Seljuk dynasty

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(Redirected from
Seljuk Turks
)
"Seljuk Turks" redirects here. For the territory over which they ruled, see Seljuk Empire.
Seljuk dynasty
Double-headed eagle, used as a symbol by several Seljuk rulers including Kayqubad I
CountrySeljuk Empire
Sultanate of Rum
Founded10th century – Seljuk
Titles
Traditions
Hanafi)
DissolutionDamascus:
1104 – Baktāsh (Ertaş), dethroned by Toghtekin

Great Seljuk:
1194 –

Tekish

Rum:
1308 – Mesud II died

The Seljuk dynasty, or Seljukids

Sunni Muslim dynasty that gradually became Persianate and contributed to Turco-Persian culture[7][8] in West Asia and Central Asia. The Seljuks established the Seljuk Empire (1037–1194), the Sultanate of Kermân (1041–1186) and the Sultanate of Rum (1074–1308), which stretched from Iran to Anatolia and were the prime targets of the First Crusade
.

Early history

The Seljuks originated from the

Kinik branch of the Oghuz Turks,[9][10][11][12] who in the 8th century lived on the periphery of the Muslim world; north of the Caspian Sea and Aral Sea in their Oghuz Yabgu State[13] in the Kazakh Steppe of Turkestan.[14] During the 10th century, Oghuz had come into close contact with Muslim cities.[15]

When

Persian culture and Persian language in the following decades.[18][19][20][21][22]

Later period

After arriving in

Persian culture, art, literature, and language.[18][19][20]

Seljuk rulers

New York Metropolitan Museum of Art
.
Toğrül
The Kharāghān twin towers, built in Iran in 1053 to house the remains of Seljuk princes

Rulers of the Seljuk Dynasty

The "Great Seljuks" were heads of the family; in theory their authority extended over all the other Seljuk lines, although in practice this often was not the case. Turkic custom called for the senior member of the family to be the Great Seljuk, although usually the position was associated with the ruler of western Persia.

Titular name(s) Personal name Reign
Bey
بیگ 		Tughril I
طغرل 		1037–1063
Bey
بیگ 		Suleiman[27]
سلیمان شاہ 		1063[28]
Sultan
سلطان 		Alp Arslan (Arslan I)
الپ ارسلان 		1063–1072
Sultan
سلطان
Jalāl al-Dawlah
جلال الدولہ
Malik Shah I

ملک شاہ یکم 		1072–1092
Sultan
سلطان
Nasir al-Duniya wa al-Din
ناصر الدنیا والدین
Mahmud I

محمود یکم 		1092–1094
Sultan
سلطان
Abul Muzaffar Rukn al-Duniya wa al-Din
أبو المظفر رکن الدنیا والدین
Barkiyaruq

برکیارق 		1094–1105
Sultan
سلطان
Muizz al-Din
معز الدین
Malik Shah II

ملک شاہ دوم 		1104–1105
Sultan
سلطان
Ghiyath al-Duniya wa al-Din
غیاث الدنیا والدین 		Muhammad I Tapar
محمد تاپار 		1105–1118
Sultan
سلطان
Muizz al-Din
معز الدین 		*Ahmad Sanjar
احمد سنجر 		1118–1153
Khwarazmian dynasty replaces the Seljuk dynasty. From 1157, the Oghuz
took control of much of Khurasan, with the remainder in the hands of former Seljuk emirs.

Seljuk sultans of Hamadan

Malik Shah I[29]

The rulers of western Persia, who maintained a very loose grip on the

Eldiguzids
.

In 1194, Toghrul III was killed in battle with the

Khwarezm Shah
, who annexed Hamadan.

Seljuk rulers of Kerman

Main article: Kerman Seljuk Sultanate

Kerman was a province in southern Persia. Between 1053 and 1154, the territory also included Umman.

or 1074 (before Sultan Shah)

Muhammad abandoned Kerman, which fell into the hands of the Oghuz chief

Khwarezmid Empire
in 1196.

Seljuk rulers in Syria

To the Artuqids

Sultans/Emirs of Damascus:

Damascus seized by the

Burid Toghtekin

Seljuk sultans of Rum (Anatolia)

Main article:
Sultanate of Rûm
Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm in 1190, before the Third Crusade

The Seljuk line, already having been deprived of any significant power, effectively ended in the early 14th century.

History of the Turkic peoples pre–14th century
Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE.
Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE.
Turkic peoples
Oghuz Turks
Karluks
Kipchaks
Onogurs
Kumyks
Yakuts
Dolgans
Krymchaks
Sabir people
Crimean Karaites
Turkic Languages
Turkish
Azerbaijani
Uzbek
Kazakh
Uyghur
Turkmen
Tatar
Kyrgyz
Bashkir
Chuvash
Qasgqai
Karakalpak
Sakha
Kumyk
Karachay-Balkar
Tuvan
Gagauz
Karaim
Krymchak
Turkic Mythology
Belief system: Tengrism and Shamanism
Chief gods and goddesses: Kayra and Ülgen
Epics and heroes: Ergenekon and Asena
Major concepts: Sheka and Grey wolf
Pre-14th century
Yenisei Kyrgyz People 202 BCE–13th CE
  • Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate
Dingling 71 BC–?? AD
Göktürks

(Tokhara Yabghus, Turk Shahis)

Sabiri People
Khazar Khaganate 618–1048
Xueyantuo 628–646
Kangar union 659–750
Turk Shahi
 665-850
Türgesh Khaganate 699–766
Kimek confederation
 743–1035
Uyghur Khaganate 744–840
Oghuz Yabgu State 750–1055
Karluk Yabgu State
 756–940
Kara-Khanid Khanate 840–1212
Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom 848–1036
Qocho 856–1335
Pecheneg Khanates 860–1091
Ghaznavid Empire 963–1186
Seljuk Empire 1037–1194
Cuman–Kipchak confederation
 1067–1239
Khwarazmian Empire 1077–1231
Kerait Khanate 11th century–13th century
Atabegs of Azerbaijan 1136–1225
Delhi Sultanate 1206–1526
Qarlughid Kingdom 1224–1266
Golden Horde 1242–1502
Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)
 1250–1517
  • Bahri dynasty
Ottoman State
 1299–1922

Gallery

Family tree

See also

References

  1. ISBN 978-1-134-58342-3
    .
  2. ISBN 978-1-78093-736-6
    .
  3. ISBN 978-964-331-366-1
    .
  4. ISBN 978-0-415-43119-4
    .
  5. ^ Fleet, Kate (2009). The Cambridge History of Turkey: Byzantium to Turkey, 1071–1453: Volume 1 (PDF). Cambridge University Press. p. 1. "The defeat in August 1071 of the Byzantine emperor Romanos Diogenes by the Turkomans at the battle of Malazgirt (Manzikert) is taken as a turning point in the history of Anatolia and the Byzantine Empire."
  6. ^ "The Saljuqids". Encyclopædia Iranica.
  7. ^ Grousset, Rene, The Empire of the Steppes, (Rutgers University Press, 1991), 161, 164; "renewed the Seljuk attempt to found a great Turko-Persian empire in eastern Iran…", "It is to be noted that the Seljuks, those Turkomans who became sultans of Persia, did not Turkify Persia-no doubt because they did not wish to do so. On the contrary, it was they who voluntarily became Persians and who, in the manner of the great old Sassanid kings, strove to protect the Iranian populations from the plundering of Ghuzz bands and save Iranian culture from the Turkoman menace."
  8. ^ Nishapuri, Zahir al-Din Nishapuri (2001), "The History of the Seljuq Turks from the Jami’ al-Tawarikh: An Ilkhanid Adaptation of the Saljuq-nama of Zahir al-Din Nishapuri," Partial tr. K.A. Luther, ed. C.E. Bosworth, Richmond, UK. K.A. Luther, p. 9: "[T]he Turks were illiterate and uncultivated when they arrived in Khurasan and had to depend on Iranian scribes, poets, jurists and theologians to man the institution of the Empire")
  9. ^ Concise Britannica Online Seljuq Dynasty Archived 2007-01-14 at the Wayback Machine article
  10. ^ The History of the Seljuq Turks: From the Jami Al-Tawarikh (LINK Archived 2022-12-26 at the Wayback Machine)
  11. ^ Shaw, Stanford. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey (LINK Archived 2022-12-26 at the Wayback Machine)
  12. ^ Golden, Peter B. (1992). An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden. p. 209
  13. ISBN 978-90-04-09249-5
    p. 9
  14. ^ Islam: An Illustrated History, p. 51
  15. ^ a b Michael Adas, Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History, (Temple University Press, 2001), 99.
  16. ^ Bosworth, C.E. The Ghaznavids: 994–1040, Edinburgh University Press, 1963, 242.
  17. ^ Tony Jaques, Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F–O, (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007), 476.
  18. ^
    Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, (LINK Archived 2012-01-22 at the Wayback Machine
    )
  19. ^ a b Encyclopædia Britannica, "Seljuq", Online Edition, (LINK Archived 2007-12-19 at the Wayback Machine): "... Because the Turkish Seljuqs had no Islamic tradition or strong literary heritage of their own, they adopted the cultural language of their Persian instructors in Islam. Literary Persian thus spread to the whole of Iran, and the Arabic language disappeared in that country except in works of religious scholarship ..."
  20. ^ a b M. Ravandi, "The Seljuq court at Konya and the Persianisation of Anatolian Cities", in Mesogeios (Mediterranean Studies), vol. 25–26 (2005), pp. 157–169
  21. Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, (LINK Archived 2007-03-11 at the Wayback Machine
    ): "... here one might bear in mind that Turco-Persian dynasties such as the Ghaznavids, Seljuqs and Ilkhanids were rapidly to adopt the Persian language and have their origins traced back to the ancient kings of Persia rather than to Turkish heroes or Muslim saints ..."
  22. ^ F. Daftary, "Sectarian and National Movements in Iran, Khorasan, and Trasoxania during Umayyad and Early Abbasid Times", in History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol 4, pt. 1; edited by M.S. Asimov and C.E. Bosworth; UNESCO Publishing, Institute of Ismaili Studies: "... Not only did the inhabitants of Khurasan not succumb to the language of the nomadic invaders, but they imposed their own tongue on them. The region could even assimilate the Turkic Ghaznavids and Seljuks (eleventh and twelfth centuries), the Timurids (fourteenth–fifteenth centuries), and the Qajars (nineteenth–twentieth centuries) ..."
  23. ^ Bosworth, C.E.; Hillenbrand, R.; Rogers, J.M.; Blois, F.C. de; Bosworth, C.E.; Darley-Doran, R.E., "Saldjukids," Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2009: "Culturally, the consisting of the Seljuq Empire marked a further step in the dethronement of Arabic from being the sole lingua franca of educated and polite society in the Middle East. Coming as they did through a Transoxania which was still substantially Iranian and into Persia proper, the Seljuqs with no high-level Turkish cultural or literary heritage of their own – took over that of Persia, so that the Persian language became the administration and culture in their land of Persia and Anatolia. The Persian culture of the Rum Seljuqs was particularly splendid, and it was only gradually that Turkish emerged there as a parallel language in the field of government and adab; the Persian imprint in Ottoman civilization was to remain strong until the 19th century.
  24. ^ Ehsan Yarshater, "Iran" in Encyclopedia Iranica: "The ascent of the Saljuqids also put an end to a period which Minorsky has called "the Persian intermezzo" (see Minorsky, 1932, p. 21), when Iranian dynasties, consisting mainly of the Saffarids, the Samanids, the Ziyarids, the Buyids, the Kakuyids, and the Bavandids of Tabarestan and Gilan, ruled most of Iran. By all accounts, weary of the miseries and devastations of never-ending conflicts and wars, Persians seemed to have sighed with relief and to have welcomed the stability of the Saljuqid rule, all the more so since the Saljuqids mitigated the effect of their foreignness, quickly adopting the Persian culture and court customs and procedures and leaving the civil administration in the hand of Persian personnel, headed by such capable and learned viziers as ‘Amid-al-Molk Kondori and Nezam-al-Molk."
  25. ^ C.E. Bosworth, "Turkish expansion towards the west", in UNESCO History of Humanity, Volume IV: From the Seventh to the Sixteenth Century, UNESCO Publishing / Routledge, 2000. p. 391: "While the Arabic language retained its primacy in such spheres as law, theology and science, the culture of the Seljuk court and secular literature within the sultanate became largely Persianized; this is seen in the early adoption of Persian epic names by the Seljuk rulers (Qubād, Kay Khusraw and so on) and in the use of Persian as a literary language (Turkish must have been essentially a vehicle for everyday speech at this time). The process of Persianization accelerated in the thirteenth century with the presence in Konya of two of the most distinguished refugees fleeing before the Mongols, Bahā' al-Dīn Walad and his son Mawlānā Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī, whose Mathnawī, composed in Konya, constitutes one of the crowning glories of classical Persian literature."
  26. ^ Daniel Pipes: "The Event of Our Era: Former Soviet Muslim Republics Change the Middle East" in Michael Mandelbaum, "Central Asia and the World: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkemenistan and the World", Council on Foreign Relations, p. 79. Exact statement: "In Short, the Turko-Persian tradition featured Persian culture patronized by Turcophone rulers."
  27. ^
    ISBN 978-975-389-435-7
    .
  28. ^
    ISBN 978-975-389-566-8
    .
  29. ISBN 978-0-7566-1861-2
    . This map varies from other maps which are slightly different in scope, especially along the Mediterranean and the Black Sea.
  30. ^
    ISBN 978-975-389-403-6
    .
  31. Tahran
    1332, p. 10.
  32. Câmiʿu’t-tevârîḫ, (Ahmed Ateş Publications), Ankara
    1960, vol. II/5, p. 5.
  33. ^ Râvendî, Muhammed b. Ali, Râhatü’s-sudûr, (Ateş Publications), vol. I, p. 85.
  34. ^ Müstevfî, Târîḫ-i Güzîde, (Nevâî Publications), p. 426.
  35. ^
    ISBN 978-975-389-889-8
    .
  36. ^
    ISBN 978-975-389-431-9
    .
  37. ^
    ISBN 978-975-389-406-7
    .
  38. ^ Beyhakī, Târîḫ, (Behmenyâr), p. 71.
  39. ISBN 978-975-389-429-6
    .
  40. ^
    ISBN 978-975-389-566-8
    .
  41. ISBN 978-975-389-713-6
    .
  42. ^
    ISBN 978-975-389-566-8
    .
  43. ^
    ISBN 978-975-389-652-8
    .
  44. ^
    ISBN 978-975-389-415-9
    .
  45. ISBN 978-975-389-430-2
    .
  46. ^
    ISBN 978-975-389-432-6
    .
  47. ISBN 978-975-389-402-9
    .
  48. ISBN 978-975-389-566-8
    .
  49. ^
    ISBN 978-975-389-566-8
    .
  50. ISBN 978-975-389-408-1
    .
  51. ISBN 978-975-389-713-6
    .
  52. ISBN 978-975-389-415-9
    .
  53. ISBN 978-975-389-430-2
    .
  54. ISBN 978-975-389-713-6
    .

Further reading
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