Selma (film)
Selma | |
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Directed by | Ava DuVernay |
Written by | |
Produced by | |
Starring | |
Cinematography | Bradford Young |
Edited by | Spencer Averick |
Music by | Jason Moran |
Production companies |
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Distributed by |
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Release dates |
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Running time | 128 minutes[2] |
Countries | |
Language | English |
Budget | $20 million[4] |
Box office | $67.8 million[4] |
Selma is a 2014 American
Selma premiered at the American Film Institute Festival on November 11, 2014, began a limited US release on December 25, and expanded into wide theatrical release on January 9, 2015, two months before the 50th anniversary of the march. The film was re-released on March 20, 2015 in honor of the 50th anniversary of the historical march.
The film was nominated for
Plot
In 1964, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) accepts his Nobel Peace Prize. Four black girls walking down stairs in the Birmingham, Alabama 16th Street Baptist Church are killed by a bomb set by the Ku Klux Klan. Annie Lee Cooper attempts to register to vote in Selma, Alabama, but is prevented by the white registrar. King meets with Lyndon B. Johnson and asks for federal legislation to allow black citizens to register to vote unencumbered, but the president responds that, although he understands Dr. King's concerns, he has more important projects. King travels to Selma with Ralph Abernathy, Andrew Young, James Orange, and Diane Nash. James Bevel greets them, and other SCLC activists appear. FBI director J. Edgar Hoover tells Johnson that King is a problem, and suggests they disrupt his marriage. Coretta Scott King has concerns about her husband's upcoming work in Selma. King calls singer Mahalia Jackson to inspire him with a song.
King, other SCLC leaders, and black Selma residents march to the registration office to register. After a confrontation in front of the courthouse, a shoving match occurs as the police go into the crowd. Cooper fights back, knocking Sheriff Jim Clark to the ground, leading to the arrest of Cooper, King, and others.
Alabama Governor
As the
Movement attorney
After a hearing, Judge Johnson approves the march. President Johnson speaks before a Joint Session of Congress to ask for quick passage of a bill to eliminate restrictions on voting, praising the courage of the activists. The march on the highway to Montgomery takes place, and, when the marchers reach Montgomery, King delivers a speech on the steps of the State Capitol.
Cast
- David Oyelowo as Martin Luther King Jr.[8]
- Tom Wilkinson as Lyndon B. Johnson[9]
- Carmen Ejogo as Coretta Scott King[10]
- André Holland as Andrew Young[11]
- Giovanni Ribisi as Lee C. White[12]
- Lorraine Toussaint as Amelia Boynton Robinson[13]
- Stephan James as John Lewis[14]
- Wendell Pierce as Hosea Williams[15]
- Common as James Bevel[16]
- Alessandro Nivola as John Doar[17]
- Jimmie Lee Jackson[18]
- Cuba Gooding Jr. as Fred Gray[19]
- Dylan Baker as J. Edgar Hoover[20]
- Tim Roth as George Wallace[21]
- Oprah Winfrey as Annie Lee Cooper[22]
- Colman Domingo as Ralph Abernathy[23]
- Ruben Santiago-Hudson as Bayard Rustin
- Al Lingo
- Tessa Thompson as Diane Nash[24]
- Omar Dorsey as James Orange
- Henry G. Sanders as Cager Lee
- Jeremy Strong as James Reeb[25]
- Trai Byers as James Forman[26]
- Corey Reynolds as C. T. Vivian
- Niecy Nash as Richie Jean Jackson[27]
- E. Roger Mitchell as Frederick D. Reese
- Ledisi Young as Mahalia Jackson[28]
- Kent Faulcon as Sullivan Jackson[27]
- John Lavelle as Roy Reed[29]
- Stan Houston as Sheriff Jim Clark
- Nigél Thatch as Malcolm X
- Michael Papajohn as Major John Cloud
- Tara Ochs as Viola Liuzzo
- Michael Shikany as Archbishop Iakovos
- Martin Sheen[30] as Frank Minis Johnson (uncredited)
Production
Development
On June 18, 2008,
In July 2013, it was said that Ava DuVernay had signed on to direct the film for Pathé UK and Plan B, and that she was revising the script with the original screenwriter, Paul Webb.[36][37] DuVernay estimated that she re-wrote 90 percent of Webb's original script.[38] Those revisions included rewriting King's speeches, because, in 2009, King's estate licensed them to DreamWorks and Warner Bros. for an untitled project to be produced by Steven Spielberg. Subsequent negotiations between those companies and Selma's producers did not lead to an agreement. DuVernay drafted alternative speeches that evoke the historic ones without violating the copyright. She recalled spending hours listening to King's words while hiking the canyons of Los Angeles. While she did not think she would "get anywhere close to just the beauty and that nuance of his speech patterns", she did identify some of King's basic structure, such as a tendency to speak in triplets (saying one thing in three different ways).[39][40] DuVernay did not receive a screenwriting credit on the finished film due to a stipulation within Webb's original contract that entitled him to the sole credit.[37]
In early 2014, Oprah Winfrey came on board as a producer along with Pitt,[41] and by February 25 Paramount Pictures was in final negotiations for the US and Canadian distribution rights.[42]
On April 4, 2014, it was announced that Bradford Young would be the director of photography of the film.[43]
Casting
In 2010, Daniels (who was the attached director at the time) confirmed that the lead role of King would be played by British actor David Oyelowo. King was one of four main roles played by British actors (the other roles being those of King's wife, President Johnson, and Alabama Governor Wallace).[38] Actors who had confirmed in 2010 but who did not appear in the 2014 production include Robert De Niro, Hugh Jackman, Cedric the Entertainer, Lenny Kravitz, and Liam Neeson.[8][44][45][46][47]
On March 26, 2014, British actor
On May 28,
Filming
Music
Among the other songs featured in the film was a 1970 cover of a Mahalia Jackson song 'Walk With Me Lord' cover by Martha Bass and the Harold Smith Majestics Choir.
Release
Selma
The film was screened in the Berlinale Special Galas section of the
Reception
Critical response
Selma received critical acclaim, with particular praise given to DuVernay's direction and Oyelowo's performance, though it was met with some criticism for its historical inaccuracies, which largely centered on the perceived vilification of Johnson and the omission of several prominent Jewish civil rights leaders.[66] On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 99% based on 314 reviews, with an average rating of 8.5/10; the site's critical consensus reads: "Fueled by a gripping performance from David Oyelowo, Selma draws inspiration and dramatic power from the life and death of Martin Luther King Jr. – but doesn't ignore how far we remain from the ideals his work embodied."[67] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 79 out of 100, based on 52 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[68] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a rare grade of "A+" on an A+ to F scale.[69][70][71]
Rene Rodriguez, writing in the Miami Herald, commented that:
Unlike most biopics about heroic men who shaped our history or helped bring about change (such as 2013's Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom or The Butler), Selma doesn't feel like freeze-dried hagiography.[75]
Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote: "DuVernay's look at Martin Luther King's 1965 voting-rights march against racial injustice stings with relevance to the here and now. Oyelowo's stirring, soulful performance as King deserves superlatives."[76] David Denby, writing for The New Yorker, wrote: "This is cinema, more rhetorical, spectacular, and stirring than cable-TV drama."[77] Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post gave the film four out of five stars, and wrote: "With Selma, director Ava DuVernay has created a stirring, often thrilling, uncannily timely drama that works on several levels at once ... she presents [Martin Luther King Jr.] as a dynamic figure of human-scale contradictions, flaws and supremely shrewd political skills."[78]
Praise was not unanimous; writing about why Selma was not nominated for more Academy Awards, Adolph Reed Jr., political science professor at the University of Pennsylvania, opined that "now it's the black (haute) bourgeoisie that suffers injustice on behalf of the black masses."[79]
Accolades
The film won and was nominated for several awards in 2014–15.
Historical accuracy
The historical accuracy of Selma's story has been the subject of controversy about the degree to which artistic license should be used in historical fiction.[80][81] The film was criticized by some for its omission of various individuals and groups historically associated with the Selma marches, while others challenged how particular historical figures in the script were represented.
Most controversy in the media centered on the film's portrayal of President Johnson and his relationship with King. According to people such as LBJ Presidential Library director
Andrew Young—SCLC activist and official, and later U.S. congressman, ambassador to the United Nations, and mayor of Atlanta—told The Washington Post that the depiction of the relationship between Johnson and King "was the only thing I would question in the movie. Everything else, they got 100 percent right". According to Young, the two were always mutually respectful, and King respected Johnson's political problems.[87] On television, Young pointed out that it was US Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy who had signed the order that allowed the FBI to monitor King and other SCLC members and that it happened before Johnson took office.[88]
Some Jews who marched with King at Selma wrote that the film omits any mention of the Jews who contributed significantly to the civil rights movement, effectively "airbrushing" Jews out of the film, particularly Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel, who appeared in news photos at the front of the march with King.[89][90][91] However, several men with kippahs can be seen in the scenes of the second march, in the front row and in the second row, near to King.
Director DuVernay and US Representative John Lewis, who is portrayed in the film marching with King during the civil rights movement, responded separately that the film Selma is a work of art about the people of Selma, not a documentary. DuVernay said in an interview that she did not see herself as "a custodian of anyone's legacy".[92] In response to criticisms that she rewrote history to portray her own agenda, DuVernay said that the movie is "not a documentary. I'm not a historian. I'm a storyteller."[93] Lewis wrote in an op-ed for The Los Angeles Times: "We do not demand completeness of other historical dramas, so why is it required of this film?"[94]
In a scene-by-scene analysis, the visual blog
See also
- Civil rights movement in popular culture
- Civil rights movement
- List of black films of the 2010s
- Selma, Lord, Selma
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External links
- Official website
- Selma at IMDb
- Selma at Box Office Mojo
- Selma at Rotten Tomatoes
- Selma at Metacritic
- "The 34 best political movies ever made", Ann Hornaday, The Washington Post Jan. 23, 2020), ranked No. 21