Seleucid–Mauryan war

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Seleucid–Mauryan War
Part of Conquests of
Indus River Valley
Result Mauryan victory[1]
Belligerents Maurya Empire Seleucid EmpireCommanders and leaders Chandragupta Maurya
Chanakya Seleucus I NicatorStrength Unknown UnknownCasualties and losses unknown unknown

The Seleucid–Mauryan War was fought between 305 and 303 BC.

Macedonian Empire, which had been occupied by Emperor Chandragupta Maurya, of the Maurya Empire
.

The war ended in a

Indus Valley region and part of Afghanistan to the Mauryan Empire, with Chandragupta securing control over the areas that he had sought, and a marriage alliance between the two powers. After the war, the Mauryan Empire emerged as the dominant power of the Indian subcontinent, and the Seleucid Empire turned its attention toward defeating its rivals in the west
.

Background

Main article: Conquest of the Nanda Empire
Territorial conquest of Chandragupta Maurya Empire between 322 and 298 BCE, including territorial gains from Seleucid-Mauryan War, 303 BC

Gangetic Plain. He fought the empire for eleven years with successful guerrilla campaigns, and captured the Nanda capital of Pataliputra. This led to the downfall of the empire and the eventual creation of the Maurya Empire
under Chandragupta Maurya.

The Persian provinces in what is now modern Afghanistan, together with the wealthy kingdom of

Indus Valley, had all submitted to Alexander the Great and become part of his empire. When Alexander died, the Wars of the Diadochi ("Successors") split his empire apart; as his generals fought for control of Alexander's empire. In the eastern territories one of these generals, Seleucus I Nicator, was taking control and was starting to establish what became known as the Seleucid Empire. According to the Roman historian Appian
, Seleucus,

Always lying in wait for the neighboring nations, strong in arms and persuasive in council, he acquired Mesopotamia, Armenia, 'Seleucid' Cappadocia, Persis, Parthia, Bactria, Arabia, Tapouria, Sogdia, Arachosia, Hyrcania, and other adjacent peoples that had been subdued by Alexander, as far as the river Indus, so that the boundaries of his empire were the most extensive in Asia after that of Alexander. The whole region from Phrygia to the Indus was subject to Seleucus.

— Appian, History of Rome, The Syrian Wars[5]

Chandragupta turned his attention to Northwestern India (modern

316 BCE. Chandragupta's victories convinced Seleucus that he needed to secure his eastern flank. Seeking to hold the Macedonian territories there, Seleucus thus came into conflict with the emerging and expanding Mauryan Empire over the Indus Valley.[7]

The Roman historian Justin described how Sandrocottus (Greek version of Chandragupta's name) conquered the northwest:

"India, after the death of Alexander, had assassinated his prefects, as if shaking the burden of servitude. The author of this liberation was Sandracottos [Chandragupta], but he had transformed liberation in servitude after victory, since, after taking the throne, he himself oppressed the very people he has liberated from foreign domination."

— 
Junianus Justinus, Histoires Philippiques Liber, XV.4.12-13 [8]

War

Details of the conflict are lacking. According to Appian,

[Seleucus] crossed the Indus and waged war with Sandrocottus [Maurya], king of the Indians, who dwelt on the banks of that stream, until they came to an understanding with each other and contracted a marriage relationship. Some of these exploits were performed before the death of Antigonus and some afterward.

— Appian, History of Rome, The Syrian Wars[5]

It is unknown if there was in fact a pitched battle.[7] Military historian John D. Grainger has argued that Seleucus, upon crossing the Indus, "would find himself in a trap, with a large river at his back and a hostile continent before him," and consequently could not have advanced much farther than the Indus. According to Grainger, the details of the conflict are unclear, but the outcome clearly must have been "a decisive Indian victory," with Chandragupta driving back Seleucus' forces as far as the Hindu Kush and consequently gaining large territories in modern-day Afghanistan.[9] Wheatley and Heckel suggest that the degree of friendly Maurya-Seleucid relations established after the war implies that the hostilities were probably "neither prolonged nor grievous".[10]

Aftermath

Seleucus Nicator ceded the Hindu Kush, Punjab and parts of Afghanistan to Chandragupta Maurya.[11] In consequence of their arrangement, Seleucus received 500 war elephants from Chandragupta Maurya, which subsequently influenced the Wars of the Diadochi in the west. Seleucus and Chandragupta also agreed to a marriage alliance, probably the marriage of Seleucus' daughter (named Berenice in Indian Pali sources) to Chandragupta. According to Strabo, the ceded territories bordered the Indus:

The geographical position of the tribes is as follows: along the Indus are the Paropamisadae, above whom lies the Paropamisus mountain: then, towards the south, the Arachoti: then next, towards the south, the Gedroseni, with the other tribes that occupy the seaboard; and the Indus lies, latitudinally, alongside all these places; and of these places, in part, some that lie along the Indus are held by Indians, although they formerly belonged to the Persians. Alexander [III 'the Great' of Macedon] took these away from the Arians and established settlements of his own, but

Sandrocottus [Chandragupta], upon terms of intermarriage and of receiving in exchange five hundred elephants. — Strabo 15.2.9[12]

Mauryan satrap of Arachosia, succeeding Sibyrtius, after Seleucus had ceeded the Hellenistic territory of Arachosia to Chandragupta Maurya in the Seleucid–Mauryan war (305–303 BC).[13]

From this, it seems that Seleucus surrendered the easternmost provinces of

Kandhahar in today's southern Afghanistan.[clarification needed
]

Some authors claim that the argument relating to Seleucus handing over more of what is now southern Afghanistan is an exaggeration originating in a statement by Pliny the Elder referring not specifically to the lands received by Chandragupta, but rather to the various opinions of geographers regarding the definition of the word "India":[16]

Most geographers, in fact, do not look upon India as bounded by the river Indus, but add to it the four satrapies of the

Paropamisadë, the River Cophes, thus forming the extreme boundary of India. According to other writers, however, all these territories, are reckoned as belonging to the country of the Aria. — Pliny, Natural History VI.(23).78[17]

The arrangement proved to be mutually beneficial.[7] The border between the Seleucid and Mauryan Empires remained stable in subsequent generations, and friendly diplomatic relations are reflected by the ambassador Megasthenes।,[18] and by the envoys sent westward by Chandragupta's grandson Ashoka. Chandragupta's gift of war elephants "may have alleviated the burden of fodder and the return march"[7] and allowed him to appropriately reduce the size and cost of his large army, since the major threats to his power had now all been removed.[9]

With the war elephants acquired from the Mauryas, Seleucus was able to defeat his rival, Antigonus, along with his allies at the Battle of Ipsus. Adding Antigonus's territories to his own, Seleucus would found the Seleucid Empire, which would endure as a great power in the Mediterranean and the Middle East until 64 BC.

Mauryan control of territory in what is now Afghanistan helped guard against invasion of India from the northwest.[9] Chandragupta Maurya went on to expand his rule in India southward into the Deccan.[11]

See also

  • First Battle of Jhelum

Notes

References

  1. ^ "Pg.101 : Towards the close of the reign of Chandrgupta, the Maurya empire received a further extension in the north-west Seleucus the general of Alexander, who had made himself master of Babylon, gradually extended his empire from the Mediterranean Sea to the Indus and even tried to regain the provinces to the east of that river. He failed and had to conclude a treaty with Chandragupta by which he surrendered a large territory including, in the opinion of certain writers, the satrapies of Paropanisadai(Kabul), Aria (Herat), Arachosia (Qandahar), and Gedrosia (Baluchistan), in return for 500 elephant."Majumdar, R. C. (1953). Advanced history of India. Macmillan & Company. p. 101.
  2. ISBN 978-0-02-862581-2
    .
  3. ^ "The Seleucid-Mauryan War: Clash of Titans in Ancient Asia | History Unravelled". historyunravelled.com. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
  4. ^ "How Seleucus Nicator gave away most of Pakistan and Afghanistan for 500 elephants". The Indian Express. 19 June 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
  5. ^ a b https://www.livius.org/sources/content/appian/appian-the-syrian-wars/appian-the-syrian-wars-11/
  6. ^ Radha Kumud Mookerji, Chandragupta Maurya and His Times, 4th ed. (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1988 [1966]), 31, 28–33.
  7. ^ a b c d Kosmin 2014, p. 33–34.
  8. ^ Justin XV.4.12-13
  9. ^ a b c Grainger 2014, pp. 108–110.
  10. ^ Wheatley & Heckel 2011, p. 296.
  11. ^
    ISBN 978-0-7566-7341-3
    .
  12. ^ Strabo, Geography, xv.2.9
  13. doi:10.3406/jds.2004.1686
    .
  14. ISBN 81-206-1303-1
    .
  15. ^ Walter Eugene Clark (1919). "The Importance of Hellenism from the Point of View of Indic-Philology", Classical Philology 14 (4), p. 297-313.
  16. ^ Debated by Tarn, "The Greeks in Bactria and India", p. 100
  17. ^ Pliny, Natural History VI.(23).78
  18. ^ "Seleucus maintained friendly relations with the Mauryan Court and sent Megasthanes as his ambassador who lived in Pataliputra for a long time and wrote a book on India." Munishi, K.M. (1953). The Age Of Imperial Unity Volume II. p. 60.

Sources

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