mm) of precipitation falls on 150 days, more than nearly all U.S. cities east of the Rocky Mountains.[106] However, because it often has merely a light drizzle falling from the sky for many days, Seattle actually receives significantly less rainfall (or other precipitation) overall than many other U.S. cities like New York City, Miami, or Houston. Seattle is cloudy 201 days out of the year and partly cloudy 93 days.[107]
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Record high °F (°C) | 67 (19) |
70 (21) |
79 (26) |
89 (32) |
93 (34) |
108 (42) |
103 (39) |
99 (37) |
98 (37) |
89 (32) |
74 (23) |
66 (19) |
108 (42) |
Mean maximum °F (°C) | 57.0 (13.9) |
59.1 (15.1) |
66.4 (19.1) |
74.3 (23.5) |
81.9 (27.7) |
85.8 (29.9) |
91.2 (32.9) |
89.9 (32.2) |
84.1 (28.9) |
72.0 (22.2) |
61.6 (16.4) |
56.8 (13.8) |
94.1 (34.5) |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 48.0 (8.9) |
50.3 (10.2) |
54.2 (12.3) |
59.3 (15.2) |
66.3 (19.1) |
71.1 (21.7) |
77.4 (25.2) |
77.6 (25.3) |
71.6 (22.0) |
60.5 (15.8) |
52.1 (11.2) |
47.0 (8.3) |
61.3 (16.3) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 42.8 (6.0) |
44.0 (6.7) |
47.1 (8.4) |
51.3 (10.7) |
57.5 (14.2) |
62.0 (16.7) |
67.1 (19.5) |
67.4 (19.7) |
62.6 (17.0) |
53.8 (12.1) |
46.5 (8.1) |
42.0 (5.6) |
53.7 (12.1) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 37.7 (3.2) |
37.7 (3.2) |
39.9 (4.4) |
43.3 (6.3) |
48.7 (9.3) |
53.0 (11.7) |
56.8 (13.8) |
57.2 (14.0) |
53.6 (12.0) |
47.0 (8.3) |
40.9 (4.9) |
37.1 (2.8) |
46.1 (7.8) |
Mean minimum °F (°C) | 26.1 (−3.3) |
27.3 (−2.6) |
31.3 (−0.4) |
35.6 (2.0) |
40.6 (4.8) |
46.6 (8.1) |
51.5 (10.8) |
51.7 (10.9) |
45.8 (7.7) |
36.8 (2.7) |
29.2 (−1.6) |
25.4 (−3.7) |
21.5 (−5.8) |
Record low °F (°C) | 0 (−18) |
1 (−17) |
11 (−12) |
29 (−2) |
28 (−2) |
38 (3) |
43 (6) |
44 (7) |
35 (2) |
28 (−2) |
6 (−14) |
6 (−14) |
0 (−18) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 5.78 (147) |
3.76 (96) |
4.17 (106) |
3.18 (81) |
1.88 (48) |
1.45 (37) |
0.60 (15) |
0.97 (25) |
1.61 (41) |
3.91 (99) |
6.31 (160) |
5.72 (145) |
39.34 (999) |
Average snowfall inches (cm) | 1.8 (4.6) |
2.2 (5.6) |
0.4 (1.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.2 (0.51) |
1.7 (4.3) |
6.3 (16) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 18.7 | 15.9 | 17.1 | 15.0 | 11.3 | 9.2 | 4.7 | 4.9 | 8.3 | 14.3 | 18.4 | 18.4 | 156.2 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 1.4 | 1.2 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 4.7 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
78.0 | 75.2 | 73.6 | 71.4 | 68.9 | 67.1 | 65.4 | 68.2 | 73.2 | 78.6 | 79.8 | 80.1 | 73.3 |
Average dew point °F (°C) | 33.1 (0.6) |
35.1 (1.7) |
36.3 (2.4) |
38.8 (3.8) |
43.5 (6.4) |
48.2 (9.0) |
51.4 (10.8) |
52.7 (11.5) |
50.2 (10.1) |
45.1 (7.3) |
38.8 (3.8) |
34.3 (1.3) |
42.3 (5.7) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 69.8 | 108.8 | 178.4 | 207.3 | 253.7 | 268.4 | 312.0 | 281.4 | 221.7 | 142.6 | 72.7 | 52.9 | 2,169.7 |
Percent possible sunshine | 25 | 38 | 48 | 51 | 54 | 56 | 65 | 64 | 59 | 42 | 26 | 20 | 49 |
Average ultraviolet index | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity, dew point and sun 1961–1990)[109][110][111] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV)[112] |
Demographics
According to the 2012–2016
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1860 | 188 | — | |
1870 | 1,107 | 488.8% | |
1880 | 3,533 | 219.2% | |
1890 | 42,837 | 1,112.5% | |
1900 | 80,671 | 88.3% | |
1910 | 237,194 | 194.0% | |
1920 | 315,312 | 32.9% | |
1930 | 365,583 | 15.9% | |
1940 | 368,302 | 0.7% | |
1950 | 467,591 | 27.0% | |
1960 | 557,087 | 19.1% | |
1970 | 530,831 | −4.7% | |
1980 | 493,846 | −7.0% | |
1990 | 516,259 | 4.5% | |
2000 | 563,374 | 9.1% | |
2010 | 608,660 | 8.0% | |
2020 | 737,015 | 21.1% | |
2022 (est.) | 749,256 | [2] | 1.7% |
U.S. Decennial Census[114] 2010–2020[2] |
Racial composition | 2023[115] | 2020[116] | 2010[117] | 1990[118] | 1970[118] | 1940[118] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
White (non-Hispanic) | 62.2% | 59.5% | 66.3% | 73.7% | 85.3%[d] | n/a |
Asian (non-Hispanic) |
16.3% | 16.9% | 13.7% | 11.8% | 4.2% | 2.8% |
Hispanic or Latino | 7.2% | 8.2% | 6.6% | 3.6% | 2.0%[d] | n/a |
Black or African American (non-Hispanic) |
6.8% | 6.8% | 7.7% | 10.1% | 7.1% | 1.0% |
Other (non-Hispanic) | n/a | 0.6% | 0.2% | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Two or more races (non-Hispanic) | 8.8% | 7.3% | 4.4% | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Seattle's population historically has been predominantly white.[118] The 2010 census showed that Seattle was one of the whitest big cities in the country, although its proportion of white residents has been gradually declining.[119] In 1960, whites constituted 91.6% of the city's population,[118] while in 2010 they constituted 69.5%.[120][121] According to the 2006–2008 American Community Survey, approximately 78.9% of residents over the age of five spoke only English at home. Those who spoke Asian languages other than Indo-European languages made up 10.2% of the population, Spanish was spoken by 4.5% of the population, speakers of other Indo-European languages made up 3.9%, and speakers of other languages made up 2.5%.[citation needed]
Seattle's foreign-born population grew 40% between the 1990 and 2000 censuses.
According to the ACS 1-year estimates, in 2018, the median income of a city household was $93,481, and the median income for a family was $130,656.[129] 11.0% of the population and 6.6% of families were below the poverty line. Of people living in poverty, 11.4% were under the age of 18 and 10.9% were 65 or older.[129]
It is estimated that King County has 8,000 homeless people on any given night, and many of those live in Seattle.[130] In September 2005, King County adopted a "Ten-Year Plan to End Homelessness", one of the near-term results of which is a shift of funding from homeless shelter beds to permanent housing.[131]
In recent years, the city has experienced steady population growth, and has been faced with the issue of accommodating more residents. In 2006, after growing by 4,000 citizens per year for the previous 16 years, regional planners expected the population of Seattle to grow by 200,000 people by 2040.[132] However, former mayor Greg Nickels supported plans that would increase the population by 60%, or 350,000 people, by 2040 and worked on ways to accommodate this growth while keeping Seattle's single-family housing zoning laws.[132] The Seattle City Council later voted to relax height limits on buildings in the greater part of Downtown, partly with the aim to increase residential density in the city center.[133] As a sign of increasing downtown core growth, the Downtown population crested to over 60,000 in 2009, up 77% since 1990.[134]
In 2021 Seattle experienced its first population decline in 50 years.[135]
Seattle has a relatively high number of adults living alone. According to the 2000 U.S. Census interim measurements of 2004, Seattle has the fifth highest proportion of single-person households nationwide among cities of 100,000 or more residents, at 40.8%.[136]
Sexual orientation and gender identity
Seattle has a notably large lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender community. According to a 2006 study by UCLA, 12.9% of city residents polled identified as gay, lesbian, or bisexual. This was the second-highest proportion of any major U.S. city, behind San Francisco.[137] Greater Seattle also ranked second among major U.S. metropolitan areas, with 6.5% of the population identifying as gay, lesbian, or bisexual.[137] According to 2012 estimates from the United States Census Bureau, Seattle has the highest percentage of same-sex households in the United States, at 2.6 percent, surpassing San Francisco (2.5 percent).[138] The Capitol Hill district has historically been the center of LGBT culture in Seattle.[139]
Economy
This section needs to be updated.(April 2021) |
Seattle's economy is driven by a mix of older industrial companies and new economy internet and technology companies, as well as service, design, and
Although it was impacted by the Great Recession, Seattle has retained a comparatively strong economy, and is noted for start-up businesses, especially in green building and clean technologies.[144] In February 2010, the city government committed Seattle to become North America's first "climate neutral" city, with a goal of reaching zero net per capita greenhouse gas emissions by 2030.[145]
Large companies continue to dominate the business landscape. Seven companies on
Before moving its headquarters to
Operating a hub at Seattle–Tacoma International Airport, Alaska Airlines maintains its headquarters in the city of SeaTac, next to the airport.[156] Seattle is a hub for global health with the headquarters of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, PATH (global health organization), Infectious Disease Research Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. In 2015, the Washington Global Health Alliance counted 168 global health organizations in Washington state. Many are headquartered in Seattle.[157]
Culture
Many of Seattle's neighborhoods host one or more street fairs or parades.[158]
Performing arts
Seattle has been a regional center for the
The
Between 1918 and 1951, there were nearly two dozen jazz nightclubs along Jackson Street, running from the current Chinatown/International District to the Central District. The jazz scene developed the early careers of
Early popular musical acts from the Seattle/Puget Sound area include the collegiate folk group
Seattle is considered the home of grunge music,[18] having produced artists such as Nirvana, Soundgarden, Alice in Chains, Pearl Jam, and Mudhoney, all of whom reached international audiences in the early 1990s.[174] The city is also home to such varied artists as avant-garde jazz musicians Bill Frisell and Wayne Horvitz, hot jazz musician Glenn Crytzer, hip hop artists Sir Mix-a-Lot, Macklemore, Blue Scholars, and Shabazz Palaces, smooth jazz saxophonist Kenny G, classic rock staples Heart and Queensrÿche, and alternative rock bands such as Foo Fighters, Harvey Danger, The Presidents of the United States of America, The Posies, Modest Mouse, Band of Horses, Death Cab for Cutie, and Fleet Foxes. Rock musicians such as Jimi Hendrix, Duff McKagan, and Nikki Sixx spent their formative years in Seattle.
The Seattle-based Sub Pop record company continues to be one of the world's best-known independent/alternative music labels.[174] Over the years, a number of songs have been written about Seattle.
Seattle annually sends a team of
The city also has movie houses showing both
Tourism
Among Seattle's prominent annual fairs and festivals are the 24-day
Other significant events include numerous Native American
There are other annual events, ranging from the Seattle Antiquarian Book Fair & Book Arts Show;
The Henry Art Gallery opened in 1927, the first public art museum in Washington.[194] The Seattle Art Museum (SAM) opened in 1933 and moved to their current downtown location in 1991 (expanded and reopened in 2007); since 1991, the 1933 building has been SAM's Seattle Asian Art Museum (SAAM).[195] SAM also operates the Olympic Sculpture Park (opened in 2007) on the waterfront north of the downtown piers.[196] The Frye Art Museum is a free museum on First Hill.[197]
Regional history collections are at the Log House Museum in Alki,
The Seattle Great Wheel, one of the largest Ferris wheels in the US, opened in June 2012 as a new, permanent attraction on the city's waterfront, at Pier 57, next to Downtown Seattle.[201] The city also has many community centers for recreation, including Rainier Beach, Van Asselt, Rainier, and Jefferson south of the Ship Canal and Green Lake, Laurelhurst, Loyal Heights north of the Canal, and Meadowbrook.[202]
Woodland Park Zoo opened as a private menagerie in 1889 but was sold to the city in 1899.[203] The Seattle Aquarium has been open on the downtown waterfront since 1977 (undergoing a renovation in 2006).[204] The Seattle Underground Tour is an exhibit of places that existed before the Great Fire.[205]
Since the middle 1990s, Seattle has experienced significant growth in the cruise industry, especially as a departure point for Alaska cruises. In 2008, a record total of 886,039 cruise passengers passed through the city, surpassing the number for Vancouver, BC, the other major departure point for Alaska cruises.[206]
Religion
This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: This survey is more than eight years old.(December 2022) |
A 2024 Household Pulse Survey from the United States Census Bureau estimated that 64 percent of adults in the Seattle area never attend religious services or attend less than once a year, the highest percentage among large U.S. metropolitan areas.[207]
According to a 2014 study by the
Religious composition | 2014 |
---|---|
Christian | 52% |
— Evangelical Protestant |
23% |
—Mainline Protestant | 10% |
— Black Protestant |
1% |
Catholic | 15% |
Non-Christian faiths | 10% |
—Jewish | 1% |
—Muslim | < 1% |
—Buddhist | 2% |
—Hindu | 2% |
Unaffiliated | 37% |
Don't know | 1% |
Sports
Club | Sport | League | Venue (capacity) | Founded | Titles | Record attendance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seattle Seahawks | American football | NFL | Lumen Field (69,000) | 1976 | 1 | 69,005 |
Seattle Mariners | Baseball | MLB | T-Mobile Park (47,574) | 1977 | 0 | 46,596 |
Seattle Kraken | Ice hockey | NHL | Climate Pledge Arena (17,100) | 2021 | 0 | 17,151[211] |
Seattle Sounders FC | Soccer | MLS | Lumen Field (69,000) | 2007[A] | 2 | 69,274[212] |
Seattle Seawolves | Rugby | MLR | Starfire Sports (4,500)[213] | 2017 | 2 | 4,500 |
Seattle Storm | Basketball | WNBA | Climate Pledge Arena (18,100) | 2000 | 4 | 18,100[214] |
Seattle Reign FC | Soccer | NWSL | Lumen Field (69,000) | 2013 | 0 | 42,054[215] |
Ballard FC | Soccer | USL2
|
Interbay Soccer Field (1,000) Memorial Stadium (12,000) |
2022 | 1 | 3,146[216] |
West Seattle Junction FC | Soccer | USL2
|
TBD | 2024[217] | 0 | — |
- Notes
- A Originally founded in 1974, the MLS version of the Sounders franchise was legally re-incorporated in 2007 and entered the league for the 2009 season.
Seattle has four major men's professional sports teams: the National Football League (NFL)'s Seattle Seahawks, Major League Baseball (MLB)'s Seattle Mariners, the National Hockey League (NHL)'s Seattle Kraken, and Major League Soccer (MLS)'s Seattle Sounders FC. Other professional sports teams include the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA)'s Seattle Storm, the National Women's Soccer League's Seattle Reign FC; and Major League Rugby (MLR)'s Seattle Seawolves.
Seattle's professional sports history began at the start of the 20th century with the PCHA's Seattle Metropolitans, which in 1917 became the first American hockey team to win the Stanley Cup.[218] In 1969, Seattle was awarded a Major League Baseball franchise, the Seattle Pilots. Based at Sick's Stadium in Mount Baker, home to Seattle's former minor-league teams, the Pilots played in Seattle for one season before relocating to Milwaukee and becoming the Milwaukee Brewers.[219] The city, alongside the county and state governments, sued the league and was offered a second expansion team, later named the Seattle Mariners, as settlement.[220]
The Mariners began play in 1977 at the
The Seattle Seahawks entered the National Football League in 1976 as an expansion team and have advanced to the Super Bowl three times: 2005, 2013 and 2014.[226] The team played in the Kingdome until it was imploded in 2000 and moved into Qwest Field (now Lumen Field) at the same site in 2003.[226] The Seahawks lost Super Bowl XL in 2005 to the Pittsburgh Steelers in Detroit, but won Super Bowl XLVIII in 2013 by defeating the Denver Broncos 43–8 at MetLife Stadium. The team advanced to the Super Bowl the following year, but lost to the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLIX on a last-minute play.[226] Seahawks fans have set stadium noise records on several occasions and are collectively known as the "12th Man".[226][227]
Seattle Sounders FC has played in Major League Soccer since 2009, as the latest continuation of the
Seattle's Major League Rugby team, the
From 1967 to 2008, Seattle was home to the
The Seattle Storm of the Women's National Basketball Association have also played their games at KeyArena (now Climate Pledge Arena) since their foundation in 2000. The WNBA granted Seattle their expansion side following the popularity of the recently folded Seattle Reign, a women's professional basketball team that played from 1996 to 1998 in the rival American Basketball League.[243] The Storm began as a sister team to the now-defunct Sonics of the NBA, but sold to separate Seattle-based ownership in 2006. Tied for the league record, the Storm have claimed the WNBA championship on four occasions, winning in 2004, 2010, 2018, and 2020.[244][245] The team also won the first-ever WNBA Commissioner's Cup in 2021.
The
Seattle has also been home to various minor-league professional teams, of which currently
The short-lived
Seattle also boasts two collegiate sports teams based at the University of Washington and Seattle University, both competing in NCAA Division I for various sports.[260] The University of Washington's athletic program, nicknamed the Huskies, competes in the Pac-12 Conference, and Seattle University's athletic program, nicknamed the Redhawks, mostly competes in the Western Athletic Conference. The Huskies teams use several facilities, including the 70,000-seat Husky Stadium for football and the Hec Edmundson Pavilion for basketball and volleyball.[261][262] The two schools have basketball and soccer teams that compete against each other in non-conference games and have formed a local rivalry due to their sporting success.[260]
The
Parks and recreation
Seattle's mild, temperate, marine climate allows year-round outdoor recreation, including walking, cycling, hiking, skiing, snowboarding, kayaking, rock climbing, motor boating, sailing, team sports, and swimming.
Government and politics
Seattle is a charter city, with a mayor–council form of government. From 1911 to 2013, Seattle's nine city councillors were elected at large, rather than by geographic subdivisions.[268] For the 2015 election, this changed to a hybrid system of seven district members and two at-large members as a result of a ballot measure passed on November 5, 2013. The only other elected offices are the city attorney and Municipal Court judges. All city offices are officially non-partisan.[269] Like some other parts of the United States, government and laws are also run by a series of ballot initiatives (allowing citizens to pass or reject laws), referendums (allowing citizens to approve or reject legislation already passed), and propositions (allowing specific government agencies to propose new laws or tax increases directly to the people).[270]
Seattle is widely considered one of the most socially liberal cities in the United States.[271] In the 2012 U.S. general election, a majority of Seattleites voted to approve Referendum 74 and legalize gay marriage in Washington state.[272] In the same election, an overwhelming majority of Seattleites also voted to approve the legalization of the recreational use of cannabis in the state.[273] Like much of the Pacific Northwest (which has the lowest rate of church attendance in the United States and consistently reports the highest percentage of atheism[274][275]), church attendance, religious belief, and political influence of religious leaders are much lower than in other parts of America.[276] Seattle's political culture is very liberal and progressive for the United States, with over 80% of the population voting for the Democratic Party. All precincts in Seattle voted for Democratic Party candidate Barack Obama in the 2012 presidential election.[277] In partisan elections for the Washington State Legislature and United States Congress, nearly all elections are won by Democrats. Although local elections are nonpartisan, most of the city's elected officials are known to be Democrats, the most notable exception being Seattle City Attorney Ann Davison.[citation needed]
In 1926, Seattle became the first major American city to elect a female mayor, Bertha Knight Landes.[278] It has also elected an openly gay mayor, Ed Murray,[279] and a third-party socialist councillor, Kshama Sawant.[280] For the first time in United States history, an openly gay black woman was elected to public office when Sherry Harris was elected as a Seattle city councilor in 1991.[281][282] In 2015, the majority of the city council was female.[283]
Bruce Harrell was elected as mayor in the 2021 mayoral election, succeeding Jenny Durkan, and took office on January 1, 2022. The mayor's office also includes three deputy mayors, appointed to advise the mayor on policies.
In 2023, the city council voted to ban caste discrimination as part of the city's anti-discrimination laws. The ban is the first in the United States.[284]
Seattle lies within four districts on the
Federally, Seattle is split between two congressional districts. Most of the city is in 7th congressional district,[288] represented by Democrat Pramila Jayapal, the first Indian-American woman elected to Congress. She succeeded 28-year incumbent and fellow Democrat Jim McDermott.[289] Part of southeastern Seattle is in the 9th congressional district,[288] represented by Democrat Adam Smith since 1997.[290] The border between the two districts follows the Tukwila city limits around Boeing Field, Interstate 5, South Dearborn Street, 4th Avenue South, James Street, Madison Street, East Union Street, Martin Luther King Jr. Way, and East Yesler Way.[288]
Education
This section needs to be updated.(April 2021) |
Of the city's population over the age of 25, 53.8% (vs. a national average of 27.4%) hold a bachelor's degree or higher, and 91.9% (vs. 84.5% nationally) have a high school diploma or equivalent. A 2008 United States Census Bureau survey showed that Seattle had the highest percentage of college and university graduates of any major U.S. city.[291] The city was listed as the most literate of the country's 69 largest cities in 2005 and 2006, the second most literate in 2007 and the most literate in 2008 in studies conducted by Central Connecticut State University.[292]
The public school system is supplemented by a moderate number of private schools: Five of the private high schools are
Seattle is home to the
Seattle also has a number of smaller private universities, including Seattle University and Seattle Pacific University, the former a Jesuit Catholic institution, the latter a Free Methodist institution. The Seattle Colleges District operates three colleges: North Seattle College, Seattle Central College, and South Seattle College. Universities aimed at the working adult are the City University and Antioch University. Seminaries include Western Seminary and a number of arts colleges, such as Cornish College of the Arts, Pratt Fine Arts Center. In 2001, Time magazine selected Seattle Central Community College as community college of the year, saying that the school "pushes diverse students to work together in small teams."[300]
Media
As of 2019[update], Seattle has one major daily newspaper,
Seattle is also well served by television and radio, with all major U.S. networks represented, along with at least five other English-language stations and two Spanish-language stations.]
Infrastructure
Health systems
The University of Washington is consistently ranked among the country's leading institutions in medical research, earning special merits for programs in neurology and neurosurgery. Seattle has seen local developments of modern paramedic services with the establishment of
In 1974, a
Transportation
The
King County Metro provides regular bus service in the city and county, and the South Lake Union Streetcar line and the First Hill Streetcar line.[312] Seattle is one of the few cities in North America whose bus fleet includes electric trolleybuses. Sound Transit provides an express bus service within the metropolitan area, two Sounder commuter rail lines between the suburbs and downtown, and its 1 Line light rail line between Northgate and Angle Lake.[313][314] Washington State Ferries, which manages the largest network of ferries in the United States and third largest in the world, connects Seattle to Bainbridge and Vashon Islands in Puget Sound and to Bremerton and Southworth on the Kitsap Peninsula.[315] King Street Station in Pioneer Square serves Amtrak intercity trains and Sounder commuter trains, and is located adjacent to the International District/Chinatown light rail station.[316]
According to the 2007 American Community Survey, 18.6% of Seattle residents used one of the three public transit systems that serve the city, giving it the highest transit ridership of all major cities without heavy or light rail prior to the completion of Sound Transit's 1 Line.[317] The city has also been described by Bert Sperling as the fourth most walkable U.S. city and by Walk Score as the sixth most walkable of the fifty largest U.S. cities.[318][319]
Seattle–Tacoma International Airport, locally known as Sea-Tac Airport and located just south in the neighboring city of SeaTac, is operated by the Port of Seattle and provides commercial air service to destinations throughout the world. Closer to downtown, Boeing Field is used for general aviation, cargo flights, and testing/delivery of Boeing airliners. A secondary passenger airport, Paine Field, opened in 2019 and is located in Everett, 25 miles (40 km) north of Seattle. It is predominantly used by Boeing and their large assembly plant located nearby.[320][321]
The main mode of transportation, however, is the street system, which is laid out in a
The city has started moving away from the automobile and towards mass transit. From 2004 to 2009, the annual number of unlinked public transportation trips increased by approximately 21%.[325] In 2006, voters in King County passed the Transit Now proposition, which increased bus service hours on high ridership routes and paid for five limited-stop bus lines called RapidRide.[326] After rejecting a roads and transit measure in 2007, Seattle-area voters passed a transit only measure in 2008 to increase ST Express bus service, extend the Link light rail system, and expand and improve Sounder commuter rail service.[327]
A light rail line (now the 1 Line) from downtown heading south to Sea-Tac Airport began service in 2009, giving the city its first rapid transit line with intermediate stations within the city limits. An extension north to the University of Washington opened on March 19, 2016,[328] followed by the Northgate extension in October 2021.[329] Further extensions are planned to reach Lynnwood to the north, Federal Way to the south, and Bellevue and Redmond to the east by 2026.[330][331] Voters in the Puget Sound region approved an additional tax increase, part of the Sound Transit 3 package, in November 2016 to expand light rail to West Seattle and Ballard as well as Tacoma, Everett, and Issaquah.[332]
Utilities
Water and electric power are municipal services, provided by
Seattle Public Utilities manages two tap water supply systems on the Cedar River and Tolt River.[334] These systems are fed by melted snowpack in the Cascade Mountains over the autumn and winter that fill reservoirs as they melt.[335] The city's wastewater system includes 1,422 miles (2,288 km) of sewers that reach treatment plants that discharge into Puget Sound; a 485-mile (781 km) network of separate tunnels for stormwater serve other treatment facilities.[336] Older areas of the city have a combined sewer system that dumps stormwater and untreated wastewater into Puget Sound during overflow events.[337]
International relations
Seattle has the following sister cities:[338]
- Beersheba, Israel
- Bergen, Norway
- Cebu City, Philippines
- Chongqing, China
- Christchurch, New Zealand
- Daejeon, South Korea
- Galway, Ireland
- Gdynia, Poland
- Haiphong, Vietnam
- Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Kobe, Japan
- Limbe, Cameroon
- Mombasa, Kenya
- Nantes, France
- Pécs, Hungary
- Perugia, Italy
- Reykjavík, Iceland
- Sihanoukville, Cambodia
- Surabaya, Indonesia
- Tashkent, Uzbekistan[339]
See also
Notes
- Alki Point. However, the first White settlers to inhabit the area had already arrived in September, which included some members of the Denny clan. The modern city did not take shape until the following spring after much of the party abandoned Alki to move across the bay. The name "Seattle" didn't become official until May 23, 1853.
- ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
- ^ Official records are restricted to SeaTac Airport from January 1945 onward.[108]
- ^ a b From 15% sample
- ^ The division currently rotates its headquarters between sites within the region; the previous one in Renton was put up for sale in April 2021.
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- ^ Swanson, Conrad (February 4, 2024). "WA's mountain snow recharges our drinking water, powers our lives. Now it's turning to rain". The Seattle Times. Retrieved February 14, 2024.
- ^ Scigilano, Eric (March 14, 2019). "In subterranean Seattle, thousands of miles of tunnels, pipes and cables keep the city running". The Seattle Times. Retrieved February 14, 2024.
- ^ Bernton, Hal; Gutman, David (December 5, 2019). "As costs soar, King County wants to redo water-pollution agreement with state and feds". The Seattle Times. Retrieved February 14, 2024.
- ^ "Seattle's Sister Cities". Seattle: Office of International Relations.
- ^ Long, Priscilla (September 12, 1988). "Seattle-Tashkent Peace Park in Uzbekistan is dedicated in Tashkent and at Seattle Center on September 12, 1988". HistoryLink.org. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
Bibliography
- ISBN 978-0-385-01875-3.
- ISBN 978-0-295-95846-0.
- Ochsner, Jeffrey Karl, ed. (1998) [1994]. Shaping Seattle Architecture: A Historical Guide to the Architects. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-97366-1.
- ISBN 978-0-295-95615-2.
- ISBN 978-0-914890-02-7.
- Speidel, William C. (1967). Sons of the profits; or, There's no business like grow business: the Seattle story, 1851–1901. Seattle: Nettle Creek Publishing Company. pp. 196–197, 200. ISBN 978-0-914890-00-3.
Further reading
- Klingle, Matthew (2007). Emerald City: An Environmental History of Seattle. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11641-0.
- MacGibbon, Elma (1904). "Seattle, the city of destiny" (DJVU). Leaves of knowledge. Washington State Library's Classics in Washington History collection. Shaw & Borden. OCLC 61326250.
- Pierce, J. Kingston (2003). Eccentric Seattle: Pillars and Pariahs Who Made the City Not Such a Boring Place After All. Pullman, Washington: Washington State University Press. ISBN 978-0-87422-269-2.
- Sanders, Jeffrey Craig. Seattle and the Roots of Urban Sustainability: Inventing Ecotopia (University of Pittsburgh Press; 2010) 288 pages; the rise of environmental activism
External links
- Official website
- Historylink.org, history of Seattle and Washington
- Seattle Photographs from the University of Washington Digital Collections
- Seattle Historic Photograph Collection from the Seattle Public Library Archived October 23, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
- Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project
- Seattle, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary