Second United Front
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Second United Front | |
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第二次國共合作 | |
Leader | Chiang Kai-shek Mao Zedong |
Dates of operation | December 24, 1936 | – 1947
Dissolved | 7 April 1947 |
Merger of | Chinese Nationalist Party Chinese Communist Party |
Country | China |
Allegiance | Nationalist government |
Motives | Anti-imperialism Anti-Japanese sentiment |
Headquarters | Chongqing |
Ideology | Tridemism |
Political position | Big tent |
Part of | United Nations |
Allies | Soviet Union United States British Empire |
Opponents | Axis powers |
Battles and wars | Second Sino-Japanese War |
The Second United Front (traditional Chinese: 第二次國共合作; simplified Chinese: 第二次国共合作; pinyin: dì èr cì guógòng hézuò; lit. 'Second Nationalist-Communist Cooperation') was the alliance between the ruling Kuomintang (KMT) and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to resist the Japanese invasion of China during the Second Sino-Japanese War, which suspended the Chinese Civil War from 1937 to 1945.
Background
In 1927 the Chinese Communists retaliated against Kuomintang following a
In 1931 the Japanese launched its
Xi'an Incident
In 1936, Chiang Kai-shek assigned "The Young Marshal"
On 12 December 1936, a deeply disgruntled Zhang Xueliang kidnapped Chiang Kai-shek in Xi'an to force an end to the conflict between KMT and CCP. To secure the release of Chiang, the KMT was forced to agree to a temporary end to the Chinese Civil War and the forming of a united front between the CCP and KMT against Japan on 24 December 1936.[citation needed] However, by the time Chiang arrived in Xi'an on 4 December 1936, negotiations for a united front had been in the works for two years.[5]
The
Cooperation during the War of Resistance
As a result of the truce between KMT and CCP, the Red Army was reorganized into the
After the commencement of full-scale war between China and Japan, the Communists forces fought in alliance with the KMT forces during the Battle of Taiyuan, and the high point of their cooperation came in 1938 during the Battle of Wuhan.
However, the Communists submission to the chain of command of the National Revolutionary Army was in name only. The Communists acted independently and hardly ever engaged the Japanese in conventional battles. The level of actual coordination between the CCP and KMT during the Second Sino-Japanese War was minimal.[6]
Breakdown and aftermath
In the midst of the Second United Front, the Communists and the Kuomintang were still vying for territorial advantage in "Free China" (i.e. those areas not occupied by the Japanese or ruled by puppet governments). The uneasy alliance began to break down by late 1938 as a result of the Communists' efforts to expand their military strength through absorbing Chinese guerrilla forces behind enemy lines. For Chinese militia who refused to switch their allegiance, the CCP would call them "collaborators" and then attack to eliminate their forces. For example, the Red Army led by He Long attacked and wiped out a brigade of Chinese militia led by Zhang Yin-wu in Hebei in June, 1939.[7]
In December 1940, Chiang Kai-shek demanded that the CCP's
Afterwards, within the Japanese occupied provinces and behind enemy lines the KMT and CCP forces carried on warfare with each other, with the Communists eventually destroying or absorbing the KMT
After 1945
After the Second Sino-Japanese War, Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong attempted to engage in peace talks. This effort failed and by 1946 the KMT and the Chinese Communist Party were engaged in all-out civil war. The Communists were able to obtain seized Japanese Army weapons in the Northeast – with Soviet acquiescence – and took the opportunity to engage the already weakened KMT. In October 1949, Mao established the People's Republic of China, while Chiang retreated to the island of Taiwan.[13]
See also
- Outline of the Chinese Civil War
- Timeline of the Chinese Civil War
- First United Front
- United front (People's Republic of China)
- United front in Taiwan
- United front in Hong Kong
References
Citations
- ^ "1947年3月7日 第二次国共合作破裂".
- ISBN 978-0-521-31864-8P.114
- ^ Taylor, Jay (2009). The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the struggle for modern China, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press P.94
- ^ "Background of Xi'an Incident". Archived from the original on 2012-12-07. Retrieved 2012-12-07.
- ^ Paine 2012, p. 102.
- ^ Buss, Claude Albert. (1972). Stanford Alumni Association. The People's Republic of China and Richard Nixon. United States.
- ISBN 957-13-0962-1, p.259
- S2CID 163141212.
- ^ "政治垃圾張蔭梧曾欲為國民黨奪回北平_历史-多維新聞網". culture.dwnews.com. Retrieved 2019-10-30.
- ISBN 0-231-11276-9.
- ISBN 0-231-11276-9. p. 160
- ^ "Crisis". Time. 13 November 1944. Archived from the original on November 20, 2007.
- ^ "The Chinese Revolution of 1949". 2007-07-13.
Sources
- Paine, Sarah C. (2012). The Wars for Asia 1911–1949. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107020696.