Selaginella
Spikemoss Temporal range:
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Lycophytes |
Class: | Lycopodiopsida |
Order: | Selaginellales Prantl |
Family: | Selaginellaceae Willk. |
Genus: | Selaginella P. Beauv.
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Type species | |
Selaginella selaginoides | |
Species | |
See text. | |
Synonyms | |
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Selaginella is the sole genus in the family Selaginellaceae, the spikemosses or lesser clubmosses, a kind of vascular plant.
This family is distinguished from Lycopodiaceae (the clubmosses) by having scale-leaves bearing a ligule and by having spores of two types. They are sometimes included in an informal paraphyletic group called the "fern allies". S. moellendorffii is an important model organism. Its genome has been sequenced by the United States Department of Energy's Joint Genome Institute.[1] The name Selaginella was erected by Palisot de Beauvois solely for the species Selaginella selaginoides, which turns out (with the closely related Selaginella deflexa) to be a clade that is sister to all other Selaginellas, so any definitive subdivision of the species into separate genera leaves two taxa in Selaginella, with the hundreds of other species in new or resurrected genera.
Selaginella occurs mostly in the tropical regions of the world, with a handful of species to be found in the arctic-alpine zones of both hemispheres.[2] Fossils assignable to the modern genus are known spanning over 300 million years from the Late Carboniferous to the present.[3]
Description
Selaginella species are creeping or ascendant plants with simple, scale-like leaves (
In Selaginella, each microphyll and sporophyll has a small scale-like outgrowth called a ligule at the base of the upper surface.[5]: 7 The plants are heterosporous with spores of two different size classes, known as megaspores and microspores.[6]
Unusual for the lycopods, which nearly always have microphylls with a single unbranched vein, the microphylls of a few Selaginella species contain a branched vascular trace.[7]
Under dry conditions, some species of Selaginella can survive dehydration. In this state, they may roll up into brown balls and be uprooted, but can rehydrate under moist conditions, become green again and resume growth. This phenomenon is known as
Taxonomy
This section needs additional citations for verification. (April 2021) |
Some scientists still place the Selaginellales in the class Lycopodiopsida (often misconstructed as "Lycopsida").[citation needed][9][10] Some modern authors recognize three generic divisions of Selaginella: Selaginella, Bryodesma Sojak 1992, and Lycopodioides Boehm 1760. Lycopodioides would include the North American species S. apoda and S. eclipes, while Bryodesma would include S. rupestris (as Bryodesma rupestre). Stachygynandrum is also sometimes used to include the bulk of species.[citation needed]
The first major attempt to define and subdivide the group was by Palisot de Beauvois[11] in 1803-1805. He established the genus Selaginella as a monotypic genus, and placed the bulk of species in Stachygynandrum. Gymnogynum was another monotypic genus, but that name is superseded by his own earlier name of Didiclis. This turns out, today, to be a group of around 45-50 species also known as the Articulatae, since his genus Didiclis/Gymnogynum was based on Selaginella plumosa. He also described the genus Diplostachyum to include a group of species similar to Selaginella apoda. Spring inflated the genus Selaginella to hold all selaginelloid species four decades later.
Phylogenetic studies by Korall & Kenrick
Walton & Aston 1938[14] | Weststrand & Korall 2016 [15] |
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Zhang & Zhou, 2015 classification
- subgenus: Selaginella Type: S. selaginoides (L.) P.Beauv. ex Mart. & Schrank
- subgenus: Boreoselaginella Type: S. sanguinolenta (L.) Spring
- subgenus: Ericetorum Type: S. uliginosa (Labill.) Spring
- section: Lyallia Type: S. uliginosa (Labill.) Spring
- section: Myosurus Type: S. myosurus Alston
- section: Megalosporarum Type: S. exaltata (Kunze) Spring
- section: Articulatae Type: S. kraussiana (Kunze) A.Braun
- section: Homoeophyllae Type: S. rupestris (L.) Spring (=Bryodesma Sojak or Tetragonostachys Jermy)
- section: Lepidophyllae Type: S. lepidophylla (Hook. & Grev.) Spring
- subgenus: Pulviniella Type: S. pulvinata (Hook. & Grev.) Maxim
- subgenus: Heterostachys Type: S. heterostachys Baker
- section: Oligomacrosporangiatae Type: Selaginella uncinata (Desv. ex Poir.) Spring
- section: Auriculatae Type: S. douglasii (Hook. & Grev.) Spring
- section: Homostachys Type: : S. helvetica (L.) Link
- section: Tetragonostachyae Type: S. proniflora (L.) Baker
- section: Heterostachys Type: S. brachystachya (Hook. & Grev.) Spring
- subgenus: Stachygynandrum Type: S. flabellata (L.) Spring
- section: Plagiophyllae Type: S. biformis A.Braun ex Kuhn
- section: Circinatae Type: S. involvens (Sw.) Spring
- section: Heterophyllae Type: S. flexuosa Spring
- section: Austroamericanae Type: S. hartwegiana Spring
- section: Pallescentes Type: S. pallescens (C.Presl) Spring
- section: Proceres Type: S. oaxacana Spring
- section: Ascendentes Type: S. alopecuroides Baker
Zhang & Zhou 2015[16] | Zhou & Zhang 2023[17] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Species
There are about 750 known species of Selaginella.[18] They show a wide range of characters; the genus is overdue for a revision which might include subdivision into several genera.[citation needed] Species of spikemoss include:
- Selaginella apoda – meadow spikemoss; eastern North America
- Selaginella arizonica Maxon – west Texas to Arizona and Sonora, Mexico
- Selaginella asprella
- Rodrigues Island
- Selaginella biformis
- Selaginella bigelovii
- Selaginella braunii – Braun's spikemoss; China
- Selaginella bryopteris – sanjeevani; India
- Selaginella canaliculata – clubmoss; southeast Asia, Maluku Islands
- Selaginella carinata
- Selaginella cinerascens
- Selaginella densa – lesser spikemoss; western North America
- Selaginella denticulata
- Selaginella eclipes – hidden spikemoss; eastern North America
- Selaginella elmeri
- Selaginella eremophila Maxon
- Selaginella erythropus
- Selaginella galotteii
- Selaginella gigantea - From Venezuela.
- Selaginella hansenii
- Selaginella kraussiana – Krauss's spikemoss; Africa, Azores
- Selaginella lepidophylla – resurrection plant, dinosaur plant, and flower of stone; Chihuahuan Desert, North America
- Selaginella martensii – variegated spikemoss
- Selaginella moellendorffii
- Selaginella oregana
- Selaginella plana – Asian spikemoss; tropical Asia
- Selaginella poulteri
- Selaginella pulcherrima
- Selaginella rupestris – rock spikemoss, festoon pine, and northern Selaginella (eastern North America)
- Selaginella rupincola Underw. – west Texas to Arizona and Sonora, Mexico
- Selaginella selaginoides – lesser clubmoss; north temperate Europe, Asia and North America)
- A.Braun – Ecuador
- Selaginella serpens
- Selaginella sibirica
- Selaginella stellata – starry spikemoss; Mexico, Central America
- Selaginella substipitata
- Selaginella tamariscina
- Selaginella tortipila
- Selaginella uliginosa – Australia
- Selaginella umbrosa
- Selaginella uncinata – peacock moss, peacock spikemoss, blue spikemoss
- Selaginella underwoodii Hieron. – west Texas to Wyoming and west into Arizona
- Selaginella wallacei
- Selaginella watsonii
- Selaginella willdenowii – Willdenow's spikemoss, peacock fern; southeast Asia
A few species of Selaginella are desert plants known as "resurrection plants", because they curl up in a tight, brown or reddish ball during dry times, and uncurl and turn green in the presence of moisture. Other species are tropical forest plants that appear at first glance to be ferns.
Cultivation
A number of Selaginella species are popular plants for cultivation, mostly tropical species. Some of the species popularly cultivated and actively available commercially include:
- S. kraussiana: golden clubmoss
- S. martensii: frosty fern
- S. moellendorffii: gemmiferous spikemoss
- S. erythropus: red selaginella or ruby-red spikemoss
- S. uncinata: peacock moss
- S. lepidophylla: resurrection plant
- S. braunii: arborvitae fern
References
- ^ "Selaginella moellendorffii v1.0". Joint Genome Institute. United States Department of Energy. 2007. Retrieved 2009-04-08.
- ^ "Selaginella kraussiana | PlantZAfrica".
- .
- ^ "Diarch". The Free Dictionary.
- ISBN 9780521707725.
- S2CID 4800398.
- S2CID 44904740.
- ^ Liberty Hyde Bailey (1916). The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. Vol. 5. The Macmillan company. pp. 2920–2921, 3639.
- ISBN 978-0-141-98682-1.
- ISBN 0-550-13239-2.
- ^ Palisot de Beauvois (1805): Prodrome des cinquième et sixième familles de l'Æthéogamie, les mousses, les lycopodes.
- PMID 21665649
- ^ Korall & Kenrick (2004): The phylogenetic history of Selaginellaceae based on DNA sequences from the plastid and nucleus: extreme substitution rates and rate heterogeneity. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 31, Issue 3, June 2004, Pages 852-864
- ^ Verdoorn, F., ed. (1938): Manual of Pteridology: J. Walton and A. H. G. Alston, Lycopodinae, pp. 500-506. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague. 640pp, HB.
- PMID 27999080
- ^ S2CID 90451945
- PMC 10772194
- .
External links
- Media related to Selaginella at Wikimedia Commons
- Data related to Selaginella at Wikispecies