Selectable marker
A selectable marker is a
Modus operandi
The non-recombinants are separated from recombinants; i.e., a r-DNA is introduced in bacteria, some bacteria are successfully transformed some remain non-transformed. When grown on medium containing ampicillin, bacteria die due to lack of ampicillin resistance. The position is later noted on nitrocellulose paper and separated out to move them to nutrient medium for mass production of required product. An alternative to a selectable marker is a screenable marker which can also be denoted as a reporter gene, which allows the researcher to distinguish between wanted and unwanted cells, e.g. between blue and white colonies. These wanted or unwanted cells are simply un-transformed cells that were unable to take up the gene during the experiment.[citation needed]
Positive and Negative
For molecular biology research different types of markers may be used based on the selection sought. These include:
- Positive or selection markers are selectable markers that confer selective advantage to the host organism.[1] An example would be antibiotic resistance, which allows the host organism to survive antibiotic selection.
- Negative or counterselectable markers are selectable markers that eliminate or inhibit growth of the host organism upon selection.[2] An example would be thymidine kinase, which makes the host sensitive to ganciclovir selection.[citation needed]
- Positive and negative selectable markers can serve as both a positive and a negative marker by conferring an advantage to the host under one condition, but inhibits growth under a different condition. An example would be an enzyme that can complement an auxotrophy (positive selection) and be able to convert a chemical to a toxic compound (negative selection).[citation needed]
Common examples
Examples of selectable markers include:
- Beta-lactamase which confers ampicillin resistance to bacterial hosts.
- Neo gene from Tn5, which confers resistance to geneticin in eukaryotic cells[3]
- Mutant FabI gene (mFabI) from E. coli genome, which confers triclosan resistance to the host.[4]
- 5-fluorouracil, so any cells carrying the URA3 gene will be killed in the presence of 5FOA (negative selection).[5]
Future developments
In the future alternative marker technologies will need to be used more often to, at the least, assuage concerns about their persistence into the final product. It is also possible that markers will be replaced entirely by future techniques which use removable markers, and others which do not use markers at all, instead relying on
See also
References
- ^ "positive selection". Scitable. Nature. Retrieved 29 September 2011.
- ^ "negative selection". Scitable. Nature. Retrieved 29 September 2011.
- ^ Callmigration.org: Gene targeting
- PMID 23437314.
- S2CID 28881589.
- S2CID 40454719.