Second Avenue Subway
Second Avenue Subway | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hanover Square | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stations | 3 (13 more planned) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Service | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Type | Rapid transit | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
System | New York City Subway | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Operator(s) | New York City Transit Authority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Daily ridership | 45,367[1] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
History | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Opened | January 1, 2017 | (first phase)|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Technical | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Line length | 8.5 miles (13.7 km) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Track length | 17 miles (27 km) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Number of tracks | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Character | Fully underground | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Track gauge | 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Electrification | 600 V DC third rail | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
The Second Avenue Subway (internally referred to as the IND Second Avenue Line by the
The line was originally proposed in 1920 as part of a
Phase 1 is served by the Q train at all times and limited rush-hour N and R trains. Phase 2 will extend the line's northern terminus from 96th Street to Harlem–125th Street. Both the Q and limited N services will be extended to 125th Street. Phase 3 will extend the line south from 72nd Street to Houston Street in Manhattan's Lower East Side. Upon completion, a new T train will serve the entire line from Harlem to Houston Street. Phase 4 will again extend the line south from Houston Street to Hanover Square, maintaining the T designation for the entire line. The T will be colored turquoise since it will use the Second Avenue Line through Midtown Manhattan.
Extent and service
Services that use the Second Avenue Line through Midtown Manhattan are to be colored turquoise.[2] The following services use part or all of the Second Avenue Line:[3][4]
Time period | Section of line | |
---|---|---|
Rush hour (limited southbound service only)[5] | Phase 1 | |
All times[6] | ||
Rush hour (one northbound trip)[7] |
Phase 1
Phase 1 of the Second Avenue Line opened in January 2017.
As part of Phase 1, the Second Avenue Subway connects to the BMT Broadway Line using an existing connection via the 63rd Street Line.
Plans for expansion
The long-term plans for the Second Avenue Subway involve digging 8.5 miles (13.7 km) of new tunnels north to
An additional two-track connection is planned at around 63rd Street that will connect the Lower Manhattan-bound tracks on the Second Avenue Line with the Queens-bound tracks on the
Service from Queens via the 63rd Street Tunnel would allow for the full capacity of the line south of 63rd Street to be used. The whole line will be designed to accommodate 30 trains per hour, with the exception of the terminal at Hanover Square, which will only be able to handle 26 trains per hour (TPH). The portion north of 63rd Street is planned to have 14 TPH on the Q and 14 TPH on the T, for a combined 28 trains per hour on both routes. South of there, only 14 TPH on the T are planned, although 12 additional TPH could be provided in the future via the 63rd Street Tunnel.[15]: 5B·20 The 2004 plans for the Second Avenue Subway include the construction of short track segments to allow a future extension north under Second Avenue past 125th Street to the Bronx, as well as an extension south to Brooklyn.[19]: 11, 12
In order to store the 330 additional subway cars needed for the operation of the line, storage tracks would be built between 21st Street and 9th Street along the main alignment. The
The Second Avenue Subway is chained as "S".[20] The track map in the 2004 FEIS showed that all stations, except for 125th Street, would have two tracks and one island platform.[18][12] 72nd Street and 125th Street were conceived as three-track, two-platform stations. 72nd Street was eventually scaled down to a two-track, center island platform station in order to reduce costs,[21][22] A three-tracked 72nd Street station would have allowed trains from the Broadway Line to short-turn (reverse) without interfering with mainline service on Second Avenue, as well as provided additional operational flexibility for construction work and non-revenue moves.[23]: 20 In July 2018, the 125th Street station was also scaled down to a two-track, one-platform station because the MTA had ascertained that two-tracked terminals would be sufficient to handle train capacities, and that building a third track would have caused unnecessary impacts to surrounding buildings.[24]: 13
History
Initial attempts
After World War I, the New York City Subway experienced a surge in ridership. By 1920, 1.3 billion annual passengers were riding the subway, compared to 523 million annual riders just seven years before the war. In 1919, the New York Public Service Commission launched a study at the behest of engineer Daniel L. Turner to determine what improvements were needed in the city's public transport system.[25][26][27] Turner's final paper, titled Proposed Comprehensive Rapid Transit System, was a massive plan calling for new routes under almost every north-south Manhattan avenue, extensions to lines in Brooklyn and Queens, and several crossings of the Narrows to Staten Island.[26][28]: 22–25 Among the plans was a massive trunk line under Second Avenue consisting of at least six tracks and numerous branches throughout Brooklyn, Queens, and the Bronx.[29] The Second and Third Avenue elevated lines were to be knocked down to make room for the 6-track subway.[30]: 203 The paper was revised in January 1927.[25]
In September 1929, the
The
: 204–205Further revision of the plan and more studies followed. By 1939, construction had been postponed indefinitely, with only a short length being completed above the
As part of
In 1944, BOT superintendent Philip E. Pheifer put forth a proposal for Second Avenue Subway services, which would branch extensively off to
The BOT then ordered ten new prototype subway cars made of
In 1949, Queens and Lower Manhattan residents complained that the Second Avenue Subway would not create better transit options for them.
The
1970s construction
As the early 1960s progressed, the East Side experienced an increase in development, and the Lexington Avenue Line became overcrowded.
Separately, in 1967, voters approved a $2.5 billion (worth about $22,844,000,000 in current dollars) Transportation Bond Issue, which provided over $600 million (worth $5,483,000,000 today) for New York City projects, including for a 1968 Program for Action.[27][25][47] The City secured a $25 million Urban Mass Transportation Act (UMTA) grant for initial construction.[30]: 219 [32] The Program for Action proposed a Second Avenue line to be built in two phases: a first phase north of 34th Street and a second phase south of there.[48] The Second Avenue project, for a line from 34th Street to the Bronx, was given top priority.[32][27]
The line's planned stops in Manhattan, spaced farther apart than those on existing subway lines, proved controversial.[49]: 37 The Second Avenue line was criticized as a "rich man's express, circumventing the Lower East Side with its complexes of high-rise low- and middle-income housing and slums in favor of a silk stocking route."[30]: 218 In response to protests, the MTA added stations at 72nd Street[50] and 96th Street.[51][52] The MTA issued a plan for a spur line, called the "cuphandle", to serve the heart of the Lower East Side. Branching off from the IND Sixth Avenue Line near the Second Avenue station, the spur would run east on Houston Street, turn north on Avenue C, and turn west on 14th Street, connecting to the BMT Canarsie Line.[53]
A combination of Federal and State funding was obtained for the project. In March 1972, the entire cost of the section between 34th Street and 126th Street, according to the project's Draft Environmental Study, was estimated to be $381 million.[54]: 1 In June 1972, it was announced that UMTA would grant $25 million for the construction of this section of the line. The MTA had requested $254 million in federal funds for the northern part of the line. Preliminary estimates of the cost of the southern portion of the line came to $450 million.[55]
Construction on a tunnel segment between 99th and 105th Streets began in October 1972.[20][56][57] A second segment between 110th and 120th Street in East Harlem started construction in March 1973.[58][59] In October 1973, the line's Chinatown segment began construction at Canal Street under the foot of the Manhattan Bridge between Canal and Division Streets.[58] A fourth segment started construction in July 1974, between Second and Ninth Streets in the East Village.[59][60] In total, construction on the Second Avenue Line during the 1970s spanned over 27 blocks.[57][58][59]
The city soon experienced
In December 1974, New York City mayor Abraham Beame proposed a six-year transit construction program that would reallocate $5.1 billion of funding from the Second Avenue Line to complete new lines in Queens and to modernize the existing infrastructure, which was rapidly deteriorating and in dire need of repair.[63] Beame issued a stop-work order for the line in September 1975,[64] whereupon construction of the section between Second and Ninth Streets was halted, and no other funding was allocated to the line's construction.[64] Besides the Chrystie Street Connection, only three sections of tunnel had been completed. These tunnels were sealed.[32]
In 1978, when the New York City Subway was at its lowest point in its existence, State Comptroller
1990s plans
With the city's economic and budgetary recovery in the 1990s, there was a revival of efforts to complete construction of the SAS. Rising ridership on the
In 1991, then-New York Governor Mario Cuomo allocated $22 million to renew planning and design efforts for the Second Avenue line,[70] but two years later, the MTA, facing budget cuts, removed these funds from its capital budget.[71] In 1995, the MTA began its Manhattan East Side Alternatives (MESA) study, both a MIS and a DEIS, seeking ways to alleviate overcrowding on the Lexington Avenue Line and improve mobility on Manhattan's East Side.[20][72]: 7–8 Second Avenue was chosen over First Avenue for logistical reasons.[20] The MTA started the Lower Manhattan Access Study (LMA) in November 1997. The construction of the Second Avenue Subway from 63rd Street to Lower Manhattan was one of the five building alternatives developed by the study.[72]: 6, 7 A 1999 DEIS only proposed new subway service on Second Avenue from 63rd to 125th Street, as well as swapping the local and express services on the Broadway Line.[23]: 20–21 A spur to Grand Central Terminal was considered, but later dropped.[72]: 17
Due in part to strong public support, the MTA Board committed in April 2000 to building a full-length subway line along the East Side, from East Harlem to Lower Manhattan.
In December 2001, the
The 1.8-mile (2.9 km)
Phase 1 construction
New York voters passed a transportation bond issue in November 2005, allowing for dedicated funding allocated for that phase. Its passage had been seen as critical to its construction, but the bond was passed only by a narrow margin, with 55% of voters approving and 45% disapproving.
In March 2007, upon completion of preliminary engineering, the MTA awarded a contract for constructing the tunnels, a launch box for the tunnel boring machine (TBM), and access shafts to S3, a joint venture of Schiavone Construction, Skanska USA Civil, and J.F. Shea Construction.[97][98][99] A ceremonial groundbreaking took place on April 12, 2007, at the 99th Street tunnel segment built in the 1970s.[100] Actual construction work began on April 23, 2007.[101] At the time, it was announced that passengers would be able to ride trains on the new line by the end of 2013.[102] Due to cost increases, several features of the subway were cut back soon after construction started: for instance, the 72nd Street station was downsized.[21] The MTA also postponed its completion date several times to 2016.[103]
In 2009, contracts were awarded for the
The TBM, digging at a rate of approximately 50 feet (15 m) per day, finished its run at the planned endpoint under 65th Street on February 5, 2011,
In July 2013, the MTA opened a
In February 2016, the MTA allocated $66 million to speed up the construction of the first phase so that it could open in December.[124] Concerns about the line's timely opening persisted through October and November.[125][126] Test trains started running on October 9, 2016,[127] and out-of-service Q trains started running through the subway in November 2016.[128] The new Third Avenue entrance to the Lexington Avenue–63rd Street station opened on December 30, 2016.[129] The ceremonial first train, with several prominent officials in attendance, ran on New Year's Eve,[130][131] and regular service began at noon the next day.[8][9][10] About 48,200 passengers entered the new stations on January 1, excluding passengers who toured the line by entering at a station in the rest of the system.[132]
Because of the opening of Phase 1, ridership on the Lexington Avenue Line at the
By February 2018, there were 190,000 riders per weekday, within the 5% margin of error for the 200,000-daily-rider estimate given in the Environmental Impact Statement. Rush-hour ridership was within 2% of projections.[137] In November 2017, because of the increasing demand, Q service was increased by one trip during each rush hour, and one northbound R trip was rerouted from the IND Queens Boulevard Line to further boost service.[138] This trip returns southbound in Q service.[139][67]
Phase 2 construction
The second phase, between 125th and 96th Streets, was allocated $535 million in the MTA's 2015–2019 Capital Plan for planning, design, environmental studies and utility relocation.[140][141] Three new stations will be constructed at 125th Street, 116th Street and 106th Street. A transfer to the Lexington Avenue Line and an intermodal connection with Metro-North Railroad would be available at the Harlem–125th Street station.[24]: 11, 12
The original plan called for the main line to turn west onto 125th Street with tail tracks to Fifth Avenue,[142] while tail tracks would continue north on a spur via Second Avenue to 129th Street.[143][144] However, the tail tracks to 129th Street, as well as a proposed ancillary building at 127th Street and Second Avenue, were removed in a June 2018 update to the plans. The change in tail tracks was made because it was found that providing tail tracks at the line's terminal will more efficiently facilitate subway service.[145]: 23
A bellmouth provision for extension to the Bronx remains, though shifted closer to the 116th Street station at 118th Street.[24]: 12 Here, two outer tracks will head west toward 125th Street while space for two inner tracks will allow for an extension to the Bronx.[145]: 24 North of 120th Street, the line will be constructed through the use of TBMs. South of 120th Street, the line will utilize the 99th–105th and 110th–120th Streets tunnel sections built during the 1970s, with a cut-and-cover tunnel connecting the segments between 105th and 110th Streets.[146]: 2 [147]: 45
The Phase 2 budget was originally $1.5 billion, which would be used to start construction of the tunnels. The MTA reduced the amount of money allocated in the budget, projecting that the agency would not be able to start construction by the end of the 5-year cycle in 2019.[148][149] In April 2016, the MTA and the State of New York reached a deal to restore funding to Phase 2, with a total of $1.035 billion allocated.[150] This budget was raised by $700 million in May 2017.[151] By August 2017, preliminary work on the line was underway,[147]: 48 [152] and design of the project was being performed by Phase 2 Partnership, a joint venture of Parsons-Brinckerhoff and STV.[153] The EIS and design were finished in 2018.[147]: 46 In July 2018, the MTA published a Supplemental Environmental Assessment for the SAS FEIS. The FTA issued a Finding of No Significant Impact for the project on November 15, 2018.[154][155]
A Second Avenue Subway Community Information Center for Phase 2, along 125th Street between Park and Madison Avenues, opened in September 2017, delayed by four months.
Phases 3 and 4
Phase 3, which has no funding commitments, would extend the line southward along Second Avenue from 63rd Street to Houston Street.[163] Upon its completion, a new service will operate running between 125th and Houston Streets. Phases 2 and 3, classified as a high-priority project by the Trump administration, may cost up to a combined total of $14.2 billion.[164][165]
Phase 4, which also has no funding commitments,[163] will provide an extension from Houston Street to a permanent terminus, with storage tracks, at Hanover Square. These storage tracks, initially recommended in the SDEIS, would allow for the storage of four trains, and they would run south of Hanover Square from Coenties Slip to a traffic island near Peter Minuit Plaza at a depth of 110 feet (34 m).[19]: 16 The Hanover Square terminal is only planned to be able to turn back 26 trains per hour instead of 30 as less capacity will be needed on the line south of 63rd Street.[19]: 26 The Hanover Square station will be deep enough to allow for the potential extension of Second Avenue Subway service to Brooklyn through a new tunnel under the East River.[143]
Design and cost
Features
The stations on the line were built to be wider than most other underground subway stations in the system.[166] Because of this, Horodniceanu likened the Second Avenue Subway stations to the stations on the Washington Metro.[90] All stations on the line feature 615-foot-long (187 m) platforms, with 800–1,400 ft (240–430 m) overall lengths to provide space for power stations and ventilation plants.[146]: 14 Tracks are built on rubber pads, which reduces noise from trains.[167]
In August 2006, the MTA revealed that all future subway stations—including stations on the Second Avenue Subway and the
Construction methods
The construction of the 8.5 miles (13.7 km) of the Second Avenue Subway underneath densely populated Manhattan will require the use of several construction methods, depending on the section of the line.[171][172] The line's tunnels will largely consist of twin tunnels with diameters of up to 23.5 feet (7.2 m).[146]: 1 About 90% of the tunneling is to be performed by tunnel boring machines. The rest will be done using the cut-and-cover method, or through the use of mined drill-and-blast, for sections averaging 275 meters (902 ft) in length, namely the station boxes.[171][172] The methods used to construct the sections of the line were confirmed in 2003, with a modification of the section north of 120th Street announced in 2016.[171][172]: 2 [173]: 14
Phases 1 & 2 | Phases 3 & 4 | ||||
Streets | Construction method | Remarks | Streets | Construction method | Remarks |
Lenox–Park Avs | Soft Ground Tunnels | 64–58 | Tunnel Boring Machine | ||
Park–3 Avs | Mined with Cut and Cover | 125 St Station | 58–56 | Cut and Cover | 55 St Station |
3 Av–120 St | Tunnel Boring Machine | 56–43 | Tunnel Boring Machine | ||
120–118 | Rebuilt, existing | Bellmouth / TBM Launch ↑ | 43–41 | Mined with Cut and Cover | 42 St Station |
118–115 | Rebuilt, existing | 116 St Station | 41–34 | Tunnel Boring Machine | |
115–109 | Existing | 34–32 | Cut and Cover | 34 St Station | |
109–105 | Cut and Cover | 106 St Station | 32–24 | Tunnel Boring Machine | |
105–99 | Existing | 24–22 | Mined with Cut and Cover | 23 St Station | |
99–92 | Cut and Cover | 96 St Station / TBM Launch ↓ | 22–15 | Tunnel Boring Machine | |
92–86 | Tunnel Boring Machine | 15–11 | Cut and Cover | 14 St Station | |
86–83 | Mined with Cut and Cover | 86 Street Station | 11–Hanover | Undecided | |
83–72 | Tunnel Boring Machine | ||||
72–69 | Mined with Cut and Cover | 72 Street Station | |||
69–63 | Tunnel Boring Machine |
Phase 1
Since the rock is shallower between East 91st and 93rd Streets, 1.1-meter-diameter (3.6 ft)
Of the below-ground obstacles, Arup director of construction David Caiden stated: "It's a spaghetti of tunnels, utilities, pipes and cables—I've never seen anything like it."
Hard-rock TBMs 6.7 meters (22 ft) in diameter, 450 feet (140 m) in length, and 485 short tons (433 long tons) in weight were used to tunnel during the first phase, progressing at a rate of about 20 meters (66 ft) per day.[174]
Phase 2
Phase 2 will extend the line north from the
South of 120th Street, the line will utilize a tunnel section built during the 1970s, located between 110th Street and 120th Street. This section will have tracks and other essential equipment installed, like that of the rest of the line. Cut-and-cover will be used to connect the existing tunnel section to the bored section to the north (at 120th Street) and to the portion of the line already in operation to the south (at 105th Street) to maximize the use of the tunnel sections built in the 1970s.[146]: 2 [147]: 45 A bellmouth will be constructed to allow for a future extension to the Bronx at 118th Street. The storage tracks west of the 125th Street station would replace the storage tracks north of the 96th Street station, which would then be used in revenue service as part of Phase 2.[146]: 48
A transfer will be constructed at the eastern end of the Second Avenue Subway's Harlem–125th Street station to connect to the
: 58The station entrances for 106th Street and 116th Street will be located on the east side of Second Avenue so as to avoid utilities located on the west side of the street and to avoid potential adverse effects to the East Harlem Historic District.[145]: 16
Phases 3 and 4
Phases 3 and 4 will extend the line south from 63rd Street to Houston Street and Hanover Square, respectively. As part of Phase 3, a connection to the
Like Phase 1, the sections between stations will largely be constructed through the use of
The remaining three transfers are being proposed, and will be constructed, barring the increased cost of their construction. The transfer to the
The Flushing Line station might have to be significantly reconstructed in anticipation of the increased volume of passengers and due to
Three construction options were evaluated during the project's Environmental Impact Study for the portion of the line between 11th Street and Hanover Square. One option known as the Shallow Chrystie Option would mainly use cut and cover, while the Deep Chrystie Street and Forsyth Options would use a combination of tunneling by
This option would require digging up
The Deep Chrystie Option would have the Second Avenue Subway run deeper underground, running underneath the existing Grand Street station, with a mezzanine in between the two stations. In order to allow for sufficient room for stairways to transfer to the Second Avenue Line, the Grand Street station would be widened to have twenty foot wide platforms. No track connection would be built under this option, and the Confucius Plaza tunnel section would not be used for subway service, but it instead might be used for ancillary subway facilities. Currently, this is the preferred option.[20][177]
South of the terminal at Hanover Square, two tail tracks will be constructed through the use of a TBM to allow for the storage of four trains. The tracks would be built at a depth of about 110 feet (34 m) under Water Street, allowing the line to be deep enough to tunnel under the East River for a possible future extension into Brooklyn. Cut-and-cover would be used to build a vent facility at a traffic island located at Water and Whitehall Streets.[146]: 50, 60 [143]: 2–11
Cost
There was controversy over the high cost of the line as a whole. The project was divided up into four phases, in part, to maximize the ability of the project to receive funding from the Federal Government as part of the Department of Transportation's New Starts Program. The initial projections for the cost of the line were made in the 2004 FEIS, with Phase 1 estimated to cost $3.8 billion, Phase 2 estimated to cost $3.4 billion, and Phases 3 and 4 each estimated to cost $4.8 billion.[146]: 3
Phase 1 ended up costing $500 million over its original budget of $3.8 billion—still a very high price compared to other new subway systems worldwide.[178] Regulations set by the Buy America Act forced the MTA to purchase materials made in the United States,[178] which led to objections when an MTA contractor bought a fire suppression system made in Finland.[178][179] Finally, the private and public sector could not cooperate smoothly on the project, further raising costs.[178] Of the $4.5 billion cost for Phase 1, $2.4 billion was allocated to building the three new stations and renovating the Lexington Avenue–63rd Street station.[180] Meanwhile, $500 million was spent on design and engineering, and another $734 million was for building tunnels between the stations, tracks, signals, and trackside systems.[180]
The rest of the cost, $800 million, was spent on "construction management, real estate, station artwork, fare-collection systems and other sundry items."[180] The stations' cost was magnified by the depth of the stations and the enormity of the caverns that needed to be excavated. The Second Avenue Subway stations have full-length mezzanines, like the original IND but unlike other deep-level projects such as London's Crossrail.[180] The stations will have full-length mezzanines as opposed to smaller mezzanines for each entrance to accommodate anticipated ridership for the full-length line and to comply with emergency egress requirements.[145]: 13
In December 2016, after it was announced that Phase 2 might cost $6 billion, transit experts expressed concern that the Second Avenue Subway might be so excessively costly as to preclude construction of Phases 3 and 4, as well as future expansions. One expert stated that the Phase 1 project was the most expensive subway project in the world, and that compared to other subway systems around the world, the cost of building new subways in New York City was much higher.[181] The Second Avenue Subway's per-mile construction cost is higher than that of other projects in similar cities like London's Crossrail and Paris's Grand Paris Express, which themselves are among the most expensive underground-railway projects in the world.[181] MTA officials stated that the Second Avenue Subway cost as much as it did only because of the complex underground infrastructure in Manhattan, as well as the fact that the New York City Subway operates 24/7 service.[181]
Artwork
For Phase 1 of the Second Avenue Subway, four contemporary artists were chosen to design artwork for the 96th, 86th, 72nd, and 63rd Street stations. The project consisted of four permanent installations: Blueprint for a Landscape by Sarah Sze at 96th Street; Subway Portraits by Chuck Close at 86th Street; Perfect Strangers by Vik Muniz at 72nd Street; and Elevated by Jean Shin at 63rd Street. These public artworks were sponsored and commissioned as part of the MTA Arts & Design program.[182]
Service patterns
Routes
The opening of Phase 1 extended Q service to 96th Street from its former terminal at 57th Street.[16] The Q service has a rush-hour service frequency of 7 to 10 trains per hour.[6] By contrast, the IRT Lexington Avenue Line's express tracks (4 and 5 trains) have an estimated rush-hour frequency of 30 trains per hour, or one train approximately every 2 minutes in each direction.[183] As part of the 2004 Final Environmental Impact Study (FEIS) for the line, the Q service was planned to have a frequency of 14 trains per hour during rush hours,[6][15]: 5B·20 but this was revised due to MTA schedule changes.[4]
A few rush hour N trains that formerly short-turned at 57th Street began to run to 96th Street in January 2017. The northbound trips are labeled as Q trains via the Sea Beach Line to reduce passenger confusion.[4][5] Starting in November 2017, one northbound R train has served the line during weekday mornings, boosting service.[139] From April 2019 to April 2020, weekend and evening M service was also diverted on the Second Avenue Subway to accommodate extra passengers during the 14th Street Tunnel shutdown.[184][185]
In Phase 2, all current services will be extended to 125th Street and Lexington Avenue.[13] As part of the 2004 FEIS, it was planned for the Q service to be increased to 19 trains per hour to accommodate the projected increase in ridership.[15]: 5B·20 In order to allow for the construction of Phase 3, bellmouths have been constructed at the turnoff to the BMT 63rd Street Line.[186]
Future full-length designation
When the construction of Phase 3 is completed, a new T service will operate from Harlem–125th Street to Houston Street.[187][13] After Phase 4 opens, T service will run the full length of the line, from Harlem–125th Street to Hanover Square.[13][15]: 5B·29 to 5B·30 T service is planned to operate at a frequency of 14 trains per hour during rush hours, with the combined frequency north of 72nd Street with Q service being 28 trains per hour. With the opening of Phase 3, the frequency of Q service is planned to be reduced from 19 to 14 trains per hour.[15]: 5B·20
The MTA decided to designate the future service with the letter T, in part because:[188]
- H is the Rockaway Park Shuttle's internal route designator, which has occasionally been used publicly, most notably from 1986–93 and again in 2012–13 following Hurricane Sandy.[188]
- The letters I and O are too easily confused with the numbers 1 and 0, respectively.[188][189]
- The letter K was used until the late 1980s to denote services on the IND Eighth Avenue Line, and earlier on the BMT Jamaica Line, and thus is not preferred.
- The letters P, U and Y are more easily confused with common words.[189]
- The letter V was in use at the time (and until 2010) to denote services on the IND Sixth Avenue Line and IND Queens Boulevard Line.
The T's route emblem is colored turquoise (
Station listing
Three stations are part of Phase 1,[13] which opened in January 2017.[8][9][10] Three more are planned for Phase 2 (including one transfer to an existing line); six more in Phase 3 (including up to four transfers); and four more in Phase 4 (including one transfer).[13]
Station service legend | |
---|---|
Stops all times | |
Stops all times except late nights | |
Stops late nights only | |
Stops weekdays during the day | |
Stops weekends and weekday evenings | |
Stops rush hours only | |
Station closed | |
Time period details | |
Station is compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act | |
↑ | Station is compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act in the indicated direction only |
↓ | |
Elevator access to mezzanine only |
Neighborhood (approximate) |
Station[13] | Location | Phase[13] | Services | Opened | Transfers & Notes[13] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Provision for expansion crosstown along 125th Street | |||||||
East Harlem | Harlem–125th Street
|
125th Street & Lexington–Park Avenues | 2 | 2027 (proposed)[85] | train (Phase 3) | ||
Provision for expansion to the Bronx | |||||||
116th Street | 116th Street & 2nd Avenue | 2 | 2027 (proposed)[85] | M15 SBS (southbound only) Would be located in unused tunnel between 115th to 120th Streets | |||
106th Street | 106th Street & 2nd Avenue | 2 | 2027 (proposed)[85] | M15 SBS (southbound only) | |||
Upper East Side (Yorkville) | 96th Street | 94th–96th Streets & 2nd Avenue | 1 | N Q R | January 1, 2017[8][9][10] | trains) in Phase 1 | |
86th Street | 83rd–86th Streets & 2nd Avenue | 1 | N Q R | January 1, 2017[8][9][10] | M15 SBS (southbound only), M86 SBS | ||
Upper East Side (Lenox Hill) | 72nd Street | 69th–72nd Streets & 2nd Avenue | 1 | N Q R | January 1, 2017[8][9][10] | M15 SBS (southbound only) | |
BMT 63rd Street Line (Phase 1)
| |||||||
East Midtown | T train continues down Second Avenue (Phase 3) | ||||||
55th Street | 55th Street & 2nd Avenue | 3 | (southbound only) | ||||
Turtle Bay | 42nd Street | 42nd Street & 2nd Avenue | 3 | Grand Central–42nd Street[note 3] (southbound only)
Metro-North Railroad at Grand Central Terminal Long Island Rail Road at Grand Central Madison M15 SBS | |||
Murray Hill | 34th Street | 34th Street & 2nd Avenue | 3 | East River Ferry
| |||
Kips Bay | 23rd Street | 23rd Street & 2nd Avenue | 3 | M15 SBS (southbound only), M23 SBS | |||
East Village | 14th Street | 14th Street & 2nd Avenue | 3 | (southbound only) | |||
Houston Street
|
Houston–3rd Streets & 2nd Avenue | 3 | terminal for T train (Phase 3)
| ||||
Chinatown | Grand Street
|
Grand & Chrystie Streets | 4 | Grand Street[note 2]
| |||
Chatham Square | East Broadway & Bowery | 4 | at Worth Street | ||||
Financial District | Seaport | Fulton & Water Streets | 4 | M15 SBS (at Fulton Street) | |||
Hanover Square | William & Water Streets | 4 | terminal for T train (Phase 4)
| ||||
Provision for expansion to Brooklyn |
See also
References
Informational notes
- ^ For context, see:
- Brennan, Joseph (2002). "Abandoned Stations: IND Second System unfinished stations". Columbia University. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
- ^ a b Select in-system transfers that have been confirmed if the full-length line is constructed.[190]
- ^ a b c d Transfers are "under evaluation" and have not been confirmed yet.[190]
Citations
- ^ "Annual Subway Ridership (2018–2023)". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2024.
- ^ a b c Haughney, Christine (August 22, 2011). "Train Line Far From Arrival Has a Color to Be Noticed". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 17, 2022. Retrieved August 14, 2015.
- ^ "Subway Service Guide" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 2019. Retrieved September 22, 2019.
- ^ a b c "SUB-DIVISION B TRAIN OPERATOR/CONDUCTOR ROAD & NON-ROAD WORK PROGRAMS IN EFFECT: NOVEMBER 6, 2016" (PDF). progressiveaction.info. New York City Transit. July 29, 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 10, 2016. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
- ^ a b "N Subway Timetable, Effective August 28, 2023". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved August 26, 2023.
- ^ a b c d "Q Subway Timetable, Effective June 26, 2022". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved August 26, 2023.
- ^ "R Subway Timetable, Effective August 28, 2023". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved August 26, 2023.
- ^ from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f Rivoli, Dan; Sandoval, Edgar; Brown, Stephen Rex (January 1, 2017). "New Yorkers take historic first ride on Second Ave. subway". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on April 15, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f Nessen, Stephen (January 1, 2017). "See Inside: The 2nd Avenue Subway Opens to All". WNYC. Archived from the original on August 31, 2020. Retrieved January 1, 2017.
- ^ OCLC 1056711733.
- ^ a b c "Second Avenue Subway Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS), May 2004 Figure 2-4 Track Diagram, North of 55th Street" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. May 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 25, 2015. Retrieved August 7, 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Making the Case" (PDF). fta.dot.gov. Federal Transit Administration. August 20, 2004. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 27, 2013. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
- ^ "96th Street Station Area" (PDF). Second Avenue Subway Newsletter. February 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 24, 2016. Retrieved June 9, 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Second Avenue Subway Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS): Chapter 5B: Transportation—Subway and Commuter Rail" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. May 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 5, 2018. Retrieved December 17, 2016.
- ^ a b Martinez, Jose (February 19, 2016). "MTA Confirms W Train is Coming Back". ny1.com. Time Warner Cable. Archived from the original on July 3, 2018. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
- ^ "MTA Advances Work On Second Avenue Subway Service" (Press release). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. February 19, 2016. Archived from the original on February 22, 2016. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
- ^ a b c "Second Avenue Subway Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS), May 2004 Figure 2-4 Track Diagram, South of 55th Street" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. May 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 10, 2015. Retrieved August 7, 2016.
- ^ a b c d e "Second Avenue Subway Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS): Chapter 2: Project Alternatives" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. May 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 5, 2018. Retrieved August 5, 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Second Avenue Subway Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS), May 2004 Appendix B Development of Alternatives" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. May 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 22, 2016. Retrieved August 7, 2016.
- ^ a b "Community Board 8 Second Avenue Subway Task Force" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. June 17, 2008. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 8, 2014. Retrieved December 18, 2016.
- ^ "Supplemental Environmental Assessment to the Second Avenue Subway Final Environmental Impact Statement: 72nd and 86th Street Station Entrance Alternatives Chapter 1: Purpose and Need" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. October 29, 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 18, 2016. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
- ^ a b c "Second Avenue Subway Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement (SDEIS), April 2003 Appendix B Development of Alternatives" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. April 2003. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 11, 2019. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
- ^ a b c d e "Chapter 2: Description of Phase 2 Modified Design". Supplemental Environmental Assessment to the Second Avenue Subway Final Environmental Impact Statement: Phase 2 (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. July 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 13, 2018. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "The Second Avenue Subway Line. . . the line that almost never was". New York City Transit Authority. 1972. Archived from the original on October 1, 2015. Retrieved September 30, 2015.
- ^ (PDF) from the original on December 5, 2019. Retrieved January 2, 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g Paumgarten, Nick (February 6, 2017). "The Second Avenue Subway Is Here!". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on February 25, 2017. Retrieved February 24, 2017.
- ^ Turner, Daniel L. (January 1, 1920). Report by the chief engineer submitting for consideration a comprehensive rapid transit plan covering all boroughs of the city of New York. New York : Office of Transit Construction Commissioner – via archive.org.
- ^ a b c d e f "IND Second System 1929 Plan". nycsubway.org. Archived from the original on April 25, 2021. Retrieved March 25, 2016.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-82325-369-2.
- ^ Duffus, R.L. (September 22, 1929). "OUR GREAT SUBWAY NETWORK SPREADS WIDER; New Plans of Board of Transportation Involve the Building of More Than One Hundred Miles of Additional Rapid Transit Routes for New York" (PDF). The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021. Retrieved August 14, 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Jewler, Sam (July 24, 2004). "The Long, Tortured History of the Second Avenue Subway". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on August 2, 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2015.
- from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved December 22, 2016.
- ^ a b c "Second Avenue Subway Project - History". mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. October 19, 2002. Archived from the original on October 19, 2002. Retrieved February 15, 2016.
- ^ "Discontinuance of service Second Avenue elevated line". nytm.pastperfectonline.com. New York City Board of Transportation. 1942. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 4, 2016.
- ^ "Manhattan East Side Transit Alternatives (MESA): Major Investment Study/Draft Environmental Impact Statement, August 1999". Metropolitan Transportation Authority, United States Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration. August 1999. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
- from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
- ^ a b c "Board of Transportation – 1951". Thejoekorner.com. Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
- ^ a b c Neuman, William (March 24, 2007). "A Museum-Quality Car for a Subway Yet Unbuilt". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 5, 2015. Retrieved September 30, 2015.
- ^ a b R-11 Archived April 8, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Datasheet
- ^ Crowell, Paul (September 14, 1951). "$500,000,000 VOTED FOR 2D AVE. SUBWAY BY ESTIMATE BOARD" (PDF). The New York Times. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 5, 2019. Retrieved January 2, 2017 – via The New York Times Archive.
- ^ from the original on January 3, 2017. Retrieved January 3, 2017.
- ^ Katz, Ralph (May 13, 1955). "Last Train Rumbles On Third Ave. 'El'; An Era Ends With Final Run of Third Avenue 'El' LAST TRAIN ROLLS ON THIRD AVE. 'EL'" (PDF). The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved December 14, 2016.
- ^ a b "Second Avenue Subway Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS): Appendix B: Development of Alternatives" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. May 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 22, 2016. Retrieved August 5, 2015.
- from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved December 14, 2016.
- ^ 2nd Avenue Subway – Tentative track plan, Manhattan portion Archived May 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, nycsubway.org
- ^ "Full text of "Metropolitan transportation, a program for action. Report to Nelson A. Rockefeller, Governor of New York."". Internet Archive. November 7, 1967. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
- from the original on September 30, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2016 – via New York Times Archives.
- ^ a b Cohen, Richard (February 8, 1971). Second Avenue Subway: Bumpy Road Ahead. New York: New York Media, LLC. pp. 36–39. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved November 21, 2020 – via Google Books.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help) - ^ Prial, Frank J. (August 28, 1971). "M.T.A. Adds a Stop, 72d St., To Its 2d Avenue Subway Plan" (PDF). The New York Times. p. 29. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved December 21, 2016.
- ^ "DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT, SECOND AVENUE SUBWAY, ROUTE 132-A". Urban Mass Transportation Administration. nycsubway.org. August 1971. Archived from the original on May 22, 2014. Retrieved February 13, 2016.
- from the original on September 30, 2017. Retrieved December 21, 2016.
- )
- .
- from the original on January 8, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2016 – via New York Times Archive.
- ^ a b "Second Avenue Subway". mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Archived from the original on April 8, 2014. Retrieved April 7, 2014.
- ^ a b "Rockefeller and Lindsey Break Ground for 2d Avenue Subway" (PDF). The New York Times. October 28, 1972. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 29, 2017. Retrieved December 21, 2016 – via nytimes.com archive.
- ^ a b c Burks, Edward C. (October 25, 1973). "GROUND IS BROKEN FOR 2D AVE. LINK; Downtown Subway Section Begins With Ceremony Led by Lindsay and Ronan Projects Are Listed Interest in French Train" (PDF). The New York Times. p. 51. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved October 4, 2015.
- ^ a b c Burks, Edward C. (July 26, 1974). "Beame and Wilson Man the Jackhammers To Start 4th Segment of 2d Ave. Subway; A 1920's Project Some See No Alternative Rush Hour Still Jammed Headache for Neighbors Completion Set for '75" (PDF). The New York Times. p. 10. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved October 4, 2015.
- ^ Engineering News-record. Vol. 192. McGraw-Hill. January 1974. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved November 21, 2020.
- ^ a b Kheel, Theodore (April 23, 1973). A Fare Question. New York: New York Media, LLC. pp. 52–53. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved November 21, 2020 – via Google Books.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help) - from the original on January 7, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2016 – via New York Times Archives.
- ^ Montgomery, Paul L. (January 10, 1975). "2d Ave. Tunnelers Push On, Despite Potential Futility; Proposal by Beame" (PDF). The New York Times. p. 78. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved October 4, 2015 – via New York Times Archives.
- ^ a b Burks, Edward C. (September 26, 1975). "WORK IS STOPPED ON SUBWAY LINE; City Lacks Funds to Finish Part of 2d Ave. Project" (PDF). The New York Times. p. 41. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved October 4, 2015.
- ^ a b Chan, Sewell (November 14, 2005). "The Bond Passed. Now Comes the Hard Part: Actually Building a 2nd Avenue Subway". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 11, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2014.
- ^ a b c d e "Second Avenue Subway in the Borough of Manhattan, New York County, New York Final Environmental Impact Statement And Final Section 4(f) and Section 6(f) Evaluation". April 2004. pp. 1–5, 1–6. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 8, 2014. Retrieved September 22, 2011.
- ^ a b c "Cuomo: Second Ave. subway to open New Year's Day". am New York. December 19, 2016. Archived from the original on December 19, 2016. Retrieved December 20, 2016.
- ^ "Annual Bus Ridership". mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Archived from the original on September 24, 2017. Retrieved December 14, 2016.
- ^ "Average Weekday Bus Ridership". mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Archived from the original on July 7, 2013. Retrieved December 14, 2016.
- ^ Finder, Alan (September 25, 1991). "Cuomo Ideas for New York City: Some Are Old, Some Are New". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 10, 2018. Retrieved April 9, 2018.
- ^ Wald, Matthew L. (October 28, 1993). "Next Mayor Faces Expensive Challenges on Basic Services and Repairs". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 9, 2018. Retrieved April 9, 2018.
- ^ a b c d e "Manhattan East Side Transit Alternatives (MESA)/Second Avenue Subway Summary Report" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. October 11, 2001. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2016. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
- ^ Newman, Andy (April 20, 2000). "New Subway Line in Transit Budget". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 9, 2018. Retrieved April 9, 2018.
- ^ "METRO NEWS BRIEFS: NEW YORK; M.T.A.'s Capital Plan Wins Final Approval". The New York Times. May 5, 2000. Archived from the original on April 10, 2018. Retrieved April 9, 2018.
- ^ "Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement on the Manhattan East Site Alternatives Project— Second Avenue Subway. AGENCY: Federal Transit Administration, DOT. ACTION: Notice of intent to prepare a supplemental draft environmental impact statement" (PDF). mta.info. Federal Transit Administration. March 22, 2001. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2016. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
- ^ "Second Avenue Subway History". mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. April 12, 2007. Archived from the original on December 21, 2015. Retrieved March 31, 2016.
In April 2004, the Second Avenue Subway Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) was published.
- ^ "MTA Capital Construction – Second Avenue Subway Project Description". mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Archived from the original on April 8, 2014. Retrieved October 5, 2013.
- ^ a b *Putzier, Konrad (May 14, 2014). "Real Estate Weekly » Blog Archive » Light at end of tunnel for Second Ave. subway". Rew-online.com. Archived from the original on September 7, 2017. Retrieved June 5, 2014.
- "Project Update: Second Avenue Subway". Mass Transit. August 15, 2016. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved October 27, 2016.
- ^ "Drone takes tour of NYC's 2nd Avenue subway line". CBS News. September 16, 2015. Archived from the original on October 24, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2016.
- ^ Nonko, Emily (January 30, 2014). "Updates on NYC's Biggest Subway Projects: Second Avenue and East Side Access". NewYork.com. Archived from the original on May 17, 2014. Retrieved June 5, 2014.
- ^ Stabile, Tom (May 2006). "New York's Subway System Finally Starting Major Expansion". newyork.construction.com. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved December 12, 2008.
- ^ Sargent, Greg (March 29, 2004). "The Line That Time Forgot – Second Avenue Subway". New York Magazine. Archived from the original on May 6, 2009. Retrieved August 2, 2009.
- New York Daily News. Archivedfrom the original on January 3, 2017. Retrieved May 19, 2014.
- ^ Smith, Stephen J. (October 2, 2013). "The Next 20 Years for New York's MTA – Next City". Nextcity.org. Archived from the original on May 14, 2014. Retrieved June 5, 2014.
- ^ a b c d "New York City 2nd Ave Subway Phase 2 Profile" (PDF). FTA. December 27, 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 5, 2017. Retrieved January 4, 2017.
- ^ "The Second Avenue subway explained". am New York. Archived from the original on October 27, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2016.
- from the original on December 19, 2016. Retrieved December 19, 2016.
- ^ *Gryme, Andrea (May 1, 2014). "Progress Moves Ahead For Phase One Of Second Avenue Subway « CBS New York". CBS Local Media, a division of CBS Radio Inc. Archived from the original on May 9, 2014. Retrieved May 4, 2014.
- Sanders, Anna (May 1, 2014). "10 facts about the Second Avenue Subway". Metro.us. Archived from the original on May 2, 2014. Retrieved May 4, 2014.
- ^ Hession, Michael (May 2, 2014). "A Subterranean Stroll Through NYC's Newest Train Tunnel". Gizmodo.com. Archived from the original on May 3, 2014. Retrieved May 4, 2014.
- ^ a b Rivoli, Dan (May 1, 2014). "Second Avenue Subway progress: Dec. 2016 end date on track". AM New York. Archived from the original on July 30, 2017. Retrieved May 14, 2014.
- ^ Chan, Sewell (November 9, 2005). "Voters Approve Transit Bonds for $2.9 Billion". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 10, 2008. Retrieved September 20, 2007.
- ^ a b "The Bond Passed. Now Comes the Hard Part: Actually Building a 2nd Avenue Subway". The New York Times. November 14, 2005. Archived from the original on August 19, 2016. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
- ^ "U.S. Transportation Secretary Signs Record $2.6 Billion Agreement to Fund New Tunnel Network To Give Long Island Commuters Direct Access to Grand Central Station". United States Department of Transportation. December 18, 2006. Archived from the original on July 9, 2009. Retrieved September 20, 2007.
- ^ Neuman, William (November 19, 2007). "U.S. Approves $1.3 Billion for 2nd Avenue Subway". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 20, 2012. Retrieved November 19, 2007.
- ^ "Second Avenue Subway: A Status Report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 21, 2011. Retrieved August 2, 2009.
- ^ Stabile, Tom (September 19, 2017). "Second Ave. Subway Sets Next-Century Standards". ENR. Archived from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved December 1, 2017.
- ^ "First Construction Contract Signed for Second Avenue Subway; Work to Begin in April". mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. March 20, 2007. Archived from the original on April 26, 2014. Retrieved December 18, 2016.
- ^ "MTA Signs Second Ave. Subway Contract". New York Sun. March 21, 2007. Archived from the original on December 5, 2008. Retrieved February 20, 2010.
- ^ 2nd Avenue Subway Contract Signed Archived March 25, 2007, at the Wayback Machine – WNYC Newsroom, March 21, 2007
- from the original on August 16, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
- ^ "MTA Capital Construction – Second Avenue Subway: History". mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Archived from the original on April 8, 2014.
- ^ "Second Avenue Subway Breaks Ground" (Press release). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. April 12, 2007. Archived from the original on December 21, 2015. Retrieved December 24, 2015.
- ^ Donohue, Pete (April 24, 2009). "Second Ave. subway set back – again". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on January 31, 2022. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
- ^ ""SECOND AVENUE SUBWAY PROJECT" Managing Construction and its Challenges in One of the Country's Densest Urban Environments" (PDF). apta.com. American Public Transportation Association. 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 23, 2016.
- ^ Goodrich, William (2013). "SECOND AVENUE SUBWAY PROJECT" (PDF). apta.com. 2013 Rail Conference. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2016.
- ^ a b Siff, Andrew (May 14, 2010). "2nd Ave. Subway Tunnel Dig Begins". WNBC. Archived from the original on August 5, 2023. Retrieved May 14, 2010.
- ^ "MTA Launches Second Avenue Subway Tunnel Boring Machine" (Press release). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. May 14, 2010. Archived from the original on October 6, 2013. Retrieved October 5, 2013.
- ^ Exclusive: Ground Breaking For 2nd Avenue Subway Line Weeks Away Archived October 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine – NY1, January 24, 2007
- ISBN 978-0-87335-400-4. Retrieved November 15, 2015.
- ^ "COMMUNITY BOARD EIGHT PROJECT UPDATE" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 26, 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved November 15, 2015.
- ^ "MTA Capital Construction – Procurement". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Archived from the original on August 27, 2017. Retrieved April 7, 2014.
- ^ "Freeze Ground, Thaw Hearts". Engineering News. February 2, 2011. Archived from the original on September 14, 2015. Retrieved August 15, 2015.
- ^ "COMMUNITY BOARD EIGHT PROJECT UPDATE" (PDF). MTA Capital Construction. February 15, 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 16, 2017.
- ^ a b "Tunneling for Second Avenue Subway Continues". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. March 28, 2011. Archived from the original on August 18, 2014. Retrieved September 24, 2011.
- ^ "Second Avenue Subway TBM Breakthrough 9/22/2011". MTAPhotos. Flickr. September 22, 2011. Archived from the original on October 7, 2013. Retrieved October 5, 2013.
- ^ "Second Avenue Subway has a breakthrough moment; several billion more are all the M.T.A. wants". Capital NY. September 23, 2011. Archived from the original on March 31, 2014. Retrieved May 27, 2014.
- ^ "Tunneling for Second Avenue Subway Complete". mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 23, 2011. Archived from the original on August 22, 2016. Retrieved December 20, 2016.
- ^ "MTA Opens Second Avenue Subway Community Information Center". DNA Info. July 26, 2013. Archived from the original on May 19, 2014. Retrieved May 19, 2014.
- ^ "mta.info | Capital Programs Second Avenue Subway". MTA.info. Archived from the original on May 11, 2014. Retrieved May 19, 2014.
- ^ a b "Information center opening in May for next phase of Second Avenue Subway". New York's PIX11 / WPIX-TV. April 25, 2017. Archived from the original on April 25, 2017. Retrieved April 25, 2017.
- ^ "MTA Awards Final Contract to Build Phase 1 of the Second Avenue Subway" (Press release). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. June 13, 2013. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved November 15, 2015.
- ^ Mann, Ted (November 22, 2013). "Blasting Completed on Second Avenue Subway Project". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved November 15, 2015.
- ^ "Second Avenue Subway Quarterly Report Q4 2013" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 27, 2017. Retrieved December 17, 2016.
- ^ "MTA Will Tap Into Back-Up Fund to Finish Second Ave. Subway On Time: Board". DNAinfo New York. Archived from the original on February 27, 2016. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
- ^ Rivoli, Dan (December 15, 2015). "Second Ave. subway may miss December 2016 opening deadline". NY Daily News. Archived from the original on October 27, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2016.
- from the original on November 16, 2016. Retrieved November 17, 2016.
- ^ Rivoli, Dan (October 10, 2016). "SEE IT: MTA finally testing trains along Second Ave. subway line". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on October 11, 2016. Retrieved October 10, 2016.
- ^ "Sources: MTA Powered Third Rail for Testing on Second Avenue Subway Tracks". TWC News. September 16, 2016. Archived from the original on September 22, 2016. Retrieved September 18, 2016.
- ^ "Governor Cuomo Debuts New 86th Street Subway Station and New Entrance at 63rd Street Subway Station". mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. December 30, 2016. Archived from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved December 31, 2016.
- ^ "Governor Cuomo Throws Second Avenue Subway Party For The First (Private) Ride". Gothamist. January 1, 2017. Archived from the original on January 4, 2017. Retrieved January 1, 2017.
- ^ Barone, Vincent (December 26, 2016). "Cuomo, de Blasio to take 1st ride on 2nd Ave. subway". am New York. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
- ^ Barone, Vincent (January 2, 2017). "Second Avenue subway's New Year's Day opening drew 48,200". am New York. Archived from the original on December 5, 2019. Retrieved January 3, 2017.
- ^ from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved February 1, 2017.
- ^ "Second Av Subway Ridership Growing Rapidly". mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. February 1, 2017. Archived from the original on May 21, 2017. Retrieved February 1, 2017.
- ^ Weaver, Shaye (April 19, 2017). "Taxi Use Plummets on Upper East Side Due to 2nd Avenue Subway, Report Finds". DNAinfo New York. Archived from the original on April 26, 2017. Retrieved April 25, 2017.
- ^ Kaufman, Sarah; Kaputkin, Ari (April 18, 2017). "Upper East Side Taxis and the Second Avenue Subway" (PDF). NYU Rudin Center for Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 26, 2017. Retrieved April 25, 2017.
- ^ "14th Street Corridor Traffic Analysis Overview" (PDF). Metropolitan Transit Authority. February 22, 2018. p. 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 14, 2018. Retrieved February 25, 2018.
- ^ "7:01 AM - 8:05 AM 96 ST - TransitFeeds". transitfeeds.com. November 6, 2017. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 6, 2017.
- ^ a b Rivoli, Dan (May 22, 2017). "MTA to add Q trains on Second Ave. subway line as ridership soars". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved May 22, 2017.
- ^ Fitzsimmons, Emma G. (October 29, 2015). "Anger in East Harlem Over New Delays in 2nd Ave. Subway Plans". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 3, 2015. Retrieved November 3, 2015.
- ^ "MTA Capital Program 2015-2019: Renew. Enhance. Expand" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. October 28, 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 6, 2015. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
- ^ "MTA Capital Program 2015 – 2019 Capital Plan Renew. Enhance. Expand. As Approved by MTA Board April 20, 2016. As Approved by the CPRB May 23, 2016" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. May 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 10, 2016. Retrieved August 7, 2016.
- ^ a b c "Second Avenue Subway Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement (SDEIS), April 2003 Chapter 2 Project Alternatives" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. April 2003. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 5, 2019. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
- ^ "CM-1190 Consultant Design Services for Phase 2 of the Second Avenue Subway Project" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. March 4, 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 6, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f "FINDING OF NO SIGNIFICANT IMPACT Attachment A: Summary of Comments and Responses" (PDF). mta.info. Federal Transit Administration. November 15, 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 19, 2018. Retrieved November 19, 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Second Avenue Subway Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS): Chapter 3: Description of Construction Methods and Activities" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. May 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 19, 2020. Retrieved August 5, 2015.
- ^ a b c d "MTACC REPORT TO CPOC SECOND AVENUE SUBWAY – PHASE 2" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. March 20, 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 28, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
- ^ Donohue, Pete (August 7, 2014). "MTA to propose $1.5B to Phase 2 of 2nd Ave. subway construction". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on January 6, 2017. Retrieved December 23, 2016.
- ^ "Second Avenue Subway Gets $1.5B for Phase 2 Construction". Curbed NY. August 7, 2014. Archived from the original on September 9, 2015. Retrieved August 10, 2014.
- ^ Fitzsimmons, Emma G. (April 20, 2016). "M.T.A. Spending Plan Restores Funding for 2nd Ave. Subway". New York Times. New York. Archived from the original on August 28, 2017. Retrieved May 16, 2016.
- ^ "MTA Capital Program Amendments Renew. Enhance. Expand. Capital Program Briefing May 2017" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. May 24, 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 28, 2017. Retrieved May 24, 2017.
- ^ "Second Avenue Subway". AKRF, Inc. Archived from the original on November 20, 2018. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
- ^ "MTA Capital Construction - Procurement". web.mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Archived from the original on August 27, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
- ^ "Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI) for the Second Avenue Subway Phase 2" (PDF). mta.info. Federal Transit Administration. November 15, 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 19, 2018. Retrieved November 19, 2018.
- ^ "Milestone reached in Second Avenue subway project". Crain's New York Business. November 19, 2018. Archived from the original on June 2, 2019. Retrieved November 19, 2018.
- ^ Mocker, Greg (April 25, 2017). "Information center opening in May for next phase of Second Avenue Subway". New York's PIX11 / WPIX-TV. Archived from the original on September 17, 2017. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
- ^ "New center gives glimpse of Second Avenue Subway's future". NY1.com. September 22, 2017. Archived from the original on September 23, 2017. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
- ^ "Washington's $1.2T infrastructure bill boosts 5 NYC transportation projects". Crain's New York Business. November 8, 2021. Archived from the original on November 26, 2021. Retrieved November 26, 2021.
- ^ Garber, Nick (April 19, 2022). "125th Street Building Seized By MTA For Second Avenue Subway". Harlem, NY Patch. Archived from the original on July 11, 2022. Retrieved April 19, 2022.
- ^ Simko-Bednarski, Evan (July 5, 2023). "MTA seeks contracts for Harlem phase of NYC Second Ave. subway". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on July 5, 2023. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
- ^ Saltonstall, Gus (July 5, 2023). "SEE IT: First-Ever Rendering Of 2nd Ave East Harlem Subway Extension". Harlem, NY Patch. Archived from the original on July 5, 2023. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
- ^ "Second Avenue Subway: Phase 2 Technical Briefing". MTA.info. January 22, 2024. Archived from the original on January 23, 2024. Retrieved January 23, 2024.
- ^ a b Donohue, Pete (January 20, 2013). "Second Ave. subway on track to open in 2016: MTA". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on February 3, 2013. Retrieved March 25, 2013.
- ^ Mocker, Greg (January 27, 2017). "Second Avenue Subway expansion to be added to Trump's infrastructure priorities, congresswoman says". New York's PIX11 / WPIX-TV. Archived from the original on January 27, 2017. Retrieved January 27, 2017.
- ^ Fox, Alison (January 26, 2017). "Maloney: Second Ave. subway is a priority for Trump". am New York. Archived from the original on January 26, 2017. Retrieved January 27, 2017.
- ^ Hession, Michael (May 2, 2014). "A Subterranean Stroll Through NYC's Newest Train Tunnel". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on May 13, 2014. Retrieved May 13, 2014.
- ^ Kanno-Youngs, Zolan (June 19, 2016). "Sneaking a Peek at the Second Avenue Subway Line". WSJ. Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on June 20, 2016. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
- ^ Donohue, Pete (August 4, 2006). "Cooler Subways Coming Eventually". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on October 10, 2007. Retrieved December 12, 2008.
- from the original on April 22, 2017. Retrieved January 12, 2017.
- ^ Rubinstein, Dana (December 7, 2012). "No Seoul-style platform doors for New York subways, even in new stations". Politico. Archived from the original on February 24, 2020. Retrieved February 24, 2020.
- ^ a b c d "Second Avenue Subway SDEIS Chapter 3: Description of Construction Methods and Activities" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. April 2003. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 9, 2015. Retrieved August 15, 2015.
- ^ a b c d e "Second Avenue Subway Construction Techniques" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. August 2002. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved February 15, 2016.
- ^ a b "Second Avenue Subway Update to Community Board 11" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. April 5, 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 16, 2017. Retrieved January 8, 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Wynne, Alexandra (January 20, 2009). "Fairytale of New York – Second Avenue Subway takes shape". New Civil Engineer. Archived from the original on May 15, 2009. Retrieved August 2, 2009.
- ^ "Second Avenue Subway Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS), May 2004 Figure 2-6 Deep Chrystie Alignment" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. May 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 10, 2015. Retrieved August 7, 2016.
- ^ "Second Avenue Subway Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS), May 2004 Figure 2-6 Deep Chrystie Alignment" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. May 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 10, 2015. Retrieved August 7, 2016.
- ^ "Second Avenue Subway Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS), May 2004 Figure 2-6 Deep Chrystie Alignment" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. May 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 10, 2015. Retrieved August 7, 2016.
- ^ a b c d Gelinas, Nicole (December 31, 2016). "Here's Why It Took A Century and $4.5 Billion To Add Just Three Subway Stops In New York City". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on January 1, 2017. Retrieved December 31, 2016.
- ^ Nifosi, Dana C. (October 9, 2015). "Second Avenue Subway Project's Water Mist Fire Suppression System". Federal Transit Administration. Archived from the original on December 31, 2016. Retrieved December 31, 2016.
- ^ a b c d "New York's incredibly expensive new subway explains why we can't have nice things: Opinion". The Real Deal New York. December 31, 2016. Archived from the original on January 1, 2017. Retrieved December 31, 2016.
- ^ a b c Barone, Vincent (December 22, 2016). "Experts concerned by Second Ave. subway's costly Phase II". am New York. Archived from the original on December 23, 2016. Retrieved December 23, 2016.
- from the original on January 9, 2017. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
- ^ Rivoli, Dan (May 25, 2016). "Longer waiting time expected for Second Ave. subway line". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on October 22, 2016. Retrieved December 14, 2016.
- ^ "Service During the L Project". MTA. April 26, 2019. Archived from the original on April 24, 2019. Retrieved April 27, 2019.
- ^ "Service information for L, M, G, 7, M14 SBS and free transfers". April 26, 2020. Archived from the original on April 26, 2020. Retrieved April 26, 2020.
- ^ Anastasio, Joseph. "It contains a provision for the full length Second Ave. Subway". ltvsquad.com. Archived from the original on July 27, 2018. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
- ^ Hirschman, David (July 21, 2008). "The T Train: NYC Will Get Its First New Subway Line in 70 Years". Wired. No. Aug '08. p. 36. Archived from the original on July 25, 2008. Retrieved April 8, 2014.
The old (1960s) T service was also called the West End train. The reference was to Brooklyn. By contrast, the new T service will serve the East Side of Manhattan, and 'will unite the Upper and Lower East Sides.'
- ^ a b c Reeves, Hope (October 26, 2006). "The Second Avenue Subway Is Brought to You by the Letter T". New York Magazine. Archived from the original on December 9, 2008. Retrieved August 2, 2009.
- ^ a b Haddon, Heather (June 20, 2010). "V and W trains join a long list of routes that have bowed out of the subways - am New York". amny.com. amNewYork. Archived from the original on June 20, 2010. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ a b "Figure 2-1: New York City Subway Service with Second Avenue Subway Line" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. May 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved December 15, 2016.
Further reading
- Bessel, Richard (1968). A history of the Second Avenue subway. New York City Transit Authority. OCLC 5971204.
- MTA Capital Construction (July 12, 2018). "Second Avenue Subway Supplemental Environmental Assessment". Metropolitan Transportation Authority.
- Goldwyn, Eric; Levy, Alon; Ensari, Elif (February 11, 2023). The New York Case Study (PDF) (Report). NYU Marron Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 23, 2023.
- ISBN 978-1-5107-5633-5.
- Plotch, Philip (2020). Last subway : the long wait for the next train in New York City. Ithaca, New York: Three Hills, an imprint of Cornell University Press. OCLC 1099546659.
External links
External videos | |
---|---|
YouTube video clips about the Second Avenue Subway by Metropolitan Transportation Authority | |
MTA Video Release – Second Avenue Subway, December 31, 2016; 7:13 | |
Introducing the Second Avenue Subway, December 31, 2016; 11:31 |
- Media related to IND Second Avenue Line at Wikimedia Commons
- Second Avenue Subway – Phase 2
- Second Avenue Subway – Phase 1] at the Wayback Machine (archived 2018-02-06)
- Official MTA Flickr webpage
- Second Avenue Subway: A New York Transit Museum online exhibit
- nycsubway.org – The Second Avenue Subway: Overview
- New York's Second Ave Subway: A Century in Maps