Selman Waksman

Selman Abraham Waksman (July 22, 1888 – August 16, 1973) was a Jewish Ukrainian inventor,

In 2005, Selman Waksman was granted an ACS National Historic Chemical Landmark in recognition of the significant work of his lab in isolating more than 15 antibiotics, including streptomycin, which was the first effective treatment for tuberculosis.^[3]

Early life and education

Selman Waksman was born on July 22, 1888 (July 8 according to the old Russian calendar

He joined the faculty at Rutgers University in the Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology.

At Rutgers, Waksman's team discovered several antibiotics, including

In 1931 Waksman organized the division of Marine Bacteriology at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) in addition to his task at Rutgers.^[6] He was appointed as a marine bacteriologist there and served until 1942. He was elected a trustee at WHOI and finally a Life Trustee.

In 1951,

Waksman had been studying the Streptomyces family of organisms since his college student days and had, for a time, been studying the organism Streptomyces griseus. Streptomycin was isolated from S. griseus and found effective against tuberculosis by one of Waksman's graduate students, Albert Schatz.^[11] These results were later confirmed by Elizabeth Bugie Gregory, whose name was also published on "Streptomycin, a Substance Exhibiting Antibiotic Activity Against Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria" with Schatz and Waksman.^[12] However, Bugie's name was not on the second key paper in 1944, which was regarding the efficacy of streptomycin against tuberculosis in test tubes, as Schatz claimed Bugie was not involved with the experiment.^[12] Bugie was also not given credit for her work on streptomycin, nor was she listed on the patent proposal, as she signed an affidavit stating that she did not have any contribution in discovering streptomycin.^[13] This was submitted under an attorney of the Rutgers Research and Endowment Foundation.^{[citation needed]}

Controversy

The details and credit for the discovery of streptomycin and its usefulness as an antibiotic were strongly contested by Albert Schatz, leading to litigation in 1950.^[14] However, it was possible that Waksman did not see Schatz's contribution as significantly as Schatz saw his contributions. Waksman noted that Schatz was away at the military in 1943, adding that he was only in the lab for three months and only played a small role in discovering streptomycin.^[15][12] Waksman and Rutgers settled out of court with Schatz, resulting in financial remuneration and entitlement to "legal and scientific credit as co-discoverer of streptomycin."^[16][17] Schatz was awarded $120,000 for patent rights and 3% of royalties.^[18] The Lancet^[19] claimed that "the Nobel committee made a considerable mistake by failing to recognize Schatz's contribution."

Systematic experiments to test several strains of antibiotics against several different disease organisms were underway in Waksman's laboratory at the time. Their classic approach was to explore a complete matrix with rows consisting of antibiotics and columns consisting of different diseases. The bacteria which produced the antibiotic streptomycin were discovered by Schatz in the farmland outside his lab and tested by him.^[16] Waksman, however, eventually came to claim sole credit for the discovery.^{[citation needed]}

The controversy of streptomycin between Waksman and Schatz brought to light the challenges of distributing credit for scientific research, discoveries, and patents.^[2] It prompted schools and universities to become more involved in the patenting process and to have more regulations on how credit is dispersed. Schools would also provide clearer lines for each individual's role in a lab to minimize future litigations against the school.^[2]

Neomycin

Neomycin is derived from actinomycetes and was discovered by Waksman and Hubert A. Lechevalier, one of Waksman's graduate students. The discovery was published in the journal Science.^[20]

Marine bacteria

Waksman's research also examined the role of bacteria in marine systems, with a particular focus on the role of bacteria in nutrient cycles. Waksman examined the degradation of alginic acid,^[21] cellulose,^[22] and zooplankton.^[23] Waksman, working with Cornelia Carey, Margaret Hotchkiss, Yvette Hardman, and Donald Johnston, conducted multiple studies on the actions of bacteria in marine systems which included quantifying the abundance^[24] and viability of bacteria in seawater.,^[25] examining the impact of copper on bacterial growth,^[26] estimating the impact of bacterial activity on the nitrogen cycle,^[27][28] and a separation of bacteria into groups based on habitat use in seawater, on plankton, or in the sediments.^[29]

Other tributes involve anti-fouling paint for the Navy, the use of enzymes in laundry detergents, and the practice of Concord grape rootstock to safeguard French vineyards from fungal infections.^{[citation needed]}

Awards and honors

Waksman acquired many awards and honors, including the

Waksman was married to Deborah B. Mitnik. They had one son, Byron H. Waksman, M.D., who was an assistant professor at Harvard University Medical School, and Professor of Microbiology at Yale University Medical School.[6]

Selman Waksman died on August 16, 1973, at a Hyannis, Massachusetts Hospital and was interred at the Woods Hole Village Cemetery in

• List of Jewish Nobel laureates

References

External links

Wikiquote has quotations related to Selman Waksman.

• Selman Waksman on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture December 12, 1952 Streptomycin: Background, Isolation, Properties, and Utilization
• Waksman Foundation for Microbiology
• "Streptomycin, Schatz v. Waksman, and the Balance of Credit for Discovery"
• Findagrave: Selman Waksman
• The Waksman Institute of Microbiology at Rutgers University
• No Nobel for You – Top 10 Nobel Snubs, Scientific American