Sedevacantism
This article needs additional citations for verification. (July 2023) |
Sedevacantism is a
The term sedevacantism is derived from the Latin phrase
The number of sedevacantists is unknown and difficult to measure; estimates range from tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands.[4] Various fractions of conclavists among sedevacantists have proceeded to end the perceived vacancy in the Holy See by electing their own pope.[5]
Positions
Origin
This section is missing information about who, when and in what circumstances started the movement.(December 2023) |
Sedevacantism owes its origins to the rejection of the theological and disciplinary changes implemented following the
Traditionalist Catholics other than sedevacantists recognize as legitimate the line of popes leading to and including Pope Francis.[10] Sedevacantists, however, claim that the infallible Magisterium of the Catholic Church could not have decreed the changes made in the name of the Second Vatican Council, and conclude that those who issued these changes could not have been acting with the authority of the Catholic Church.[11] Accordingly, they hold that Pope John XXIII and his successors left the true Catholic Church and thus lost legitimate authority in the church. A notorious heretic, they say, cannot be the Catholic pope.[12]
Justification
While sedevacantists' arguments often hinge on their interpretation of modernism as being a heresy, this is also debated.[clarification needed][13]
Positions within sedevacantism
Clergy, Mass, and sacraments
Some sedevacantists accept the consecrations and ordinations of sedevacantist bishops and priests, and the offering of Masses and the administration of sacraments by the said bishops and priests, to be licit because of epikea,[14][15][16] i.e. "the interpretation of the mind and will of him who made the law".[17] In this case, the ecclesiastical laws (e.g. prohibition of consecrations of bishops without papal mandate; prohibition of administration of sacraments without ecclesiastical authorization) are interpreted to cease when to follow them would be impossible, harmful, or unreasonable,[18] or would mean transgressing divine laws (e.g. the church must have bishops and priests; Catholics must attend Mass and receive the sacraments), and because of a historical precedent for consecrating Catholic bishops during a long vacancy of the Holy See.[14][15]
Liturgy
Relationship to sedeprivationism
Some sedevacantists affirm the
Such position is endorsed by the Istituto Mater Boni Consilii and the Orthodox Roman Catholic Movement.[20][21][22]
Demography
There are estimated to be between several tens of thousands and more than two hundred thousand sedevacantists worldwide,[citation needed] mostly concentrated in the United States, Mexico, Canada, France, the United Kingdom, Italy and Australia, but the actual size of the sedevacantist movement has never been accurately assessed. It remains extremely difficult to establish the size of the movement for a wide range of reasons, such as the fact that not all sedevacantists identify themselves as such, nor do they necessarily adhere to sedevacantist groups or societies.[23]
Early proponents
Early proponents of sedevacantism include:
- Francis Schuckardt, an American who was part of the Blue Army of Our Lady of Fátima, until he publicly took the position in 1967 that the Holy See was vacant and that the church that had emerged from the Second Vatican Council was no longer the Catholic Church. He founded the Congregation of Mary Immaculate Queen (CMRI).
- Bishop Old Catholicbishop who converted to sedevacantism and an associate of Schuckardt.
- Jesuit priest and theologian who put forward sedevacantist ideas in his books The New Montinian Church (August 1971) and Sede Vacante (1973). His writings gave rise to the sedevacantist movement in Mexico, led by Sáenz, Moisés Carmonaand Adolfo Zamora, priests who formed the Unión Católica Trento (Tridentine Catholic Union).
- Francis E. Fenton, an American priest who was inspired by Sáenz's writings and founded the Orthodox Roman Catholic Movement as an American parallel to the Mexican Unión Católica Trento.
- Thesis of Cassiciacumin the 1970s.
- Several American priests of the Society of Saint Pius X (SSPX): Daniel Dolan, Anthony Cekada, and Donald Sanborn, reportedly sedevacantists in the 1970s, who were expelled, along with several other priests, by Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre for holding this view. Nine of these priests later founded the Society of Saint Pius V (SSPV) in 1983.
- Oswald Baker, an English priest who was a sedevacantist by at least 1982, and reportedly some time prior to that.
- True Catholic Church" with the name of "Pius XIII".
Bishops and holy orders
This section may contain material not related to the topic of the article.(July 2023) ) |
Catholic theology holds that any bishop can validly ordain any baptized male to the priesthood, and any priest to the episcopacy, provided that, with the intention to do what the church does, he uses a rite of ordination or consecration considered valid by the Catholic Church.[24][25]
Sedevacantist bishops
Consecrated before Vatican II
The only known Catholic bishop consecrated before the Second Vatican Council who publicly became sedevacantist was Vietnamese Archbishop Ngô Đình Thục (consecrated in 1938), former Vicar Apostolic of Vĩnh Long, Vietnam and former Archbishop of Huế, Vietnam.
Bishop Alfredo Méndez-Gonzalez (consecrated in 1960), former Bishop of Arecibo, Puerto Rico, though not a sedevacantist, at least not a public one, associated himself with sedevacantist priests and consecrated a bishop for them.
Thục line bishops
The "Thục line" bishops designates bishops who derive their
On 7 May 1981, Thục consecrated the
On 17 October 1981, Thục consecrated the sedevacantist Mexican priests Moisés Carmona and Adolfo Zamora as bishops.[27][28] Carmona and Zamora had been sedevacantist leaders and propagators in Mexico[30] for many years, and were among the priests who formed the Tridentine Catholic Union.
The Vatican declared Thục
Méndez-line bishops
On 19 October 1993, in Carlsbad, California, United States, Bishop Méndez-Gonzalez consecrated the sedevacantist Clarence Kelly of the Society of Saint Pius V (SSPV) to the episcopacy. By Méndez's wish, the consecration was kept secret until his death in 1995.[31]
There are two sedevacantist bishops who descend from Bishop Méndez through Bishop Kelly.[32][33] Both are bishops of the Congregation of Saint Pius V.
Whose lineages derive from earlier movements
A considerable number of sedevacantist bishops are thought to derive their holy orders from Bishop
Groups
Sedevacantist groups include:
- Congregation of Mary Immaculate Queen (CMRI), formed in 1967. It operates in North America, South America, Europe, and Asia; is based in Omaha, Nebraska, United States; and is headed by Bishop Mark Pivarunas.
- Society of Saint Pius V (SSPV), formed in 1983 when nine American priests of the Society of Saint Pius X split from the organization over a number of issues including using the liturgical reforms implemented under Pope John XXIII.[37] It operates in North America, is based in Oyster Bay Cove, New York, United States, and was headed by Bishop Clarence Kelly until his death in December 2023.[38]
- Istituto Mater Boni Consilii (Institute of the Mother of Good Counsel; IMBC), formed in 1985 when four Italian priests of the Society of Saint Pius X split from the organization. It holds to the position of sedeprivationism. It operates in Europe and Argentina, and is based in Verrua Savoia, Turin, Italy. Its bishop is Bishop Geert Stuyver.
- Sociedad Sacerdotal Trento (Priestly Society of Trent; SST), formed in 1993 by the priests of the deceased Bishop Moisés Carmona. Its bishop is Bishop Martín Dávila Gandara.
- Roman Catholic Institute (RCI), founded in 1993 by Bishop Donald Sanborn. It consists of Sanborn, his priests, and some of his seminarians, and is based in Brooksville, Florida, United States.
- Most Holy Family Monastery (MHFM), a traditional Catholic monastery in Fillmore, New York.
See also
- Sedeprivationism
- Conclavism
- Independent Catholicism
- Integralism
- Palmarian Christian Church
- Traditionalist Catholicism
- Antipope
- List of movements that dispute the legitimacy of a reigning monarch
References
- ^ ISBN 978-0253329226
- ^ ISBN 978-0226508788
- ISBN 978-0465049356
- ISBN 978-0810857551.
from tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands
- ISBN 978-0810879676.
- ISBN 1931709262
- ^ Jarvis, E. Sede Vacante: the Life and Legacy of Archbishop Thuc, Apocryphile Press, Berkeley CA, 2018, pp. 8–10.
- ISBN 978-0816054558
- ISBN 978-0810879799
- ISBN 978-0061161223
- ISBN 0226508781
- ISBN 0814792839
- ^ Jarvis, E. Sede Vacante: the Life and Legacy of Archbishop Thuc, Apocryphile Press, Berkeley CA, 2018, pp. 152–53.
- ^ a b "Episcopal Consecration During Interregnums". CMRI: Congregation of Mary Immaculate Queen. 22 September 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
- ^ a b "The Consecration of Bishops During Interregna". CMRI: Congregation of Mary Immaculate Queen. 22 September 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
- ^ Rev. Anthony Cekada. "Canon Law and Common Sense".
- ^ Rev. Henry Davis. "Moral and Pastoral Theology", vol. 1, p. 188.
- ^ Rev. Henry Davis. Moral and Pastoral Theology, vol. 1, p. 168. "Law need not be fulfilled even by a subject, if it has become impossible, or harmful, or unreasonable, or useless in general"
- ^ Rev. Anthony Cekada. "The Grain of Incense: Sedevacantists and Una Cum Masses". November 2007.
- ^ Istituto Mater Boni Consilii (IMBC). "Who we are". Retrieved 29 August 2021.
- ^ Most Rev. Donald Sanborn. "The material Papacy". Retrieved 29 August 2021.
- ^ Most Rev. Donald Sanborn. "De Papatu Materiali". "Pars Prima" and "Pars Secunda". Retrieved 29 August 2021.
- ^ Jarvis, E. Sede Vacante: the Life and Legacy of Archbishop Thuc, Apocryphile Press, Berkeley CA, 2018, p. 9.
- Leo XIII. "Apostolicae curae".
- ^ Ahaus, H. (1911). Holy Orders. In The Catholic Encyclopedia.
- ISBN 9781931018340.
- ^ a b c "Notification by the Vatican (L'Osservatore Romano, English Edition, 18 April 1983, Page 12)".
- ^ a b Heller, Eberhard. AFFIDAVIT DECLARING THE EPISCOPAL CONSECRATIONS OF THEIR EXCELLENCIES BISHOP M. L. GUERARD DES LAURIERS, BISHOP MOISÉS CARMONA AND BISHOP ADOLFO ZAMORA. 14 February 1992. In Einsicht, February 1992. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ M.L. Guérard des Lauriers, Dimensions de la Foi, Paris: Cerf, 1952.
- ^ "Tradicionalismo católico postconciliar y ultraderecha en Guadalajara" (PDF). Universidad de Guadalajara. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
- ^ Photographs and documentation of the episcopal consecration of Bishop Kelly.
- ^ Video of the episcopal consecration of Bp. Joseph Santay.
- ^ Video of the episcopal Consecration of Bp. James Carroll, CSPV.
- ^ Jarvis, E. God, Land & Freedom: the True Story of ICAB, Apocryphile Press, Berkeley CA, 2018
- ^ Jarvis, E. God, Land & Freedom: the True Story of ICAB, Apocryphile Press, Berkeley CA, 2018, pp. 64–69, 236–44.
- ^ Jarvis, E. God, Land & Freedom: the True Story of ICAB, Apocryphile Press, Berkeley CA, 2018, p. 64.
- ^ A more comprehensive list of objections can be found at "Letter of 'the Nine' to Abp. Marcel Lefebvre", The Roman Catholic, Traditional mass, May 1983
- ^ "Obituary of The Most Reverend Clarence J. Kelly | Dufresne & Cavanaugh Funeral Home". dufresneandcavanaugh.com. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
Further reading
Criticism
- Boulet, Dominique (December 2004). "Is That Chair Vacant?: A SSPX Dossier on Sedevacantism". Communicantes, no. 21. Society of St. Pius X. Archived from the originalon 2 June 2007.
- Sungenis, Robert. "Epologetics". Catholic int'l. Archived from the original on 19 May 2011.
- Sungenis, Robert. "Epologetics". Catholic Int'l. Archived from the original on 19 May 2011.
- Harrison, Father Brian (2001). "This rock". Catholic. Archived from the original on 28 June 2011.
- "This rock". Catholic. 2000. Archived from the original on 28 June 2011. (concerning strict sedevacantists as well as conclavists)