Savage Islands
Native name: Ilhas Selvagens | |
---|---|
Geography | |
Location | Atlantic Ocean |
Coordinates | 30°08′26″N 15°52′09″W / 30.14056°N 15.86917°W |
Area | 2.73 km2 (1.05 sq mi) |
Highest elevation | 163 m (535 ft) |
Highest point | Pico da Atalaia |
Administration | |
Autonomous Region | Madeira |
Demographics | |
Population | no permanent residents (2–5 rangers and research personnel) |
Additional information | |
Geographic detail from CAOP (2010)[1] produced by Instituto Geográfico Português (IGP) |
The Savage Islands or Selvagens Islands (Portuguese: Ilhas Selvagens IPA: [ˈiʎɐʃ sɛlˈvaʒɐ̃jʃ]; also known as the Salvage Islands[2][3]) are a small Portuguese archipelago in the North Atlantic Ocean, 280 kilometres (175 mi) south of Madeira, and 165 kilometres (105 mi) north of the Canary Islands.[4][5] The archipelago includes two major islands, Selvagem Grande and Selvagem Pequena, each surrounded by a cluster of islets and reefs, with the total area of 2.73 km2 (1.05 sq mi).[4] The archipelago is administered as part of the Portuguese municipality of Funchal, belongs to the Madeiran civil parish of Sé, and is the southernmost point of Portugal.
It was designated a natural reserve in 1971, recognising its role as a very important nesting point for several species of birds. Since then, the susceptible bird populations (namely Cory's shearwater) and nearby waters have been more closely protected by the Portuguese government. Given its status, remoteness and few fresh water sources, the archipelago is today largely uninhabited. The only residents year-round are stationed on Selvagem Grande Island, which includes reserve staff and scientists conducting research on wildlife.[6] Two rangers are also usually resident on Selvagem Pequena between May and October.[6] In May 2016, a National Geographic Society scientific expedition prompted the extension of the marine reserve.[6]
Geography
The Savage Islands are part of
- Northeast Group – includes the main island of Selvagem Grande (2,000 by 1,700 metres (6,600 ft × 5,600 ft)) and three small islets: Sinho Islet (Portuguese: Ilhéu Sinho), Palheiro do Mar, and Palheiro da Terra.[7]
- Southwest Group – including the main island of Selvagem Pequena (800 by 500 metres (2,600 ft × 1,600 ft)) and Fora Islet (Portuguese: Ilhéu de Fora, 500 m × 300 m (1,640 ft × 980 ft)), also called Great Piton and Little Piton respectively,[7] it is surrounded by a group of very small islets (Alto, Comprido and Redondo) and a group collectively known as the Northern Islets (Portuguese: Ilhéus do Norte).
The geological history of the archipelago can be traced back to the Opening of the North Atlantic Ocean 200 mya in the end of the Triassic period.[8]
The islands' physical characteristics are the consequences of mountain-forming and volcanic forces that occurred between 60 and 70 million years ago,[citation needed] typical of many of the islands of Macaronesia. The islands were created during the Oligocene period 29 million years ago, from a large submarine volcano generated by the Canary hotspot and shaped by erosion and marine sedimentation. The larger islands and islet (Grande, Pequena and Fora, respectively) are the remnants of the peaks of these submarine mounts, and although located north of the Canaries, they were never connected to the African continent or any other continental landmass.[9]
The archipelago had 2 historic magmatic activity periods, one 29.5 mya and the other one 3.4 mya and two significant hiatuses between eruptions, the first lasted 12 million years and the second lasted 4.6 million years, a unique occurrence to oceanic
The islands themselves are crossed by many calcareous faults, some marbleised, and made of basaltic rock, ash, and other volcanic materials. On Selvagem Grande there are remnants of extinct cones, such as Atalaia, Tornozelos and Cabeço do Inferno.[8] Other areas are sand covered from extensive aeolian, fluvial and marine erosion;[7] headlands include Atalaia and Leste on Selvagem Grande, and Norte, Oeste, Leste and Garajaus on Selvagem Pequena.[citation needed]
Beaches are uncommon in the islands, although Selvagem Pequena has some beaches of cobbles and coarse and medium sands.[6]
Climate
Though only as recently as 2016 was a meteorological station installed by
In the past these islands would have had a higher level of moisture than they do now, which may justify the presence of a large number of fossil shells of land snails (Theba macandrewiana) on the plateau of Selvagem Grande.[12]
Climate data for Selvagem Grande, 2017, 2018, 2020 & 2021, altitude: 150 m (490 ft) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 21.7 (71.1) |
23.1 (73.6) |
26.2 (79.2) |
25.2 (77.4) |
25.0 (77.0) |
26.0 (78.8) |
25.6 (78.1) |
27.8 (82.0) |
27.9 (82.2) |
31.4 (88.5) |
25.1 (77.2) |
24.6 (76.3) |
31.4 (88.5) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 21.3 (70.3) |
21.4 (70.5) |
23.4 (74.1) |
23.8 (74.8) |
23.5 (74.3) |
24.8 (76.6) |
24.2 (75.6) |
26.2 (79.2) |
27.0 (80.6) |
27.6 (81.7) |
24.5 (76.1) |
23.3 (73.9) |
24.2 (75.6) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 17.0 (62.6) |
16.7 (62.1) |
17.3 (63.1) |
18.4 (65.1) |
19.1 (66.4) |
20.5 (68.9) |
21.4 (70.5) |
22.5 (72.5) |
23.0 (73.4) |
22.0 (71.6) |
19.9 (67.8) |
18.3 (64.9) |
19.7 (67.4) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 12.7 (54.9) |
11.9 (53.4) |
12.5 (54.5) |
13.5 (56.3) |
14.8 (58.6) |
17.3 (63.1) |
18.8 (65.8) |
19.8 (67.6) |
20.2 (68.4) |
17.4 (63.3) |
15.6 (60.1) |
15.4 (59.7) |
15.8 (60.5) |
Record low °C (°F) | 11.1 (52.0) |
11.0 (51.8) |
11.4 (52.5) |
12.8 (55.0) |
13.5 (56.3) |
15.8 (60.4) |
18.4 (65.1) |
19.3 (66.7) |
19.1 (66.4) |
15.1 (59.2) |
13.5 (56.3) |
14.9 (58.8) |
11.0 (51.8) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 18.7 (0.74) |
13.0 (0.51) |
12.3 (0.48) |
14.1 (0.56) |
2.6 (0.10) |
1.6 (0.06) |
0.4 (0.02) |
0.5 (0.02) |
0.1 (0.00) |
4.7 (0.19) |
33.2 (1.31) |
3.8 (0.15) |
105 (4.14) |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
73 | 77 | 74 | 79 | 76 | 82 | 82 | 83 | 80 | 79 | 77 | 71 | 78 |
Source: Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera[15] |
Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Selvagem Grande[14] | 31.1 | 31.0 | 32.4 | 23.5 | 25.3 | 25.5 | 33.0 | 32.8 | 24.5 | 22.6 | 25.7 | 27.3 | 28.4 |
Fauna and flora
The scientific and natural interest of this tiny group of islands lies in its marine
The Selvagens Islands and their surrounding waters present pristine marine and terrestrial communities, with many of its ecosystems in an unaltered state (such as in
The archipelago has the highest density (per 100 km2) of exclusive endemic terrestrial plants of the
Although commercial tours of the islands and their
Birds
Selvagens Islands are one of the most important breeding areas for seabirds of Macaronesia and the North Atlantic, offering conditions that are unique in all the world.
About 3% of the birds species are resident species, the remaining are migratory species.[
Presently the islands are home or stopover for:
Sealife
Out of eight total species of sea turtle in the world, five of them occur in Selvagens Islands waters. The most frequent is the
A total of 10
Despite having a much smaller submerged area with depths less than 60 m (197 ft) than other larger Macaronesian archipelagos, the islands have remarkable fish species richness. There are 88 known species of coastal fish, some of them included in endangered and vulnerable status such as the
Other animals
Ten terrestrial vertebrates are known to live on these islands. Two terrestrial reptiles, Tarentola boettgeri bischoffi, a subspecies of Boettger's wall gecko and Teira dugesii selvagensis, a subspecies of Madeiran wall lizard, are exclusive to Selvagens Islands. The islands are the only terrestrial mammal-free archipelago in the Macaronesia of the North Atlantic.[9]
The Selvagens archipelago is a hotspot of endemic terrestrial
Other terrestrial invertebrates endemic to the islands include three species of
The current number of known endemic species and subspecies is certainly a poor estimate of its real number.[9][8]
Plantlife
As a consequence of limited introduction, the terrestrial flora has an outstanding interest. More than 100 species of indigenous plants have been catalogued (most creeping plants and bushes). These plants are similar in many respects to indigenous species on the islands of Madeira and the Canaries, which are better suited to dry arid environments. Germination of these species occurs immediately and briefly after annual showers, and include: Lotus glaucus subsp. salvagensis, Scilla madeirensis, Monizia edulis, Erysimum arbuscula, Misopates salvagense, Urtica portosanctana, Asparagus nesiotes, Autonoe madeirensis, among others.
Some
Selvagem Pequena and the Fora Islet are the richest floral repositories, since they were never populated by non-indigenous animals or plants. For a period, some indigenous species (primarily Roccella tinctoria and other lichens) were harvested from the islands to support the dye industry of Europe, primarily to England and Flanders in the 15th and 16th centuries, but these adventures were discontinued later.
History
The first attempted settlement of the islands occurred around 1438 by the Portuguese, although few details remain of this endeavour. The oldest extant description of the colonisation was written around 1463 by the Portuguese mariner Diogo Gomes de Sintra. Gomes wrote that the islands were used to collect ursella, as a base for red paint/dyes; ursella referred to the
By the 16th century the Savage Islands were held by a family from Madeira, known as Teixeiras Caiados.[5] How the islands found themselves under Caiados control is unknown. In 1560 they were given to João Cabral de Noronha.[5] After 1717 they are recorded in wills, inheritances, inventories and other documents. Between 1774 and 1831 taxes were paid to the king. The islands were also recorded in the books of the Conservatória do Registo Predial of Funchal.
From the 15th to the 19th centuries, the islands were used for different economic activities, such as collecting barilla weed and shells and mollusks. The islands, although uninhabited, were also used as a waypoint for fishing, while goats and rabbits were hunted on Selvagem Grande. Until about 1967, in September or October, there were organised hunts for the chicks of the Cory's shearwaters for their oil and meat.[20]
The islands have a reputation as pirate treasure islands, and there are many stories of treasure hunting. According to reliable primary documents, at least four times (in 1813, 1851, 1856 and 1948), serious dig attempts were made to recover the supposed treasures but nothing was found.[21]
In 1904 the islands were sold to Luís Rocha Machado. The Permanent Commission of International Maritime Law gave sovereignty of the Savage Islands to Portugal on 15 February 1938.
In 1959, the
In the 21st century, the Savage Islands have a permanent team of wardens from
Disputed territory
Portugal places its southernmost exclusive economic zone claim south of the Savage Islands. Spain formerly objected to it on the basis that the Savage Islands do not have a separate continental shelf,[24] stating that the border should comprise an equidistant line drawn halfway between Madeira and the Canaries. According to article 121 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: "Rocks which cannot sustain human habitation or economic life of their own shall have no exclusive economic zone or continental shelf."[25] The status of the Savage Islands as islands or rocks was thus at the core of the dispute.[26][27]
Despite the islands having numerous visitors, mostly for scientific purposes, and the fact that several settlements were tried throughout the centuries,[
19th century
- 1880s – In an 1881 Maritime Signalisation Commission meeting, Spain requested the building of a lighthouse on the islands. The Portuguese recognised the importance of the lighthouse to the Canary Islands sea route, but deemed it not a priority at the time. In response, the Spanish Foreign Affairs Ministry stated that "the sovereignty of the islands is unclear".
20th century
- 1910s – In 1911, given the lack of action over the requested lighthouse, Spain said it would build it on its own (and annex the archipelago[citation needed]). After a Portuguese protest questioning what it termed "Spanish confusion" over the issue, Spain said its intention was to reach an agreement "in the most amicable terms". In 1913, the Portuguese Navy conducted a survey, led by Admiral Schultz Xavier, of the Selvagem Grande Island and recommended Pico da Atalaia as the best location for the lighthouse.
- 1930s – On February 15, 1938, the Permanent Commission of International Maritime Law declared Portugal as the legitimate sovereign over the islands. The Spanish government, however, was in the midst of fighting the Spanish Civil War and did not have the opportunity to present its case to the commission.
- 1970s – In 1971, the Portuguese government bought the islands from their previous Madeiran owner, and decreed the creation of a natural reserve in the archipelago to protect the area from illegal fishing and poaching, which had severely reduced the bird populations in recent years. In 1972, two Spanish civilian boats, San Pedro de Abona and Áries, were arrested near the islands. In 1975, fishermen from the Canary Islands disembarked in the islands and waved a Spanish flag.[citation needed] In 1976 another Spanish boat, Ecce Homo Divino, was detained for illegal fishing.
- 1996-1997 – On 8 April 1996, Puma SA-330J flyby over Selvagem Grande on August 2. On the following October 16th, another F-18 flyby over the reserve was filmed by the Portuguese RTP TV channel, prompting the Portuguese Foreign Affairs Ministry to protest. In May 1997, the Ministry of Defense formally requested the Spanish government to stop training exercises near the natural reserve. Spain agreed, but on 1 August 1997 and 24 September 1997, new flybys by Spanish airplanes took place in the vicinity, prompting vehement protests from the Portuguese authorities which led to a formal apology by the Spanish ambassador to Portugal, after which the flights stopped. After this period, the islands were reinforced with a small Portuguese Navy detachment, purportedly to help patrol the islands against illegal fishing and poaching. Later in 1997, Spain formally recognised Portuguese sovereignty over the islands.[29]
21st century
- 2005 – 23 June, four Spanish fishing boats were detained 28 nautical miles (52 km; 32 mi) south of the islands. A few days later, on 8 July, a biologist and one of the nature reserve wardens in the Selvagem Grande Island were threatened with a knife and underwater fishing spear guns by a group of Spanish fishermen. A group of ten Portuguese marines were placed on the island for a month to put an end to poaching of protected species.[30]
- 2007 – June, one Spanish search and rescue airplane flew over the islands at low altitude, prompting the Portuguese Ministry of the Environment to contact its Spanish counterpart over the issue.[31]
- 2013 – 5 July, Spain sends letter officially complaining to the UN that the Savage islands are just rocks,[32] which would invalidate the Portuguese sovereignty over the claimed EEZ surrounding the islands.[33]
- 2013 – 18 July, The serving President of Portugal, Aníbal Cavaco Silva with the President of the Regional Government of Madeira, Alberto João Jardim arrived on the islands on board the Portuguese Navy frigate Vasco da Gama visit and stay on the Islands as part of a tour to meet residents and officials based there. Aníbal Cavaco Silva became the first President to stay overnight on the islands as former Presidents Mário Soares and Jorge Sampaio only visited for a few hours.[34]
- 2014 – The head of the Spanish Government, Canary islands, would begin "very likely" between July and September.
- 2014 – 22 September, Canarian secessionists on behalf of the
- 2014 – 17 December, Spain sends Dr Luis Somoza Losada to the UN to give a 448-point report asking for the expansion of Spanish territory at the expense of Portugal. After returning to Spain from New York he states "It's the biggest enlargement of Spanish sovereignty since Christopher Columbus". Luis Somoza Losada was a coordinator of a team made up of civilians and military that was commissioned to underpin the ambitious maritime expansion of Spain around the Savage Islands. Conducting 6 surveys of the area on 3 ships: the Hespérides, Miguel Oliver and Sarmiento de Gamboa, he discovered that there was gas in the area and possibly oil.[38][39]
- 2016 – 21 August, the territory starts being permanently patrolled by two elements of the Polícia Marítima, the Portuguese water police, stationed on the Selvagem Grande Island.[40]
- 2016 – 30 August, Portuguese President Selvagem Grande. Rebelo de Sousa remarked that "Wherever the President of the Republic goes, he marks our territory", and justified the voyage by saying that the Head of State must go to every part of the national territory.[41]
See also
- Exclusive economic zone of Portugal
- Autonomous Region of Madeira
- List of islands of Portugal
- Macaronesia
References
- Notes
- ^ IGP, ed. (2010). "Carta Administrativa Oficial de Portugal" (in Portuguese). Lisbon, Portugal: Instituto Geográfico Português. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
- ^ "Geographical Names", National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- ^ King, Dean & Hattendorf, John B., A Sea of Words: A Lexicon and Companion to the Complete Seafaring Tales of Patrick O'Brian, Open Road Media, March 20, 2012
- ^ a b c "Ilhas Selvagens (Selvagens Islands)". UNESCO World HeritageSites
- ^ a b c d e Luís Carvalho, Nuno Leitão (2005)
- ^ a b c d e "Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystem Health of Ilhas Selvagens, Portugal" (PDF). National Geographic Society. 1 May 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
- ^ a b c "As Ilhas Selvagens". José Lemos, Pedro Quartin Graça. Retrieved September 30, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f "Revisão do plano de ordenamento e gestão das Ilhas Selvagens" (PDF). Rede Natura 2000. Retrieved September 30, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Selvagens Islands". UNESCO. Retrieved September 30, 2020.
- IPMA. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
- ^ "IPMA - Observação de superfície diária com gráficos". www.ipma.pt. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
- ^ a b "Description: Climate". unesco.org. UNESCO. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
- ^ "General information". selvagens.seawatching.net. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
- ^ a b "Velocidade e Rumo do Vento (2012-2020)". Direção Regional de Estatística da Madeira. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
- ^ "Série retrospetiva". estatistica.madeira.gov.pt. Direção Regional de Estatística da Madeira. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
- ^ Ernst Schmitz (1893), "Die Puffinenjagd auf den Selvagens-Inseln im jahre 1892", Ornithologisches Jahrbuch 1893, Austria, pp.141-147
- ^ "Selvagens". BirdLife Data Zone. BirdLife International. 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
- ^ "Revisão do Plano de Ordenamento e Gestão das Ilhas Selvagens" (PDF). Institute for Nature Conservation and Forests. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
- ^ Alex Ritsema (2010), pp. 23–26
- ^ Alex Ritsema (2010), pp. 24–28
- ^ Alex Ritsema (2010), pp. 29–35
- ^ "Família Zino, a guardiã das Selvagens". DNoticias (in Portuguese). July 16, 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
- ^ *As Selvagens estão mais civilizadas". Rádio Renascença
- ^ Lacleta Muñoz, José Manuel. "Las fronteras de España en el mar". Documentos de trabajo 34-2004, Real Instituto Elcano
- ^ United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Part VIII, Article 121
- ^ United Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea
- ^ Communications received with regard to the submission made by Portugal to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf
- ^ Carvalho, Luis and Leitão, Nuno, A Noção "Estratégica" das Ilhas Selvagens (in Portuguese) Archived 2008-02-23 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Güell, Oriol (20 July 2008), "El litigio más largo", El País (in Spanish)
- ^ "Marinha reforça presença nas Selvagens após incidentes com pescadores", O Público (in Portuguese), 12 June 2005, retrieved 4 February 2012
- ^ "Espanhóis violam espaço aéreo nas ilhas Selvagens", Tasquinha (in Portuguese), Correio da Manhã, 18 June 2007
- ^ Selvagens – Reacendeu-se o conflito entre Portugal e Espanha sobre a ZEE das ilhas (in Portuguese), Pedro Quartin Graça, September 2013
- ^ "Spain disputes Portugal islands". Brendan de Beer. September 2013.
- ^ Cavaco Silva passeia nas Selvagens (in Portuguese), Expresso, 11 August 2013
- ^ Independentistas das Canárias detidos nas ilhas Selvagens (in Portuguese), Público, 24 September 2014
- ^ Independentistas das Canárias ocupam Selvagem Pequena (in Portuguese), Diário de Notícias, 23 September 2014
- ^ Spaniards 'occupy' Portuguese islands to protest oil drilling, Pangea Today, 5 October 2014
- ^ Planelles, Manuel (30 December 2014), "España amplía sus dominios marítimos", El Pais (in Spanish)
- ^ Spain reignites island tussle, The Portugal News, 31 December 2014
- ^ Marinha garante soberania 'contínua e efectiva' sobre ilhas Selvagens (in Portuguese), Público, 21 August 2016
- ^ Marcelo nas Selvagens para 'marcar território' (in Portuguese), Público, 29 August 2016
- Sources
- Carvalho, Luís; Leitão, Nuno (2005), A noção 'estratégica' das ilhas Salvegens [The Strategic Notion of the Savage Islands] (PDF) (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: TERCUD – Centro de Estudos do Território, Cultura e Desenvolvimento, archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-02-23
- Ritsema, Alex (2010). The Selvagens, Forgotten Atlantic Islands. Raleigh, North Carolina: Lulu Press. ISBN 978-1-4461-8968-9.
- Albuquerque, Luis; Vieira, Alberto (1988). The Archipelago of Madeira in the 15th Century. Funchal, Madeira: Centro Estudos História Atlântico.
External links
(Ilhas Selvagens).
- Selvagens Expeditions
- Ilhas Selvagens (in Spanish)