Second Battle of Fallujah
Second Battle of Fallujah | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Part of the Iraq War | |||||||
U.S. Marines from Mike Battery, 4th Battalion, 14th Marines, firing an M198 howitzer from Camp Fallujah (November 2004) | |||||||
| |||||||
Belligerents | |||||||
United States Iraq United Kingdom |
Al-Qaeda in Iraq Islamic Army in Iraq Ansar al-Sunnah 1920 Revolution Brigades Ba'ath Party[1] | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Fadhil al-Barwari (ISOF commander) |
Abu Musab al-Zarqawi Omar Husayn Hadid al-Muhammadi † (November 2004) Abdullah Shaddad † Abdullah al-Janabi Abu Ayyub al-Masri | ||||||
Strength | |||||||
10,500[6] 2,000[6] 850[7] | ≈3,700–4,000[8][9] | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
95 killed, 560 wounded[10] (54 killed, 425 wounded from 7–16 November)[11] 8 killed, 43 wounded[11][12] 4 killed, 10 wounded[13][14] |
1,200–2,000 killed[15][12] 1,500 captured[15] | ||||||
Civilian casualties: 581–670 killed (Iraq Body Count)[16] 800 killed (Red Cross)[17] |
The Second Battle of Fallujah, initially codenamed Operation Phantom Fury, Operation al-Fajr (
Operation Phantom Fury was the second major coalition effort in Fallujah. Earlier, in April 2004, coalition forces fought the First Battle of Fallujah in an attempt to capture or kill insurgent elements who were considered responsible for the 2004 Fallujah ambush, which resulted in the deaths of four private military contractors of Blackwater. When the coalition fought their way into the centre of the city, the Iraqi Interim Government requested that the city's control be transferred over to an Iraqi-run local security force, which then began stockpiling weapons and building complex defences across the city through mid-2004.[24] The battle is notable for being the first major engagement of the Iraq War that was fought solely against insurgents as opposed to the government military forces of the former Ba'athist Iraq.
Background
In February 2004, control of
Within days, U.S. Marine Corps forces launched
Insurgent strength and control began to grow to such an extent that by 24 September 2004, a senior U.S. official told ABC News that catching Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, said to be in Fallujah, was now "the highest priority," and estimated his troops at 5,000 men, mostly non-Iraqis.[31] However, the stated purpose of the military operation in Fallujah was to weaken the insurgency in preparation for the planned Iraqi elections in January 2005.[32]
Preparations
Coalition forces
Before beginning their attack, U.S. and Iraqi forces had established checkpoints around the city to prevent anyone from entering, and to intercept insurgents attempting to flee. In addition, overhead imagery was used to prepare maps of the city for use by the attackers. American units were augmented by Iraqi interpreters to assist them in the planned fight. After weeks of withstanding
U.S., Iraqi and British forces totaled about 13,500. The U.S. had gathered some 6,500 Marines and 1,500 Army soldiers that would take part in the assault with about 2,500 Navy personnel in operational and support roles.[6] U.S. troops were grouped in two Regimental Combat Teams: Regimental Combat Team 1 comprised 3rd Battalion/1st Marines, 3rd Battalion/5th Marines, and U.S. Army 2d Battalion/7th Cavalry. Regimental Combat Team 7 comprised the 1st Battalion/8th Marines, 1st Battalion/3rd Marines, U.S. Army 2d Battalion/2d Infantry, 2d Battalion/12th Cavalry[33] About 2,000 Iraqi troops assisted with the assault.[6] All were supported by Marine fixed and rotary-winged aircraft, Navy and Air Force fixed-wing aircraft; and USSOCOM Sniper Elements.
The 850-strong 1st Battalion of the Black Watch was ordered to help U.S. and Iraqi forces with the encirclement of Fallujah.[34] As part of Task Force Black, D Squadron of the British SAS prepared to take part in the operation, but British political nervousness about the possible scale of casualties stopped any direct UK involvement in the ground battle.[35]
Insurgent forces
In April, Fallujah was occupied by about 500 "hardcore" and 1,000+ "part time" insurgents. By November, it was estimated that the numbers had doubled.[36] Another estimate put the number of insurgents at 3,000; however, a number of insurgent leaders escaped before the attack.[37]
Fallujah was occupied by virtually every insurgent group in Iraq: al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI),
Unlike what most cities in Iraq saw, the Battle of Fallujah did not have internal disputes between insurgents. The fighters consisted of both Sunnis and Shi'as; Soldiers of the
The Iraqi insurgents and foreignThey
Intelligence briefings given prior to battle reported that coalition forces would encounter
Civilian presence
Most of Fallujah's civilian population fled the city before the battle, which greatly reduced the potential for noncombatant casualties.[42] U.S. military officials estimated that 70–90% of the 300,000 civilians in the city fled before the attack, leaving 30,000 to 90,000 civilians still in the city.[37] The military used leaflets and broadcasts to encourage civilians to leave the city before the assault.[45] However, multiple news agencies reported that military-aged males were prevented from leaving or entering the city by the U.S. military.[46] Additionally, not all civilians had the means to leave Fallujah before the battle. Jane Arraf, who was embedded with U.S. troops, said that some families wrote "We are family" on the doors of their homes, hoping the Marines would not attack during the battle.[47]
Battle
Diversion
With Navy SEAL and Marine Recon Snipers providing reconnaissance and target marking on the city perimeter, ground operations began on the night of 7 November 2004. Attacking from the west and south, the Iraqi 36th Commando Battalion with their U.S. Army Special Forces advisers, 1st and 2nd Platoon Charlie Company, Manchu 1st Battalion 9th Infantry Regiment Mechanized, 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 2nd Infantry Division (U.S. Army) served as the main effort on the peninsula and supported by 3rd Platoon Alpha Company 2/72nd Tank Battalion (U.S. Army), and 3rd Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion, reinforced by Bravo Company from the Marine Corps Reserve's 1st Battalion, 23rd Regiment, and supported by Combat Service Support Company 122.
2nd Infantry Division, Manchu, Charlie Co 1-9 Infantry Mechanized with 1st and 2nd platoons, (US Army) SEAL Sniper Task Elements from Naval Special Warfare Task Group Central and the U.S. Marine Corps Scout Platoons, captured Fallujah General Hospital, Blackwater Bridge, ING building, and villages opposite of the
intended to distract and confuse insurgents holding the city, preceding the all-out offensive. Two Marines died in the initial attacks when their bulldozer fell into the Euphrates River. 42 insurgents were killed along the Fallujah riverside.Main Attack
After
The six battalions of U.S. and Iraqi forces, aided by Marine Corps Scout and Target Acquisition, SEAL Sniper, and JTAC elements pre-fire operations, moved into the city under the cover of darkness; and once aligned with the reconnaissance elements, began the assault in the early hours of 8 November 2004, preceded by an intense artillery barrage firing some 2500 155mm projectiles and air attack. This was followed by an attack on the main train station, which was then used as a staging point for follow-on forces. By that afternoon, under the protection of intense air cover, Marines entered the Hay Naib al-Dubat and al-Naziza districts. The Marines were followed by the Navy Seabees of NMCB 4 and NMCB 23 who bulldozed the streets clear of debris from the bombardment that morning. The Seabees used armored bulldozers to plow the streets while remaining safe and protected from enemy fire. Shortly after nightfall on 9 November 2004, Marines had reportedly reached Phase Line Fran at Highway 10 in the center of the city.
While most of the fighting subsided by 13 November 2004, U.S. Marines and Special Operations Forces continued to face determined isolated resistance from insurgents hidden throughout the city. By 16 November 2004, after nine days of fighting, the Marine command described the action as mopping up pockets of resistance. Sporadic fighting continued until 23 December 2004.
By late January 2005, news reports indicated U.S. combat units were leaving the area, and were assisting the local population in returning to the now heavily damaged city.
Combat Awards
Staff Sergeant David Bellavia of the Army Task Force 2-2 Infantry was awarded the Medal of Honor.[51]
Ten Marines were awarded the
- Sergeant Rafael Peralta of 1st Battalion, 3rd Marines[52]
- First Sergeant Bradley Kasal of 3rd Battalion, 1st Marines[53]
- Sergeant Robert Mitchell, Jr. of 3rd Battalion, 1st Marines[54]
- Corporal Jeremiah Workman of 3rd Battalion, 5th Marines[55]
- Lance Corporal Christopher S. Adlesperger of 3rd Battalion, 5th Marines[56]
- Corporal Jason S. Clairday of 3rd Battalion, 5th Marines[57]
- Sergeant Jarrett Kraft of 3rd Battalion, 5th Marines[58]
- Staff Sergeant Aubrey McDade of 1st Battalion, 8th Marines[59]
- Corporal Dominic Esquibel of 1st Battalion, 8th Marines
- Staff Sergeant S. Zisk of 2nd Recon Battalion Scout Sniper
Corporal Esquibel refused the award, citing "personal reasons".[60]
The following were awarded the Presidential Unit Citation for actions during the battle:
- U.S. Army Task Force 2nd Battalion, 2nd Infantry Regiment, 1st Infantry Division
- U.S. Army Task Force 2nd Battalion, 7th Cavalry Regiment, 1st Cavalry Division
- Naval Special Warfare Task Group-Central[61]
Aftermath
The battle proved to be the bloodiest of the war and the bloodiest battle involving U.S. Marines since the
The
Fallujah suffered extensive damage to residences, mosques, city services, and businesses. The city, once referred to as the "City of Mosques", had over 200 mosques prior to the battle;[citation needed] approximately 60 were destroyed in the fighting. Many of these mosques had been used as arms caches and weapon strongpoints by Islamist forces.[citation needed] Of the roughly 50,000 buildings in Fallujah, between 7,000 and 10,000 were estimated to have been destroyed in the offensive and from half to two-thirds of the remaining buildings had notable damage.[66][67]
While pre-offensive inhabitant figures are unreliable, the nominal population was assumed to have been 200,000–350,000. One report states that both offensives,
In mid-December, residents were allowed to return after undergoing
Nevertheless, the battle proved to be less than the decisive engagement that the U.S. military had hoped for. Some of the nonlocal insurgents, along with Zarqawi, were believed to have fled before the military assault, leaving mostly local militants behind. Subsequent U.S. military operations against insurgent positions were ineffective at drawing out insurgents into another open battle, and by September 2006, the situation had deteriorated to the point that the Al-Anbar province that contained Fallujah was reported to be in total insurgent control by the U.S. Marine Corps, with the exception of only pacified Fallujah, but now with an insurgent-plagued Ramadi.[71][72]
After the U.S. military operation of November 2004, the number of insurgent attacks gradually increased in and around the city, and although news reports were often few and far between, several reports of IED attacks on Iraqi troops were reported in the press. Most notable of these attacks was a suicide car bomb attack on 23 June 2005 on a convoy that killed 6 Marines. Thirteen other Marines were injured in the attack. However, fourteen months later insurgents were again able to operate in large numbers.
A third push was mounted from September 2006 and lasted until mid-January 2007. Tactics developed in what has been called the "Third Battle of Fallujah," when applied on a larger scale in Ramadi and the surrounding area, led to what became known as "
Al Qaeda-linked Sunni insurgents from the
Order of battle
American forces
Regimental Combat Team 1 (RCT-1) built around the
- 3rd Battalion 1st Marines(Infantry)
- 3rd Battalion 5th Marines(Infantry)
- 2nd Battalion, 7th Cavalry (1st Cavalry Division)
- 2nd Tank Battalion, Co. C
- 1st Force Reconnaissance Company
- 2nd Reconnaissance Battalion
- 3rd Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion (Mechanized) (Armored)
- 1st Platoon, Company C, 3–153rd Infantry, 39th Brigade Combat Team
- Companies C and D, 2nd Assault Amphibian Battalion (Armored)
- 1st, 2nd and 3rd Platoon, Company A, 3rd Assault Amphibian Battalion Armored
- 1st Battalion 9th Infantry Regiment "Manchu" Mechanized, 1st and 2nd Platoon, C.Co, 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 2nd Infantry Division(U.S. Army)
- Military Police/EOD Platoon [MWSS 373]
- Combat Service Support Company 113, Combat Service Support Battalion 1
- Combat Service Support Company 122, Heavy Equipment/Ordnance Platoon, 1st Maintenance Battalion
- Counter Battery Radar Platoon, 14th Marine Regiment (Artillery)
- 4th Battalion 14th Marines— Mike Battery Palehorse (Provisional Infantry, Scout and Targeting Forward Observation Sections, and Primary Direct Support Artillery)
- Company C, 3rd Battalion, 8th Cavalry Regiment, (U.S. Army)
- 2nd Platoon, Company B, 2nd Battalion, 162nd Infantry (U.S. Army)
- 2D Platoon, Alpha Company, 876 Combat Engineer Battalion
- 3rd Platoon, Company E, 3rd Assault Amphibian Battalion Armored
- TOW Platoon (-), 23rd Marines
- Scout Platoon, Headquarters & Service Company, 4th Tank Battalion
- Scout Platoon, 2nd Tank Battalion (Attached to HQ Btry. 2nd Battalion, 10th Marines Battalion 10th Marines)
- Company A, MP Battalion, 2nd Marine Division
- Company B, (reinforced), 2nd Marine Division
- Military Police Company A, 4th Marine Logistics Group, 4th Marine Division
- Detachment 4, 4th Civil Affairs Group
- Combat Logistics Company 115, Combat Logistics Battalion 1, 1st Marine Logistics Group
- Bravo Surgical Company, 1st Medical Battalion, 1st Force Service Support Group
- Shock Trauma Platoon, 1st Marine Logistics Group
- Company B, 1st Battalion, 4th Marines
- Company B, 1st Battalion, 23rd Marines
- Evac Platoon, Company C, 181 SPT Battalion, 81 HBCT
- 2nd Battalion 11th Marines, Kilo 3/12, Golf, HQ Btry (Artillery- Serving as Provisionary Rifle Companies)
- Charlie Btry. 1st Battalion 10th Marines (Artillery- Serving as Provisional Infantry Company, attached to 2nd Battalion, 10th Marines, w/direct support by 2 teams from STA Platoon, HQ Btry. 2nd Battalion 10th Marines)
- Lima Battery, 3rd Battalion, 10th Marines Battalion, 10th Marines (Artillery- Serving as Provisional Infantry Company, attached to 2nd Battalion, 10th Marines w/direct support from 2 teams of STA Platoon, HQ Btry. 2/10)
- 4th Battalion 14th Marines, Kilo Btry (Artillery- Serving as Provisional Infantry Company, Attached to 2nd Battalion, 10th Marines, 2 Mar Div.)
- Motor Transport Platoon (HQ Btry. 2nd Battalion 10th Marines)
- Task Force ECHO (NMCB (Naval Mobile Construction Battalion) FOUR, NMCB TWO THREE, and Company A, 120th Engineer Battalion Oklahoma National Guard)
- Marine Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Squadron 1 (VMU-1) at Al Taquaddum Airbase
- Al Taqaddum Airbase
- HMM-365at Al Asad Air Base
- 3rd Squad, 3rd Platoon, A Co, 44th Engineer Battalion, 2nd Brigade, 2nd Inf Div
- 3rd Platoon, A Co, 2/72 Tank Battalion, 2nd Infantry Division (U.S. Army)
- B Company, 9th Psychological Operations Battalion, Airborne (U.S. Army)
- H&S and C Cos. 4th Combat Engineer Battalion
- Naval Mobile Construction Battalion 4 (Seabees)
- Naval Mobile Construction Battalion 23 (Seabees)
- Naval Mobile Construction Battalion 133 (Seabees)
Regimental Combat Team 7 (RCT-7) built around the
- 1st Battalion 3rd Marines(Infantry)
- 1st Battalion 8th Marines(Infantry)
- 2nd Battalion, 2nd Infantry Regiment, 1st Infantry Division
- 2nd Tank Battalion, Co. A
- 2nd Reconnaissance Battalion
- 2nd Force Reconnaissance Company
- 1st Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion, Co. C
- 2nd Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion, Co. A
- Tactical PSYOP Team 1171 (USAR), 1/3 Marines (attached)
- 2nd Platoon, Alpha Company, 82nd Engineer Battalion
- F Troop, 4th Cavalry (Brigade Reconnaissance Troop)
- Alpha Company, 2nd Battalion, 63rd Armor Regiment
- Bravo Company 1st Battalion, 63rd Armored Regiment
- 1st Platoon, Charlie Company, 82nd Engineer Battalion
- 1st Platoon, Alpha Battery, 1st Battalion, 6th Field Artillery Regiment (M109A6, 155mm SP)
- 1st Battalion 12th Marines– Battery "C" (Artillery)
- F Troop, 4th Cavalry, 3rd Brigade Reconnaissance Troop, 1st Infantry Division (U.S. Army)
- Company C, 2nd Combat Engineer Battalion
- 2nd Platoon, C Company, 44th Engineer Battalion, 2nd Brigade, 2nd Infantry Division (U.S. Army)
- Company C, 2nd Assault Amphibian Battalion (Armored)
- Company B, MP Battalion, 4th Marine Logistics Group
- 3rd Platoon, Combat Engineer Company, 3rd Marine Division
- 2nd Platoon, Company C, 3rd Assault Amphibian Battalion
- 1st Platoon, Engineer Company C, 6th Engineer Support Battalion
- MEU Service Support Group 31, 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit
- Explosive Ordnance Disposal Mobile Unit THREE
- B Company, 445th Civil Affairs Battalion (U.S. Army)
- A Troop 2nd Squadron, 14th Cavalry(U.S. Army)
- Alpha Company, 458th Engineer Battalion, Engineer Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division (U.S. Army)
- 759th Military Police Battalion Composite (U.S. Army)
- HHD, 759th Military Police Battalion (FWD)
- 148th Military Police Team (FWD) (Police Intelligence)
- 21st Military Police Company (Airborne) (Combat Support)
- 630th Military Police Company (Combat Support)
- 984th Military Police Company (Combat Support)
- 15th Forward Support Battalion
- 2nd Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division TAC (Bravo Company, 13th Signal, E-31; Bravo Company, 312th Military Intel)
- 689th Engineer Company (Clearance) (U.S. Army Reserve)
- 1st Squadron, 124th Cavalry
- CROWS Team One
- Small Craft Company Special Operations River Recon
- 24th Special Tactics Squadron
- F-16 Fighting Falcon)[74]
- 379th Air Expeditionary Wing (A-10 Thunderbolt II, AC-130 Gunship)
- B-52 Stratofortress)
- U-2 Dragon Lady)
- E-8 Joint STARS)[75]
- MQ-1 Predator drones, operated remotely from Creech Air Force Base, Nevada)
U.S. Special Operations Command
- Naval Special Warfare Task Group-Central (Sniper Elements Alpha, Bravo, and Charlie from SEAL Teams 3, 5, 8, and SDVT-1)
- 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta[76]
- Det One
- 5th Special Forces Group[77]
Iraqi forces
- 1st Specialized Special Forces Battalion (Iraqi National Guard), Companies D and B[78]
- Iraqi 36th Commando Battalion[79]
- Iraqi Counter Terrorism Forces Battalion
- Emergency Response Unit (Iraqi-Ministry of Interior) – Attached to RCT-7[80]
- 1st Battalion, 1st Brigade, Iraqi Intervention Force (ICDC) – Operated independently of Coalition forces[80]
- 2nd Battalion, 1st Brigade, Iraqi Intervention Force (IIF) – Attached to RCT-7[80]
- 4th Battalion, 1st Brigade, Iraqi Intervention Force (IIF) – Attached to RCT-1[80]
- 5th Battalion, 3rd Brigade, Iraqi Intervention Force (IIF) – Attached to RCT-7[80]
- 6th Battalion, 3rd Brigade, Iraqi Intervention Force (IIF) – Attached to 2nd Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division[80]
British forces
- 1st Battalion, The Black Watch[81]
Criticisms
There were numerous criticisms relating to the United States' tactics during the battle, including the weapons used, civilian casualties, and collateral damage.
Use of white phosphorus as a weapon
The
On November 8, 2005, the national public broadcasting company of Italy, Radiotelevisione Italiana S.p.A. aired a documentary titled "Fallujah, The Hidden Massacre", which reported that the United States had used white phosphorus as a weapon in Fallujah, and which showed that insurgents and civilians had been killed or injured by chemical burns. Included were graphic video and photos of severe and deep chemical burns that penetrated the flesh and bones of men, women, and children. The filmmakers claimed that the United States used incendiary MK-77 bombs in violation of Protocol III of the 1980 Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, a convention to which the United States was not a party until 2009.[84] According to the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, quoted in the documentary, white phosphorus is permitted for use as an illumination device and as a weapon with regard to heat energy, but not permitted as an offensive weapon with regard to its chemical properties.[85][86]
On November 15, 2005, the US ambassador to the United Kingdom, Robert Tuttle, wrote to The Independent denying that the United States used white phosphorus as a weapon in Fallujah. However, later the same day, US Department of Defence spokesman Lieutenant Colonel Barry Venable confirmed to the BBC that US forces had used white phosphorus as an incendiary weapon there. Venable also stated "When you have enemy forces that are in covered positions that your high explosive artillery rounds are not having an impact on and you wish to get them out of those positions, one technique is to fire a white phosphorus round into the position because the combined effects of the fire and smoke – and in some case the terror brought about by the explosion on the ground – will drive them out of the holes so that you can kill them with high explosives."[87][88]
On November 16, 2005, BBC News reported that an article published in the March–April 2005 issue of Field Artillery, a U.S. Army magazine, noted that white phosphorus had been used during the battle. According to the article, "WP (White Phosphorus) proved to be an effective and versatile munition. We used it for screening missions at two breeches and, later in the fight, as a potent psychological weapon against the insurgents in trench lines and spider holes where we could not get effects on them with HE [High Explosives]. We fired "shake and bake" missions at the insurgents, using WP to flush them out and HE to take them out."[85]
Killing of wounded
On 16 November 2004,
Prevention of military-age males from fleeing Fallujah
Agence France-Presse (AFP) and other news agencies reported that military-age males, 15 to 50 years old, were prevented from leaving the city before the battle began by the U.S. military. All entrances to the city were controlled by U.S. forces.[46]
The Guardian reported that:
Before attacking the city, the marines stopped men "of fighting age" from leaving. Many women and children stayed: the Guardian's correspondent estimated that between 30,000 and 50,000 civilians were left. The marines treated Falluja as if its only inhabitants were fighters. They leveled thousands of buildings, illegally denied access to the Iraqi Red Crescent and, according to the UN's special rapporteur, used "hunger and deprivation of water as a weapon of war against the civilian population".[90]
Civilian casualties
The
"There were American snipers on top of the hospital shooting everyone," said Burhan Fasa'am, a photographer with the Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation. "With no medical supplies, people died from their wounds. Everyone in the street was a target for the Americans."[94]
Depleted uranium
US forces used depleted uranium (DU) shells during the battle. Depleted uranium shells use very dense and non-fissile (but still radioactive) uranium left over from enrichment, for effective armor penetration. They also disperse DU dust into the environment during impact.[95] In the years after the battle, medical research teams have reported increases in infant mortality, cancer, and congenital anomalies or birth defects among children born in Fallujah.[96] According to a 2011 study by Alaani et al., depleted uranium exposure from munitions used during the war was either a primary cause or related to the cause of the birth defect and cancer increases.[97] According to a 2012 journal article by Al-Hadithi et al., existing studies and research evidence does not show a "clear increase in birth defects" or a "clear indication of a possible environmental exposure including depleted uranium". The article further states that "there is actually no substantial evidence that genetic defects can arise from parental exposure to DU in any circumstances."[98] The results of a 2010 study at Fallujah General Hospital, published in 2012, concluded that, "the higher rates of congenital anomalies are believed to be caused by exposure to some genotoxic agent, possibly uranium."[99]
In popular culture
Documentaries
- 1/505of the 82nd Airborne Division in Fallujah, Iraq, in the beginning of 2004.
- Shootout! – Episode 1: D-Day: Fallujah (UPC: 733961741353), a 2006 A&E History Channel Special detailing various gun battles that occurred during the Second Battle of Fallujah.
- The Road to Fallujah, a 2009 documentary following the story of Mark Manning, the only westerner to live among the residents of Fallujah following the November 2004 battle.
- Fear Not the Path of Truth,[100] a 2013 documentary film from Ross Caputi, a veteran of the 2nd siege of Fallujah who investigates atrocities that occurred and the legacy of US foreign policy in Fallujah.
- MK-77by the U.S. Army during the battle.
- Once Upon a Time in Iraq,[101] a 2020 BBC documentary series, featured the Battle of Fallujah in its third episode.
- Perfect Valor, a 2009 documentary. Chronicles the battle to control Fallujah, Iraq (known as "Operation Phantom Fury") from the perspective of six American troops who were there. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10850008/ Link for the trailer: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Neekki4T8Mw
Films
- war drama which is based on the Christmas Eve before the war.[102]
Games
- Six Days in Fallujah, span of the six bloodiest days in the battle for Fallujah. It was dropped by Konami for the controversy surrounding it and remained in limbo until 2021. The restarted game was announced in 2021 with publishing of Victura and developed by Highwire Games. Early access release was in June 2023, and follows 3rd Battalion, 1st Marines (3/1) as they fight the Iraqi insurgency in the city of Fallujah, Iraq. [103][104]
- Close Combat: First to Fight, is a video game that was also designed with input from former and active-duty U.S. Marines from 3rd Battalion, 1st Marines, who had participated in combat around Fallujah, Iraq during Operation Phantom Fury.
- Phantom Fury: The 2nd Battle for Fallujah, is a solitaire board game based on the actions of 3rd Battalion, 1st Marine Regiment, 1st Marine Division in the Jolan district in November 2004.[105]
Music
- "In Old Yellowcake", song by Rasputina (2007)
- "Christmas in Fallujah", song by Jefferson Pepper (2005) (UPC: 669910486467)
- "Christmas in Fallujah", song by Cass Dillon and Billy Joel (2007) (Digital download, CD single)
- Fallujah, an opera with music by the Canadian composer Tobin Stokes and libretto by Heather Raffo.[106]
- "Fallujah" by Serbian roots reggae band FC Apartride Utd, On The Frontline Menu 2006, LP[107][108][109]
- "Idhrib Ya Asad Al Fallujah(Strike oh Lions of Fallujah)", song by Ali Al-Faridawi and Hussein Ghazal[110]
- Fallujah is an American technical death metal band from San Francisco, California, formed in 2007.
Books
- No True Glory: A Frontline Account of the Battle for Fallujah[111]
- My Men are My Heroes: The Brad Kasal Story[112]
- We Were One: Shoulder to Shoulder with the Marines Who Took Fallujah[citation needed]
- New Dawn: The Battles for Fallujah[113]
- Operation Phantom Fury: The Assault and Capture of Fallujah, Iraq[114]
- Sunrise Over Fallujah[115]
- Fallujah Memoirs: A Grunt's Eye View of the Second Battle of Fallujah[116]
- Ghosts of Fallujah[117]
- U.S. Marines in Battle: Fallujah, November–December 2004<ref>McWilliams, Timothy S.; Schlosser, Nicolas J. (23 July 2014). U.S. Marines in Battle: Fallujah, November-December 2004. Military Bookshop. ISBN 9781782667018.</ref>
- House to House: An Epic Memoir of War[citation needed]
- Code Red Fallujah: A Doctor's Memoir at War[118]
- Fallujah, with Honor; First Battalion, Eighth Marine's Role in Operation Phantom Fury; Expanded 2nd Edition[119]
- All Of Which I Saw[120]
- American Sniper
See also
References
- ISBN 978-1412980166
- ^ Operation Phantom Fury: The Assault and Capture of Fallujah, Iraq. Zenith Press. 4 December 2009. Retrieved 4 December 2009 – via Amazon.
- ^ Tucker (2014), pp. 303
- ^ "November, 2004 - Into the hot zone at the Second Battle of Fallujah". Army.mil. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
- ^ Rayburn, Joel D.; Sobchak, Frank K.; Godfroy, Jeanne F.; Morton, Matthew D.; Powell, James S.; Zais, Matthew M. (January 2019). The U.S. Army in the Iraq War – Volume 1, Invasion, Insurgency, Civil War, 2003–2006 (PDF). UNITED STATES ARMY WAR COLLEGE PRESS. p. 346. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-14-303891-7.
- ^ "Black Watch ordered to join US cordon for assault on Fallujah". The Independent. London. 22 October 2004. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
- ^ John Pike. "Operation al-Fajr (Dawn) / Phantom Fury Fallujah, Iraq". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
- ^ Karon, Tony (8 November 2004). "The Grim Calculations of Retaking Fallujah". Time. Archived from the original on 11 November 2004. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
- ^ [1]
- ^ ISBN 978-0-14-303891-7.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-59884-336-1.
- ^ a b "Dead Black Watch soldiers named". BBC News. 5 November 2004. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
- ^ a b "Black Watch pays price for backing Fallujah offensive". The Independent. London. 9 November 2004. Archived from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
- ^ a b c d "From Fallujah to Qaim". Asia Times. 13 May 2005. Archived from the original on 16 January 2006. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ a b "Besieged: Living and Dying in Fallujah :: Iraq Body Count". Iraqbodycount.org. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
- ^ a b Singal, Jesse; Jesse Singal, Christine Lim and M.J. Stephey (19 March 2010). "November 2004: Fight in Fallujah – Seven Years in Iraq: An Iraq War Timeline". Time. Archived from the original on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
- ^ Garamone, Jim (5 March 2006). "DefenseLINK News: ScanEagle Proves Worth in Fallujah Fight". Archived from the original on 5 March 2006. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
- ISBN 0-14-303891-5.
- ^ Lamothe, Dan (4 November 2014). "Remembering the Iraq War's bloodiest battle, 10 years later". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
- ^ Murphy, Susan (7 November 2014). "10 Years After Battle For Fallujah, Marines Reflect On 'Iconic Fight'". NPR. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
- ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
- ^ Jenkins, Brian Michael (14 November 2016). "What the battles of Mosul and Aleppo tell us about their countries' futures". The Hill. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
- ^ a b c d Ricks, (2007) pp. 343–346.
- ISBN 978-1-59184-745-8.
- ^ "Frontline: Private Warriors: Contractors: The High-risk Contracting Business". Frontline. PBS.
- ISBN 9781568583945.
- ^ Rayburn, Joel D. (January 2019). The U.S. Army in the Iraq War. Strategic Studies Institute and U.S. Army War College Press. p. 283.
- ProQuest 2100787857.
- ^ "Trouble in town". The Age. 1 July 2004. Retrieved 25 December 2010.
- ^ Brian Ross (24 September 2004). "Tracking Abu Musab Al-Zarqawi". ABC News. Archived from the original on 28 January 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
- ^ "U.S. hits Fallujah from air, ground". Associated Press. 4 November 2004. Archived from the original on 9 November 2004.
- ISBN 1-932714-77-4.
- ^ "Black Watch ordered to join US cordon for assault on Fallujah". The Independent. London. 22 October 2004. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
- ISBN 978-1250006967,p.65
- ISBN 978-0-553-80402-7.
- ^ a b Filkins, Dexter; James Glanz (8 November 2004). "With Airpower and Armor, Troops Enter Rebel-Held City". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 June 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2008.
- ISBN 978-1498706896
- ^ قتال جيش المهدي في الفلوجة 2004 شاهد ترحيب الأهالي وهوسات صباح الجنابي [The Mahdi Army Fighting in Fallujah, 2004] (in Arabic), archived from the original on 23 June 2023, retrieved 20 August 2022
- ^ براثا, وكالة انباء (23 May 2008). "اسرار من معركة الفلوجة عام 2004 كيف تعاون مقتدى الصدر مع البعثيين والتكفيريين وقاتل الى جانبهم". وكالة أنباء براثا (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
- ^ ISBN 1-932714-77-4.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-84739-118-6.
- ^ Cuney, Jonathan (October 2011). "Insurgent Arsenal of Fallujah". Small Arms Review. Archived from the original on 31 October 2022.
- ISBN 1-4165-7471-9.
- ^ Estes, Kenneth W. (2011). Into the Fray. Washington, D.C.: United States Marine Corps History Division. p. 60.
- ^ a b AFP (8 November 2004). "US troops ban men from entering, leaving Fallujah". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
- ISBN 9780160773129.
- ^ a b Wise p. 75
- ^ Gilbert, Michael (18 November 2004). "Stryker troops rejoin comrades in Mosul". Stryker Brigade News. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2008.
- ^ McDonald, JoAnna M. (14 March 2006). "Photographing Fallujah". Leatherneck Magazine via Military.com. Archived from the original on 1 February 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
- ^ "Staff Sergeant David Bellavia | Medal of Honor Recipient | U.S. Army". Army.mil. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
- ^ Fuentes, Gidget (22 September 2008). "Peralta to be given Navy Cross posthumously". Marine Corps Times. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
- ^ "Parris Island DI earns Navy Cross". Marine Corps Times. 19 January 2007. Archived from the original on 22 January 2007.
- ^ "Marine given Navy Cross". Ocregister.com. 29 July 2006. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
- ^ "Jeremiah Workman - Recipient -". Valor.militarytimes.com. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
- ^ "Christopher Adlesperger - Recipient -". Valor.militarytimes.com. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
- ^ "Jason Clairday - Recipient -". Valor.militarytimes.com. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
- ^ "Jarrett Kraft - Recipient -". Valor.militarytimes.com. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
- ^ "Aubrey L. McDade , Jr". Military Times. Archived from the original on 7 November 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
- ^ "Dominic Esquibel". Military Times. Archived from the original on 31 July 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
- ^ Liewer, Steve (18 May 2005). "Troops Honored for Efforts at Fallujah". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
- ^ "Surviving the Iraq War's Bloodiest Battle: An Iraqi Mother's Story". PBS.
- ISBN 978-0-14-303891-7.
- ^ "DefenseLink News Article: Fallujah Secure, But Not Yet Safe, Marine Commander Says". Defenselink.mil. Archived from the original on 14 April 2007. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ a b "U.S. Marines in Iraq, 2004–2005 into the fray". Search.library.wisc.edu. Archived from the original on 12 October 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
- ^ "Still locked down, Fallujah slow to rebuild". NBC News. 14 April 2005. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
- ^ "Increased Security in Fallujah Slows Efforts to Rebuild". The Washington Post. 19 April 2005. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
- ^ Holmes, Jonathan (4 April 2007). "The legacy of Fallujah". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
- ^ "Telling the Fallujah Story to the World" (PPT). IMEF and MNCI Effects Exploitation Team. 3 December 2004. Retrieved 28 December 2008.
- ^ "Fallujah Four Months Later". Voice of America. 31 March 2005. Archived from the original on 18 April 2005. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
- ^ Thomas E. Ricks (11 September 2006). "Situation Called Dire in West Iraq". The Washington Post. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
- ^ "US lost control of al-Anbar province - Free Market News Network". 12 October 2007. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
- ^ "Top Iraqi commander vows to re-capture Fallujah and Ramadi after al-Qa'ida-linked fighters take control of key cities", The Independent, 5 January 2014
- ^ "U.S. Air Force Fact Sheet THE HISTORY OF THE 187TH FIGHTER WING. Retrieved Sep 14, 2016". Archived from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
- ^ "Above Fallujah, layers of U.S. air cover". Nbcnews.com. 11 November 2004. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
- ^ Dorell, Oren; Zoroya, Gregg (9 November 2006). "Battle for Fallujah". USA Today.
- )
- ^ "History of the 1st Marine Regiment" (DOC). MNF-West. Retrieved 22 December 2008. [dead link]
- ^ Roggio, Bill (12 November 2004). "Retooling". Long War Journal. Retrieved 22 December 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f "Forces Retake Key Civic Centers in Fallujah". U.S. Department of Defense. 10 November 2004. Archived from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2008.
- ^ Brown, Colin (22 October 2004). "Black Watch ordered to join U.S. cordon for assault on Fallujah". The Independent. UK. Retrieved 22 December 2008.
- ^ "Once Upon a Time in Iraq: Fallujah". PBS.
- ^ a b Spinner, Jackie (10 November 2004). "U.S. Forces Battle Into Heart of Fallujah". The Washington Post. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
- ^ "UNODA Treaties". treaties.unoda.org. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
- ^ a b Reynolds, Paul (16 November 2005). "OPCW Spokesman Peter Kaiser elucidates the OPCW position on white phosphorus". BBC News. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
- ^ "OPCW agrees with U.S. Military that use of white phosphorus as an incendiary agent is not prohibited". Archived from the original on 5 January 2006. Retrieved 25 January 2008.
- ^ "US forces used 'chemical weapon' in Iraq". The Independent. 16 November 2005. Archived from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
- ^ "U.S. official admits phosphorus used as weapon in Iraq". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 16 November 2005. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
- ^ "Marine cleared in videotaped shooting". CNN. 5 May 2005. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
- ^ Monbiot, George (22 November 2005). "Behind the phosphorus clouds are war crimes within war crimes". guardian.co.uk. The Guardian. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
- ^ "Red Cross Estimates 800 Iraqi Civilians Killed in Fallujah". Democracynow.org. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
- ISBN 9781421417868.
- ISBN 9781595588258.
- ^ a b Marqusee, Mike (10 November 2005). "A name that lives in infamy". The Guardian. Fallujah. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
- PMID 16124873.
- ^ Patrick Cockburn (24 July 2010). "Toxic legacy of US assault on Fallujah worse than Hiroshima". The Independent.
- PMID 21888647.
- PMID 22839108.
- PMID 23864991.
- ^ Caputi, Ross (22 November 2013). Fear Not the Path of Truth – via Youtube.
- ^ Bluemel, James (July 2020). Once Upon a Time in Iraq, Episode 3 – via dailymotion.
- ^ "Pasaje al amanecer". Fotogramas (in Spanish). Hearst Communications. 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
- ^ "Six Days in Fallujah on Steam".
- ^ Pham, Alex (27 April 2009). "Konami cancels Six Days in Fallujah video game". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 18 December 2010.
- ^ "Nuts Publishing – Phantom Fury – 02-22-2015". Archived from the original on 22 February 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
- ^ "Iraq war opera helps heal post-conflict trauma". BBC News. 20 August 2012. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
- ^ "F.C. Apatride Utd* – On The Frontline Menu". Discogs.com.
- ^ FC Apatride Utd – Fallujah. 25 April 2012. Archived from the original on 9 January 2016 – via YouTube.
- ^ FC Apatride UTD – Fallujah / HD. 17 December 2014. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021 – via YouTube.
- ^ "اضرب يا اسد الفلوجة". YouTube.
- ISBN 9780553804027.
- ISBN 9780696232367.
- ISBN 9781611210514.
- ISBN 9781616732530.
- ISBN 9780545232029.
- ISBN 9798740492940.
- ISBN 9781947309043.
- ^ "Code Red Fallujah: A Doctor's Memoir at War".
- ^ "Fallujah, with Honor; First Battalion, Eighth Marine's …".
- ^ "Lucian Read". Amazon.
Bibliography
Tucker, Spencer C. (2014). Battles That Changed American History: 100 of the Greatest Victories and Defeats. ABC-CLIO.
Further reading
- No True Glory: A Frontline Account of the Battle for Fallujah, by ISBN 978-0-553-80402-7)
- ISBN 978-0-306-81469-3)
- Fighting For Fallujah: A New Dawn for Iraq, by John R. Ballard (2006) (ISBN 978-0-275-99055-8)
- Fallujah With Honor: First Battalion, Eighth Marine's Role in Operation Phantom Fury, by Gary Livingston (2006) (ISBN 1-928724-06-X)
- Battle for Fallujah (book)|Battle of Fallujah: Occupation, Resistance And Stalemate in the War in Iraq, by Vincent L. Foulk (2006) (ISBN 0-7864-2677-2)
- Among Warriors in Iraq: True Grit, Special Ops, and Raiding in Mosul and Fallujah, by Mike Tucker (2006) (ISBN 978-1-59228-732-1)
- Iraq 1941: The Battles For Basra, Habbaniya, Fallujah and Baghdad, by Robert Lyman (2006) (ISBN 978-1-84176-991-2)
- My Men Are My Heroes: The Brad Kasal Story, by ISBN 0-696-23236-7)
- On Call in Hell: A Doctor's Iraq War Story, by Cdr. Richard Jadick (2007) (ISBN 0-451-22053-6)
- House to House: An Epic Memoir of War, by SSG ISBN 978-1-4165-7471-2)
- The Navy Cross (book)|The Navy Cross: Extraordinary Heroism in Iraq, Afghanistan and Other Conflicts, by James E. Wise, Scott Baron (2007) (ISBN 1-59114-945-2)
- Marakat Al-Fallujah: Hazimat Amrika Fi Al-Iraq, by Ahmad Mansur (2008) (ISBN 978-977-427-309-4)
- Sunrise over Fallujah (2008) (ISBN 978-0-439-91625-7)
- Fallujah: Shock & Awe (2009) (ISBN 978-0-85124-706-9)
- Inside Fallujah: The Unembedded Story, Ahmed Mansour (2009) (ISBN 978-1-56656-778-7)
- The Daily Thoughts of a Fallujah Marine by Josh Daugherty (2009) (ISBN 978-1-60836-044-4)
- Popaditch, Nicholas; Steere, Mike (2008). Once a Marine: An Iraq War Tank Commander's Inspirational Memoir of Combat, Courage, and Recovery. Savas Beatie. ISBN 978-1-932714-47-0.
- Operation Phantom Fury: The Assault and Capture of Fallujah, Iraq, by Dick Camp (2009) (ISBN 978-0-7603-3698-4)
- New Dawn: The Battles for Fallujah, by Richard S. Lowry (2010) (Pritzker Military Libraryon 3 November 2011
External links
- Shootout: Fallujah – History Channel documentary about the Battle of Fallujah
- Eyewitness Fallujah: A British TV Cameraman's account of Operation Phantom Fury Archived 12 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- "The Legality of the Use of White Phosphorus by the United States Military during the 2004 Fallujah Assaults" (24 January 2007). Berkeley Electronic Press Preprint Series. Working Paper 1959.
- 3/1 Update from Fallujah, 29 Dec. 2004., Marine Corps Moms