Second Iraqi–Kurdish War

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Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
Part of the Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
Date1974–1975
(1 year)
Location
Northern Iraq
Result

Iraqi victory[4]

  • KDP military and strategic failure
  • Peshmerga fighting ability destroyed
  • KDP–Iraq cease-fire
  • Failed PUK low-level insurgency
  • Iran withdrew its support for KDP
  • 1975 Algiers Agreement
Territorial
changes		 Iraqi government reinstates full control over Kurdish-majority territories
Belligerents
KDP
Iran
Supported by:
 Israel[1]
 United States[2]		 Iraq
Supported by:
 Soviet Union[3]
Commanders and leaders
Mustafa Barzani
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi		 Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
Saddam Hussein
Strength
100,000–110,000 fighters[5]
350,000 troops[6]		 90,000 troops[5]
1,200 tanks and AFVs[5]
200 aircraft[5] (not all engaged)[5]
Casualties and losses
10,000 killed[7] 2,500 killed[8]
Total: 7,000+[9] to 20,000 killed[10]
600,000 displaced[9][11]
280,000 Kurds fled to Iran[12]

The Second Iraqi–Kurdish War

KDP troops of Mustafa Barzani during 1974–1975. The war came in the aftermath of the First Iraqi–Kurdish War (1961–1970), as the 1970 peace plan
for Kurdish autonomy had failed to be implemented by 1974. Unlike the previous guerrilla campaign in 1961–1970, waged by Barzani, the 1974 war was a Kurdish attempt at symmetric warfare against the Iraqi Army, which eventually led to the quick collapse of the Kurds, who were lacking advanced and heavy weaponry. The war ended with the exile of the Iraqi KDP party and between 7,000–20,000 deaths from both sides combined.

Background

 
People
Population
  • Homeland
  • Kurdistan
  • Northern Kurdistan
    )
  • Eastern Kurdistan
    )
  • Southern Kurdistan
    )
  • Western Kurdistan
    )
  • Diaspora
History

Ancient

Karduchian dynasties

Corduene
Zabdicene
Cyrtians
Moxoene
  • Kayusids

Medieval

Modern
Culture
Languages
Kurdish languages
Religion
Main articles: First Iraqi–Kurdish War and Iraqi–Kurdish Autonomy Agreement of 1970

Kurds led by Mustafa Barzani were engaged in heavy fighting against successive Iraqi regimes from 1960 to 1975. The First Iraqi–Kurdish War (1961–1970) led to a stalemate and in March 1970 Iraq announced a peace plan providing for Kurdish autonomy. The plan was to be implemented in four years.[14] However, at the same time, the Iraqi regime started an Arabization program in the oil-rich regions of Kirkuk and Khanaqin.[15]

Iraqi campaign

The 1970 peace agreement did not last long, and in 1974, the Iraqi government began a new offensive against the Kurdish rebels, pushing them close to the border with Iran. As in the First Iraqi-Kurdish War, the Kurds received material support from Iran and Israel. Israel regarded the Iraqi Armed Forces as a possible threat in case of renewed fighting between Israel and Syria (during the 1973 War about one third of Iraq's army had been sent to fight against Israel on the Syrian front) and so wished to keep the Iraqis occupied elsewhere. Iran wished to strengthen its own political and military position vis-à-vis Iraq—the only other regional power in the Persian Gulf.

Iraq begins negotiations with Iran

As the fighting progressed, Iraq informed

Algiers Accord. According to the accord Iran would quit supplying the Iraqi Kurds in return for the transfer of Iraqi territory to Iran—especially half the width of the Shatt al-Arab, the river through which ships could sail to a number of major Iranian ports. Israel's aid to the Kurds was being transferred through Iran, so Iran's decision also prevented the continuation of Israeli aid to the Kurds (the only other possible route being Turkey which was also hostile to the idea of a Kurdish autonomy in northern Iraq as a dangerous precedent for the Kurds in eastern Turkey).[citation needed] Following this development, Barzani escaped to Iran with many of his supporters. Others surrendered en masse and the rebellion ended within a short time. The casualties of the war are estimated around 5,000 soldiers and civilians.[11]

Aftermath

Main articles:
Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in North Iraq
Further information:
Al-Anfal campaign

As a result, the Iraqi government extended its control over the Iraqi Kurdistan after fifteen years and in order to secure its influence, started an Arabization program by moving Arabs to the vicinity of oil fields in northern Iraq, particularly the ones around Kirkuk.[16] The repressive measures carried out by the government against the Kurds after the Algiers agreement led to renewed clashes between the Iraqi Army and Kurdish guerrillas in 1977. In 1978 and 1979, 600 Kurdish villages were burned down and around 200,000 Kurds were deported to other parts of the country.[17]

In the early 1980s, with the eruption of the

Al-Anfal campaign
an estimated 182,000 Kurds lost their lives in north Iraq and hundreds of thousands forced to become refugees, fleeing mostly to neighbouring Iran.

The area underwent chaos again in 1991 following the

Kurdish uprising eventually led to the establishment of the Kurdistan Region
.

See also

References

  1. ^ "18. Iraq/Kurds (1932-present)".
  2. ISBN 9780521702478
    .
  3. ^ "17. Iraq/Kurds (1932-present)".
  4. ^ J. Schofield, Militarization and War, p. 122
  5. ^
    ISBN 978-0-415-40078-7
    .
  6. ISBN 978-0-87289-775-5
    .
  7. ^ "18. Iraq/Kurds (1932-present)".
  8. ISBN 978-0-87289-775-5
    .
  9. ^
    University of Maryland. Archived from the original
    on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2011-04-06.
  10. ISBN 0-7475-0260-9
    .
  11. ^ a b "All wars in the 20th century, since 1900 | the Polynational War Memorial".
  12. ^ "18. Iraq/Kurds (1932-present)".
  13. ^ p.48 "The Second Kurdish-Iraqi War (1974-1975)" Archived 2013-10-29 at the Wayback Machine
  14. S2CID 145235862
    .
  15. ^ "Introduction". Genocide in Iraq: The Anfal Campaign Against the Kurds (Human Rights Watch Report, 1993).
  16. ^ Harris (1977), p. 121.
  17. ^ Farouk-Sluglett, M.; Sluglett, P.; Stork, J. (July–September 1984). "Not Quite Armageddon: Impact of the War on Iraq". MERIP Reports: 24.
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