Single-elimination tournament
A single-elimination, knockout, or sudden-death tournament, is a type of
Nomenclature
In English, the round in which only eight competitors remain is generally called (with or without hyphenation) the quarter-final round; this is followed by the semi-final round, in which only four are left, the two winners of which then meet in the final or championship round.
The round before the quarterfinals has multiple designations. Often it is called the round of sixteen, last sixteen, or (in South Asia) pre-quarterfinals. In many other languages the term for these eight matches translates to eighth-final (e.g., in these European languages: "huitième de finale" in French, octavos de final in Spanish, Achtelfinale in German, åttondelsfinal in Swedish, ottavi di finale in Italian, oitavos-de-final in Portuguese, optimi de finală in Romanian osmifinále in Czech, osemfinále in Slovak, and osmina finala in Serbo-Croatian), though this term is rare in English itself, with noticeable use in American debate tournaments.
The round before the round of sixteen is sometimes called round of thirty-two in English. Terms for this in other languages generally translate as "sixteenth final".
Earlier rounds are typically numbered counting forwards from the first round, or by the number of remaining competitors. If some competitors get a bye, the round at which they enter may be named the first round, with the earlier matches called a preliminary round, qualifying round, opening round, or the play-in games.
Examples of the diverse names given to concurrent rounds in various select disciplines:
By competitors | Fraction of final | Grand Slam tennis[t 1]
|
FA Cup football | Coupe de France[2] | NCAA Men's Basketball | North American Debating Ch'ship | Snooker |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Round of 2 | Final | Final | Final | Final | National Championship | Final | Final |
Round of 4 | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semi-finals | Semifinals | Final Four
(National semifinals)[t 2] |
Semifinals | Semi-finals |
Round of 8 | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | quarter-finals[t 3] | Quarterfinals | Elite Eight (Regional finals)[t 4] |
Quarterfinals | Quarter-finals |
Round of 16 | Eighth-finals | Round of 16 (US Open[4]), 4th round[5][citation needed] |
5th round[t 5] | 8th-finals | Sweet Sixteen (Regional semifinals)[t 6] |
Round 7 | Last 16, 4th Round[citation needed] |
Round of 32 | 16th-finals | 3rd round | 4th round[t 5] | 16th-finals | 3rd/2nd round[t 7][t 8] | Round 6 | Last 32, 3rd Round |
Round of 64 | 32nd-finals | 2nd round | 3rd round[t 5] | 32nd-finals | 2nd/1st round[t 7][t 8] | Round 5 | Last 64, 2nd Round |
Round of 128 | 64th-finals | 1st round | 2nd round[t 9][t 5] | 8th qualifying round[t 10] | First Four[t 7] | Round 4[t 11] | Last 128, 1st Round |
Notes:
- ^ In singles only (the other disciplines have fewer rounds)
- ^ The NCAA also uses the "final four" terminology in the Division I women's tournament, as well as the Division III tournaments for both men and women. In Division II for both sexes, this round is called the "semifinals"; both championship events in that division consist of eight teams instead of four.
- ^ The quarter-finals were called the "sixth round" until 2016–17, the first in which replays were discontinued for this round.[3]
- ^ In the Division II men's and women's tournaments, the Elite Eight is the championship event, with all qualifying teams participating at a single site. The NCAA does not use "Elite Eight" in Division III, simply calling this round the "regional finals".
- ^ a b c d The first to fifth rounds are often called the "first/second/etc. round proper", to distinguish them from the "first/second/etc. qualifying round".
- ^ The NCAA only uses the term "Sweet Sixteen" in the Division I tournaments.
- ^
- ^ a b Since the NCAA Division I women's tournament expanded beyond 32 teams in 1986, the round of 32 has always been called the "second round", and the preceding round the "first round". The women's tournament involved 64 teams from 1994-2021 before expanding to 68 in 2022.
- ^ The FA Cup 2nd round involves 40 teams, of which 20 qualify for the 3rd round, to which the top 44 teams will have received byes.
- ^ The 8th qualifying round involves 88 teams, of which 44 qualify for the 32nd-finals, to which the top 20 teams will have received byes.
- ^ The number of eligible teams is typically less than 128, but more than 64, so not all teams play this round.
Example
The knockout round of the 2002 FIFA World Cup tournament:
Round of 16 | Quarter-finals | Semi-finals | Final | |||||||||||
15 June – Seogwipo | ||||||||||||||
Germany | 1 | |||||||||||||
21 June – Ulsan | ||||||||||||||
Paraguay | 0 | |||||||||||||
Germany | 1 | |||||||||||||
17 June – Jeonju | ||||||||||||||
United States | 0 | |||||||||||||
Mexico | 0 | |||||||||||||
25 June – Seoul | ||||||||||||||
United States | 2 | |||||||||||||
Germany | 1 | |||||||||||||
16 June – Suwon | ||||||||||||||
South Korea | 0 | |||||||||||||
Spain (p) | 1 (3) | |||||||||||||
22 June – Gwangju | ||||||||||||||
Republic of Ireland | 1 (2) | |||||||||||||
Spain | 0 (3) | |||||||||||||
18 June – Daejeon | ||||||||||||||
South Korea (p) | 0 (5) | |||||||||||||
South Korea (a.s.d.e.t.) | 2 | |||||||||||||
30 June – Yokohama | ||||||||||||||
Italy | 1 | |||||||||||||
Germany | 0 | |||||||||||||
15 June – Niigata | ||||||||||||||
Brazil | 2 | |||||||||||||
Denmark | 0 | |||||||||||||
21 June – Shizuoka | ||||||||||||||
England | 3 | |||||||||||||
England | 1 | |||||||||||||
17 June – Kobe | ||||||||||||||
Brazil | 2 | |||||||||||||
Brazil | 2 | |||||||||||||
26 June – Saitama | ||||||||||||||
Belgium | 0 | |||||||||||||
Brazil | 1 | |||||||||||||
16 June – Ōita | ||||||||||||||
Turkey | 0 | Third place play-off | ||||||||||||
Sweden | 1 | |||||||||||||
22 June – Osaka | 29 June – Daegu | |||||||||||||
Senegal (a.s.d.e.t.) | 2 | |||||||||||||
Senegal | 0 | South Korea | 2 | |||||||||||
18 June – Miyagi | ||||||||||||||
Turkey (a.s.d.e.t.) | 1 | Turkey | 3 | |||||||||||
Japan | 0 | |||||||||||||
Turkey | 1 | |||||||||||||
Classification
Without any additional matches, the only position a single-elimination tournament can reliably determine is first - for example, if sorting the numbers 1-4 ascending, if 4 and 3 meet in the first round, 3 and 1 will lose in the first round and 2 will lose in the second, selecting 4 as the largest number in the set, but insufficient comparisons have been performed to determine which is greater, 2 or 3. Despite this, the candidate that loses in the final round is commonly considered to have taken second place (in this case, 2). When matches are held to determine places or prizes lower than first and second, these typically include a match between the losers of the semifinal matches called
Sometimes, contests are also held among the losers of the quarterfinal matches to determine fifth to eighth places. In one scenario, two "consolation semifinal" matches may be conducted, with the winners of these then facing off to determine fifth and sixth places and the losers playing for seventh and eighth; those are used often in qualifying tournaments where only the top five teams advance to the next round; or some method of ranking the four quarterfinal losers might be employed, in which case only one round of additional matches would be held among them, the two highest-ranked therein then playing for fifth and sixth places and the two lowest for seventh and eighth.
The number of distinct ways of arranging a single-elimination tournament (as an abstract structure, prior to seeding the players into the tournament) is given by the Wedderburn–Etherington numbers.[7] Thus, for instance, there are three different arrangements for five players:
- The players may be divided into brackets of two and three players, the winners of which meet in the final game
- The bottom four players may play a two-round tournament, the winner of which plays the top player
- The bottom two players may meet, after which each subsequent game pairs the winner of the previous game with the next player
However, the number of arrangements grows quickly for larger numbers of players and not all of them are commonly used.
Seeding
Opponents may be allocated randomly (such as in the FA Cup); however, since the "luck of the draw" may result in the highest-rated competitors being scheduled to face each other early in the competition, seeding is often used to prevent this. Brackets are set up so that the top two seeds could not possibly meet until the final round (should both advance that far), none of the top four can meet prior to the semifinals, and so on. If no seeding is used, the tournament is called a random knockout tournament.
Standard seeding pairs the highest and lowest, then second highest and second lowest and so on, for an 8 seed tournament this is 1 v 8, 2 v 7, 3 v 6 and 4 v 5, for example this is used for 16 seeds in the
Sometimes the remaining competitors in a single-elimination tournament will be "re-seeded" so that the highest surviving seed is made to play the lowest surviving seed in the next round, the second-highest plays the second-lowest, etc. This may be done after each round, or only at selected intervals. In American team sports, for example, the
In some situations, a seeding restriction may be implemented; from 1975 until 1989 in the NFL, and from 1994 until 2011 in MLB there was a rule where at the conference or league semifinal, should the top seed and last seed (wild card) be from the same division, they cannot play each other; in that case, the top seed plays the worst division champion; the second-best division champion plays the wild card team. This is due to the scheduling employed for the regular season, in which a team faces any given divisional opponent more often than any given non-divisional opponent – the tournament favors match-ups that took place fewer times in the regular season (or did not take place, in some cases).[1]
In international
Evaluation
This section needs additional citations for verification. (January 2024) |
The single-elimination format enables a relatively large number of competitors to participate. There are no "dead" matches (perhaps excluding "classification" matches), and no matches where one competitor has more to play for than the other.
The format is less suited to games where
Another perceived disadvantage is that most competitors are eliminated after relatively few games. Variations such as the double-elimination tournament allow competitors a single loss while remaining eligible for overall victory. However, losing one game requires the competitor to win more games in order to win the tournament.
In a random knockout tournament (single-elimination without any seeding), awarding the second place to the loser of the final is unjustified: any of the competitors knocked out by the tournament winner might have been the second strongest one, but they never got the chance to play against the losing finalist. In general, it is only fair to use a single-elimination tournament to determine first place. To fairly determine lower places requires some form of round-robin in which each player/team gets the opportunity to face every other player/team.
Also, if the competitors' performance is variable, that is, it depends on a small, varying factor in addition to the actual strength of the competitors, then not only will it become less likely that the strongest competitor actually wins the tournament, in addition the seeding done by the tournament organizers will play a major part in deciding the winner.[10][11] As a random factor is always present in a real-world competition, this might easily cause accusations of unfairness.
Other tournament systems
Variations of the single-elimination tournament include:
- Double-elimination tournament
- McIntyre system, a group of tournament formats that combine features of single- and double-elimination tournaments. Varieties of this system include:
- Page playoff system (four teams)
- Top five play-offs
- Top six play-offs
- McIntyre final eight system
- Super League play-offs, which formerly used a McIntyre final eight variant
- AFL final eight system, another variant of the McIntyre final eight, currently used by the Australian Football League
Other common tournament types include:
References
- ^ a b "Knock-Out tournament". Sport Science Corner. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
- ^ "Coupe de France : football, résultats, calendrier, reportage, photos" (in French). French Football Federation. Archived from the original on 19 July 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
- ^ "Premier League clubs want the FA Cup moved to midweek and replays scrapped". talkSPORT. 31 May 2018 [2017]. Retrieved 31 March 2019.; Emirates FA Cup (17 February 2017). "We do now! The sixth round has been renamed as the quarter-finals from this season". @EmiratesFACup. Twitter. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
- ^ "2012 Tournament Schedule". US Open. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
- ^ "Gentlemen's Singles – 2012 Official Site by IBM". Wimbledon Championships Website. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
- ^ Cary, Tim (21 November 2014). "What's in a Name? March Madness First Round Is the 'First Round' Again". The Cheat Sheet. Retrieved 6 June 2015.
- MR 0371712.
- ^ Wimbledon: Novak vs Mayer in R1; Andy, Roger, Rafa all in bottom half, Novak Djokovic official website, 21 June 2013
- ^ Wimbledon 2013: Men's matches to watch out for, The Roar, 22 June 2013
- ^ Ryvkin, Dmitry (March 2005). "The Predictive Power of Noisy Elimination Tournaments" (PDF). CERGE-EI. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 October 2007. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
- S2CID 1251470.