Senate Judiciary Committee reviews of nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States
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Since the creation of the
In the 19th century and portions of the early 20th century, Judiciary Committee reviews were brief and entailed rather cursory looks at the nominee. However, increasingly since the 1910s, the process became more rigorous.
In more recent practice, between the announcement of the nomination and the start of hearings, the Judiciary Committee undertakes an investigative stage in which committee members and their staffs prepare for the hearings by looking over the background of the nominees and relevant issues. During this stage, nominees are typically prepped by the presidential administration for the hearings, including holding grueling mock-hearings often-dubbed “murder boards”. The nominee also often pays “courtesy call” visits to the offices of individual United States Senators. The American Bar Association's Standing Committee on the Federal Judiciary also usually provides their evaluation of the nominee's qualifications in this period before hearings are held.
Typically, at the end of its reviews of nominations, the Judiciary Committee has reported to the full Senate on the nomination. Often these reports have included either a positive or negative assessment of a nomination. The decision of how the Judiciary Committee reports has been conducted by a vote of its members. Historically, the Judiciary Committee had often published printed volumes outlining its members’ views. However, this has not occurred with any nominations in the 21st century.
Overview of the Judiciary Committee review process
Since 1829, many Supreme Court nominations had been referred to the Senate's Judiciary Committee. In 1868, the Senate adopted a rule that nominations needed to be referred to appropriate standing committees, which has resulted in nearly all subsequent Supreme Court nominations being referred to the Judiciary Committee.[1]
In modern practice, the Judiciary Committee assumes the main responsibility of investigating the qualifications and background of each nominee. Judiciary Committee reviews are not mentioned in the
From the late-1960s onwards, the Judiciary Committee's review process has nearly always consisted first of the pre-hearing investigative stage, followed by public hearings, and ending with a committee decision on what recommendation the committee should make to the full Senate.[2]
The period of time between nominations and confirmation are longer in recent decades than they once were. Before the early 1950s, the average period of time between nominations being made and votes on confirmation was 13.2 days. In contrast, for nominations spanning between the 1954 nomination of Earl Warren to the 2020 nomination of Amy Coney Barrett, the average time was 54.4 days.[3]
Pre-hearing investigative stage
In modern practice, the period between the nomination being made and the beginning of hearings is utilized by the committee as an investigative stage.[2] This period of time is, in modern practice, intended to be utilized by the committee members and their staffs to prepare for the hearings by looking over the background of the nominees and issues that are relevant to their nominations.[1][2]
For confirmations with hearings, the amount of time that has passed between the receipt of a nomination by the Senate and the start of the first hearing has differed by nomination. The shortest time interval between these was the four days between the receipt of both the 1932 nomination of
It has become a long-standing tradition for nominees to, during this stage, pay "courtesy call" visits to individual senators at their offices, including those senators not on the Judiciary Committee. Also, in typical modern practice, during this pre-hearing stage, the American Bar Association's Standing Committee on the Federal Judiciary provides their evaluation of the nominee's qualifications.[2] The American Bar Association has provided its analysis and a recommendation on the professional qualifications to sit on the Supreme Court of every nominee since 1952.[6]
In modern practice, during this period, the presidential administration usually helps to prepare their nominee for hearings by providing them with legal background materials and by holding mock-hearings with the nominee for practice. These mock-hearings are often called "murder boards" in reference to the grueling demand they place on the nominees.[2]
Hearings
The first recorded instance in which formal
While there was only one recorded instance of a Supreme Court nomination having Judiciary Committee hearings prior to 1916, Judiciary Committee hearings have since become a regular practice for Supreme Court nominations.
The first nominee to appear before the committee themselves and testify at their own confirmation hearings was
The modern questioning of nominees on their judicial views arose with the nomination hearings for John Marshall Harlan in 1955. His nomination followed shortly after the landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision by the Supreme Court. Several senators from the Southern United States threatened to obstruct Harlan's confirmation, which persuaded Harlan to provide his testimony at hearings.[11][12] Most nominees since Harlan have appeared before the Judiciary Committee. In the 1950s, 1960s, and part of the 1970, many hearings were perfunctorily. Few hearings saw extended questioning or comments from members of the Judiciary Committee.[10] In these decades, hearings were not lengthy either, with nominees typically only spending a few hours before the committee.[13]
During the late civil rights and post-Watergate eras, hearings began to see more substantive issues be discussed.[10] This, according to Robert Katzmann, "reflects in part the increasing importance of the Supreme Court to interest groups in the making of public policy." With this transformation have come longer confirmation hearings. In 1967, for example, Thurgood Marshall spent about seven hours in front of the committee. In 1987, Robert Bork was questioned for 30 hours over five days, with the hearings as a whole lasting for 12 days.[14] An estimated 150–300 interest groups were involved in the Bork confirmation process.[15]
Hearing for recent nominations have typically lasted four or five days. The Senate may decide to hold additional hearings if a nomination becomes controversial, an example of this being the eleven days of hearings given to the 1983 nomination of Robert Bork.[2] The first hearings to receive gavel-to-gavel television coverage was those for the 1981 nomination of Sandra Day O'Connor.[2]
Hearings tend to examine the background of the nominee, and directly question the nominee about their own work experiences, views on a variety of constitutional issues, and their general judicial philosophy.[16][11] The hearings also tend to include testimony from various outside witnesses both in support and opposition to a nomination.[17] Among them is the American Bar Association.[6]
The table below notes the approximate number of hours that media sources estimate Supreme Court nominees since 2005 (excluding those whose nomination was withdrawn) have spent before the Senate Judiciary Committee for public testimony:
Approximate number of hours of public testimony from Supreme Court nominees since 2005 | ||
---|---|---|
Year | Nominee | # Hours |
2005 | John Roberts (CJ) | 17[18] |
2006 | Samuel Alito | 18[19] |
2009 | Sonia Sotomayor | 12+[20] |
2010 | Elena Kagan | 17[21] |
2016 | Merrick Garland (NC) | 0[22] |
2017 | Neil Gorsuch | 20[23] |
2018 | Brett Kavanaugh | 32+[A][24] |
2020 | Amy Coney Barrett | 20[25] |
2022 | Ketanji Brown Jackson | 24[26] |
Reports
The Judiciary Committee generally gives a report to the Senate in modern practice.[1] Typically, the committee meets in open session within a week of the end of hearings in order to determine what their report will be. Typical practice is to report even on nominations the majority of the committee opposes, in order to allow for the full Senate to make a final decision on whether to confirm or not.[2] Without an affirmative vote, a nomination cannot proceed to the floor of the Senate unless the Senate votes to discharge it from the committee. The rarely needed parliamentary procedure of discharging a nomination from committee was used to move the 2022 nomination of Ketanji Brown Jackson forward after the Judiciary Committee deadlocked along party lines in a vote on whether to give it a favorable recommendation.[27][28]
While early reports typically did not include an assessment or recommendation, it had since become common practice for reports to.[1] The 1991 nomination of Clarence Thomas was the most recent instance in which the Judiciary Committee voted to report without a recommendation (which it did only after an earlier committee vote on whether to report positively on his nomination had failed to pass).[1] The most recent instance where no recommendation was given, however, was the 2022 confirmation of Ketanji Brown Jackson, with the aforementioned move by the Senate to vote without a Judiciary Committee recommendation after the committee deadlocked. However, unlike with Thomas' nomination, the move to advance from committee review to full-Senate consideration of the confirmation without a recommendation was not made by a vote of the Judiciary Committee, but rather by a vote of the full Senate.[28]
Seven nominations have received negative committee report (either an “unfavorable” recommendation, an “adverse” report, or a report featuring a “recommendation not to act”). The only two instances in which the Senate has confirmed a nominee that had received a negative committee report were the nominations of Stanley Matthews in 1881 and Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar in 1888. The most recent instance in which the committee gave a nomination a negative report was the 1987 nomination of Robert Bork, whose nomination was rejected by the Senate.[1]
Only six nominations that have received favorable committee reports have failed to result in a confirmation.[1]
While, previously, the Senate Judiciary Committee regularly provided printed committee reports, from the 2005 nomination of John Roberts onwards, nominations have gone without one. Printed reports were prepared behind closed doors after the committee had held their vote and provided a single volume outlining the views of committee members on the nomination as well as supplemental minority or additional views.[2]
Judiciary Committee chairs
The Judiciary Committee is led by a chair.
Two Judiciary Committee chairs (Martin Van Buren and Joe Biden) would subsequently serve as president of the United States. Both put forward nominations to the Supreme Court during their presidencies. However, of the two, only Biden had any nominations referred to the Judiciary Committee during his tenure as its chair.[1][29]
One Judiciary Committee chair, John J. Crittenden, was subsequently nominated to the Supreme Court. Crittenden was not confirmed, however, as his nomination lapsed after a recommendation from the Judiciary Committee that the Senate not act on the nomination. During Crittenden's tenure as Judiciary Committee chair, no nominations were recorded as having been formally reviewed by the committee. In fact, his own subsequent nomination is the first recorded instance of the committee receiving a nomination for review.[1][29]
Below is a table listing chairs of the Senate Judiciary Committee, with the number of nominations that were referred to the committee during their tenure(s) as chair:
Name | Party | Tenure | Total number of nominations referred to Judiciary Committee during tenure |
Cumulative total for all tenures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dudley Chase | Democratic-Republican | 1816–1817 | 0 | 0 |
John J. Crittenden | Democratic-Republican | 1817–1818 | 0 | 0 |
James Burrill Jr. | Federalist |
1818–1819 | 0 | 0 |
William Smith |
Democratic-Republican | 1819–1823 | 0 | 0 |
Martin Van Buren | Democratic-Republican | 1823–1828 | 0 | 0 |
John Macpherson Berrien (first tenure) |
Jacksonian | 1829–1831 | 0 | 7 |
John Rowan | Democratic-Republican | 1829–1831 | 1 | 1 |
William L. Marcy | Jacksonian | 1831–1832 | 0 | 0 |
William Wilkins | Jacksonian | 1832–1833 | 0 | 0 |
John M. Clayton | Anti-Jacksonian | 1833–1836 | 1 | 1 |
Felix Grundy | Jacksonian | 1836–1838 | 5 | 5 |
Garret D. Wall | Democratic | 1838–1841 | 0 | 0 |
John Macpherson Berrien (second tenure) |
Whig | 1841–1845 | 7 | 7 |
Chester Ashley | Democratic | 1845–1847 | 3 | 3 |
Andrew Butler | Democratic | 1847–1857 | 4 | 4 |
James A. Bayard Jr. | Democratic | 1857–1861 | 1 | 1 |
Lyman Trumbull | Republican | 1861–1872 | 8 | 8 |
George G. Wright | Republican | 1872 | 0 | 0 |
George F. Edmunds (first tenure) |
Republican | 1872–1879 | 4 | 12 |
Allen G. Thurman | Democratic | 1879–1881 | 2 | 2 |
George F. Edmunds (second tenure) |
Republican | 1881–1891 | 8 | 12 |
George Frisbie Hoar (first tenure) |
Republican | 1891–1893 | 2 | 6 |
James L. Pugh | Democratic | 1893–1895 | 3 | 3 |
George Frisbie Hoar (second tenure) |
Republican | 1895–1904 | 4 | 6 |
Orville H. Platt | Republican | 1904–1905 | 0 | 0 |
Clarence D. Clark | Republican | 1905–1912 | 6 | 6 |
Charles Allen Culberson |
Democratic | 1912–1919 | 3 | 3 |
Knute Nelson | Republican | 1919–1923 | 3 | 3 |
Frank B. Brandegee | Republican | 1923–1924 | 0 | 0 |
Albert B. Cummins | Republican | 1924–1926 | 1 | 1 |
George W. Norris | Republican | 1926–1933 | 4 | 4 |
Henry F. Ashurst | Democratic | 1933–1941 | 5 | 5 |
Frederick Van Nuys | Democratic | 1941–1945 | 3 | 3 |
Pat McCarran (first tenure) |
Democratic | 1945–1947 | 2 | 4 |
Alexander Wiley | Republican | 1947–1949 | 0 | 0 |
Pat McCarran (second tenure) |
Democratic | 1949–1953 | 2 | 4 |
William Langer | Republican | 1953–1955 | 3 | 3 |
Harley M. Kilgore | Democratic | 1955–1956 | 1 | 1 |
James Eastland | Democratic | 1956–1978 | 16 | 16 |
Ted Kennedy | Democratic | 1978–1981 | 0 | 0 |
Strom Thurmond | Republican | 1981–1987 | 3 | 3 |
Joe Biden | Democratic | 1987–1995 | 6 | 6 |
Orrin Hatch (first tenure) |
Republican | 1995–2001 | 0 | 0 |
Patrick Leahy (first tenure) |
Democratic | 2001 | 0 | 2 |
Orrin Hatch (second tenure) |
Republican | 2001 | 0 | 0 |
Patrick Leahy (second tenure) |
Democratic | 2001–2003 | 0 | 2 |
Orrin Hatch (third tenure) |
Republican | 2003–2005 | 0 | 0 |
Arlen Specter | Republican | 2005–2007 | 4 | 4 |
Patrick Leahy (third tenure) |
Democratic | 2007–2015 | 2 | 2 |
Chuck Grassley | Republican | 2015–2019 | 3 | 3 |
Lindsey Graham | Republican | 2019–2021 | 1 | 1 |
Dick Durbin | Democratic | 2021–present | 1 | 1 |
General sources:[1][29] |
Actions on nominations by other committees prior to the creation of the Senate Judiciary Committee
Nominee | Nominated by | Senate majority party |
Committee action | Subsequent action/ outcome | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
President | Party | Committee | Committee chair | Public hearing date(s) | Final vote date | Final vote | ||||
Alexander Wolcott | Madison | Dem-Rep | Dem-Rep | Select committee | No record of hearing | February 13, 1811 | Reported | Rejected by Senate (9–24) on February 13, 1811 | ||
General source:[1][30] |
List of Judiciary Committee actions
The following is a list of Senate Judiciary Committee actions on nominations for the Supreme Court of the United States. Excluded from this list are nominations for which there either was no committee referral or for which no record exists of any committee referral.
Nominee | Nominated by | Senate majority party |
Committee action | Subsequent action/ outcome | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
President | Party | Committee chair | Public hearing date(s) | Final vote date | Final vote | |||
John J. Crittenden | J. Q. Adams | Rep (A-C) | Rep (J-C) | John Rowan | No record of hearing | January 26, 1829 | Reported with recommendation not to act | Postponed by Senate (23–17)[B] on February 12, 1829 |
James Moore Wayne |
Jackson | Democratic | Natl Rep |
John M. Clayton | No record of hearing | January 9, 1835 | Reported | Confirmed by voice vote on January 9, 1835 |
Roger B. Taney (second nomination) | Democratic | Felix Grundy | No record of hearing | January 5, 1836 | Reported | Confirmed (29–15) on March 15, 1836 | ||
Philip P. Barbour | No record of hearing | January 5, 1836 | Reported | Confirmed (30–11) on March 15, 1836 | ||||
John Catron | No record of hearing | March 8, 1937 | Reported | Confirmed (23–18) on March 8, 1937 | ||||
William Smith |
No record of hearing | March 8, 1937 | Reported | Confirmed (28–15) on March 8, 1937 | ||||
John McKinley[C] | Van Buren | No record of hearing | September 25, 1937 | Reported | Confirmed by voice vote on September 25, 1837 | |||
John C. Spencer | Tyler | None | Whig | John Macpherson Berrien |
No record of hearing | January 30, 1844 | Reported | Rejected by Senate (21–26) on January 31, 1844 |
Reuben Walworth | No record of hearing | June 14, 1844 | Reported | Tabled (postponed) by Senate on June 15, 1844 (27–20); nomination withdrawn on June 17, 1844 | ||||
Edward King | No record of hearing | June 14, 1844 | Reported | Tabled (postponed) by Senate on June 15, 1844 (29–18) | ||||
Reuben Walworth | No record of hearing | January 21, 1845 | Reported | Tabled (postponed) by Senate on January 21, 1845; nomination withdrawn on February 6, 1845 | ||||
Edward King | No record of hearing | January 21, 1845 | Reported | Tabled (postponed) by Senate on January 21, 1845; nomination withdrawn on February 8, 1845 | ||||
Samuel Nelson | No record of hearing | February 8, 1845 | Reported | Confirmed by voice vote on February 14, 1845 | ||||
John M. Read | No record of hearing | February 14, 1845 | Reported | Lapsed | ||||
Levi Woodbury[C] | Polk | Democratic | Democratic | Chester Ashley | No record of hearing | January 3, 1846 | Reported | Confirmed by voice vote on January 3, 1846 |
George Woodward | No record of hearing | January 20, 1846 | Reported | Rejected by Senate (20–29) on January 22, 1846 | ||||
Robert Cooper Grier | No record of hearing | August 4, 1846 | Reported | Confirmed by voice vote on August 4, 1846 | ||||
Benjamin R. Curtis[C] | Fillmore | Whig | Andrew Butler | No record of hearing | December 23, 1851 | Reported | Confirmed by voice vote on December 23, 1851 | |
Edward A. Bradford | No record of hearing | August 30, 1852 | Reported | Tabled by Senate; lapsed | ||||
William C. Micou | No record of hearing | N/A | On February 24, 1853 (the same day the Senate referred the nomination to committee), the Senate ordered the committee to discharge the nomination | Lapsed | ||||
John A. Campbell | Pierce | Democratic | No record of hearing | March 22, 1853 | Reported | Confirmed by voice vote on March 22, 1853 | ||
Nathan Clifford | Buchanan | James A. Bayard Jr. | No record of hearing | December 9, 1857 | Reported | Confirmed (26–23) on January 12, 1858 | ||
Noah Haynes Swayne | Lincoln | Republican | Republican | Lyman Trumbull | No record of hearing | February 6, 1861 | Reported | Confirmed (38–1) on January 24, 1862 |
David Davis[C] | No record of hearing | December 5, 1862 | Reported | Confirmed by voice vote on December 8, 1862 | ||||
Stephen Johnson Field | No record of hearing | March 9, 1863 | Reported | Confirmed by voice vote on March 10, 1863 | ||||
Henry Stanbery | A. Johnson | Natl Union | No record of hearing | N/A | Referred to Judiciary Committee on April 16, 1866, but no record exists of any committee vote | Lapsed[D] | ||
Ebenezer R. Hoar | Grant | Republican | No record of hearing | December 22, 1869 | Reported adversely | Rejected by Senate (24–33) on February 3, 1870 | ||
William Strong | No record of hearing | February 14, 1870 | Reported favorably | Confirmed by voice vote on February 18, 1870 | ||||
Joseph P. Bradley | No record of hearing | February 14, 1870 | Reported favorably | Confirmed (46–9) on March 21, 1870 | ||||
Ward Hunt | No record of hearing | December 11, 1872 | Reported favorably | Confirmed by voice vote on December 11, 1872 | ||||
George Henry Williams | George F. Edmunds | No record of hearing | December 11, 1873 | Reported favorably | Recommitted (returned to the committee) on December 15, 1873; nomination withdrawn on January 8, 1874 | |||
Closed hearings on Dec 16 and 17, 1873 | N/A | |||||||
Caleb Cushing | No record of hearing | January 9, 1874 | Reported favorably | Nomination withdrawn on January 13, 1874 | ||||
Morrison Waite | No record of hearing | January 20, 1874 | Reported favorably | Confirmed (63–0) on January 21, 1874 | ||||
John Marshall Harlan | Hayes | No record of hearing | November 26, 1877 | Reported favorably | Confirmed by voice vote on November 29, 1877 | |||
William Burnham Woods | Democratic | Allen G. Thurman | No record of hearing | December 20, 1880 | Reported favorably | Confirmed (39–8) on December 21, 1880 | ||
Stanley Matthews | No record of hearing | February 7, 1881 | Considered | Lapsed | ||||
No record of hearing | February 14, 1881 | Postponed | ||||||
Stanley Matthews | Garfield | Republican | George F. Edmunds | No record of hearing | May 9, 1881 | Reported adversely (6–1) | Confirmed (24–23) on May 12, 1881 | |
Horace Gray | Arthur | Split | No record of hearing | December 20, 1881 | Reported favorably | Confirmed (51–5) on December 20, 1881 | ||
Roscoe Conkling | No record of hearing | March 2, 1882 | Reported favorably | Confirmed[E] (39–12) on March 2, 1882 | ||||
Samuel Blatchford | No record of hearing | March 22, 1882 | Reported favorably | Confirmed by voice vote on March 22, 1882 | ||||
Lucius Q. C. Lamar II |
Cleveland | Democratic | Republican | No record of hearing | January 10, 1888 | Reported adversely (5–4) | Confirmed (32–28) on January 16, 1888 | |
Melville Fuller | No record of hearing | July 2, 1888 | Reported without recommendation | Confirmed (41–20) on July 20, 1888 | ||||
David Josiah Brewer |
B. Harrison | Republican | No record of hearing | December 16, 1889 | Reported favorably | Confirmed (53–11) on December 18, 1889 | ||
Henry Billings Brown | No record of hearing | December 29, 1890 | Reported favorably | Confirmed by voice vote on December 29, 1890 | ||||
George Shiras Jr. | George Frisbie Hoar |
No record of hearing | July 25, 1892 | Reported favorably | Confirmed by voice vote on July 26, 1892 | |||
Howell E. Jackson |
No record of hearing | February 13, 1893 | Reported favorably | Confirmed by voice vote on February 18, 1893 | ||||
William B. Hornblower | Cleveland | Democratic | Democratic | James L. Pugh | No record of hearing | September 25, 1893; October 25, 1893; October 30, 1893 |
Considered | Lapsed |
William B. Hornblower | No record of hearing | December 11, 1893; December 14, 1893; December 18, 1893 |
Considered | Rejected (24–30) on January 15, 1894 | ||||
No record of hearing | January 8, 1894 | Reported adversely | ||||||
Wheeler H. Peckham | No record of hearing | February 12, 1894 | Committee divided (5–5) in vote on question of reporting favorability; ultimately reported without recommendation | Rejected (32–41) on February 16, 1894 | ||||
Rufus W. Peckham | Republican | George Frisbie Hoar |
No record of hearing | December 9, 1895 | Reported favorably | Confirmed by voice vote on December 9, 1895 | ||
Joseph McKenna | McKinley | Republican | No record of hearing | January 13, 1898 | Reported favorably | Confirmed by voice vote on January 21, 1898 | ||
Oliver W. Holmes Jr. | T. Roosevelt | No record of hearing | December 4, 1902 | Reported favorably | Confirmed by voice vote on December 4, 1902 | |||
William R. Day | No record of hearing | February 19, 1903 | Reported favorably | Confirmed by voice vote on February 23, 1903 | ||||
William Henry Moody | Clarence D. Clark | No record of hearing | December 10, 1906 | Reported favorably | Confirmed by voice vote on December 12, 1906 | |||
Horace Harmon Lurton | Taft | No record of hearing | December 16, 1909 | Reported favorably | Confirmed by voice vote on December 20, 1909 | |||
Charles Evans Hughes | No record of hearing | February 5, 1910 | Reported favorably | Confirmed by voice vote on May 2, 1910 | ||||
Willis Van Devanter | No record of hearing | December 15, 1910 | Reported favorably | Confirmed by voice vote on December 15, 1910 | ||||
Joseph Rucker Lamar | No record of hearing | December 15, 1910 | Reported favorably | Confirmed by voice vote on December 15, 1910 | ||||
Mahlon Pitney | No record of hearing | March 4, 1912 | Reported favorably | Confirmed (50–26) on March 13, 1912 | ||||
James C. McReynolds | Wilson | Democratic | Democratic | Charles Allen Culberson |
No record of hearing | August 19, 1914 | Reported favorably | Confirmed (44–6) on August 29, 1914 |
Louis Brandeis | Feb. 9–10, 1916; Feb. 15–18, 1916; Feb. 24–26, 1916; Feb. 29 – March 4, 1916; March 6–8, 1916; March 14–15, 1916 |
May 24, 1916 | Reported favorably (10–8) | Confirmed (47–22) on June 1, 1916 | ||||
John Hessin Clarke | No record of hearing | July 24, 1916 | Reported favorably | Confirmed by voice vote on July 24, 1916 | ||||
Pierce Butler | Harding | Republican | Republican | Knute Nelson | No record of hearing | November 28, 1922 | Reported favorably | Lapsed |
Pierce Butler | Closed hearings held on Dec 12 and 13, 1922 | December 18, 1922 | Reported favorably | Motion to recommit defeated (7–63) on December 21, 1922; confirmed (61–8) on December 21, 1922 | ||||
Edward Terry Sanford | No record of hearing | January 28, 1923 | Reported favorably | Confirmed by voice vote on January 29, 1923 | ||||
Harlan F. Stone | Coolidge | Albert B. Cummins | Closed hearing held on January 12, 1925 | January 21, 1925 | Reported favorably | Recommitted (returned to committee) on January 26, 1925; confirmed (71–6) on February 5, 1925 | ||
Closed hearing[7] held on January 28, 1925 | February 2, 1925 | Reported favorably | ||||||
Charles Evans Hughes | Hoover | George W. Norris | No record of hearing | February 10, 1930 | Reported favorably (10–2) | Motion to recommit defeated (3–49) on February 13, 1930; confirmed (52–26) on February 13, 1930 | ||
John J. Parker | April 5, 1930 | April 21, 1930 | Reported adversely | Rejected (39–41) on May 7, 1930 | ||||
Owen Roberts | No record of hearing | May 19, 1930 | Reported favorably | Confirmed by voice vote on May 20, 1930 | ||||
Benjamin N. Cardozo | February 19, 1932 | February 23, 1932 | Reported favorably | Confirmed by voice vote on February 24, 1932 | ||||
Hugo Black | F. D. Roosevelt | Democratic | Democratic | Henry F. Ashurst | No record of hearing | August 16, 1937 | Reported favorably (13–4) | Confirmed (63–16) on August 17, 1937 |
Stanley Forman Reed | January 20, 1938 | January 24, 1938 | Reported favorably | Confirmed by voice vote on January 25, 1938 | ||||
Felix Frankfurter | Jan. 10–12, 1939 | January 16, 1939 | Reported favorably | Confirmed by voice vote on January 17, 1939 | ||||
William O. Douglas | March 24, 1939 | March 27, 1939 | Reported favorably | Confirmed (62–4) on April 4, 1939 | ||||
Frank Murphy | January 11, 1940 | January 15, 1940 | Reported favorably | Confirmed by voice vote on January 16, 1940 | ||||
Harlan F. Stone[F] | Frederick Van Nuys | June 21, 1941 | June 23, 1941 | Reported favorably | Confirmed by voice vote on June 27, 1941 | |||
Robert H. Jackson | June 21, 1941; June 23, 1941; June 27, 1941; June 30, 1941 |
June 23, 1941 | Reported favorably | Confirmed by voice vote on July 7, 1941 | ||||
Wiley Rutledge | January 22, 1943 | February 1, 1943 | Reported favorably | Confirmed by voice vote on February 8, 1943 | ||||
Harold Hitz Burton |
Truman | Pat McCarran | No record of hearing | September 19, 1945 | Reported favorably | Confirmed by voice vote on September 19, 1945 | ||
Fred M. Vinson | June 14, 1946 | June 19, 1946 | Reported favorably | Confirmed by voice vote on June 20, 1946 | ||||
Tom C. Clark | Aug. 9–11, 1949 | August 12, 1949 | Reported favorably | Confirmed (73–8) on August 18, 1949 | ||||
Sherman Minton | September 27, 1949 | October 3, 1943 | Reported favorably (9–2) | Motion to recommit defeated on October 4, 1949; confirmed (48–16) on October 4, 1949 | ||||
Earl Warren[C] | Eisenhower | Republican | Republican | William Langer | February 2, 1954; February 19, 1954 |
February 24, 1954 | Reported favorably (12–3) | Confirmed by voice vote on March 1, 1954 |
John Marshall Harlan II | No hearing held | N/A | Referred to Judiciary Committee on September 9, 1945, but no record exists of any committee vote | Lapsed | ||||
John Marshall Harlan II | Democratic | Harley M. Kilgore | February 25, 1955 | March 10, 1955 | Reported favorably (10–4) | Confirmed (71–11) on March 16, 1955 | ||
William J. Brennan Jr.[C] | James O. Eastland |
Feb 26 and 27, 1957 | March 4, 1957 | Reported favorably | Confirmed by voice vote on March 19, 1957 | |||
Charles Evans Whittaker | March 18, 1957 | March 19, 1957 | Reported favorably | Confirmed by voice vote on March 19, 1957 | ||||
Potter Stewart[C] | Apr 9 and 14, 1959 | May 5, 1959 | Reported favorably (12–3) | Confirmed (70–17) on May 5, 1959 | ||||
Byron White | Kennedy | Democratic | April 11, 1962 | April 11, 1962 | Reported favorably | Confirmed by unanimous consent on April 11, 1962 | ||
Arthur Goldberg | Sep 11 and 13, 1962 | September 25, 1962 | Reported favorably | Confirmed by unanimous consent on September 25, 1962 | ||||
Abe Fortas | L. Johnson | August 5, 1965 | August 10, 1965 | Reported favorably | Confirmed by unanimous consent on August 11, 1965 | |||
Thurgood Marshall | July 13, 14, 18, 19 and 24, 1967 | August 3, 1967 | Reported favorably (11–5) | Confirmed (69–11) on August 30, 1967 | ||||
Abe Fortas[F] | Jul 11 and 12, 1968; Jul. 16–20, 1968; Jul 22 and 23, 1968; September 13, 1968 September 16, 1968 |
September 17, 1968 | Reported favorably (11–6) | Cloture motion rejected (45–43) on October 1, 1968; nomination withdrawn[G] on October 2, 1968 | ||||
Homer Thornberry | Jul 11 and 12, 1968; Jul. 16–20, 1968; Jul 22 and 23, 1968; September 13, 1968 September 16, 1968 |
N/A | No committee vote taken | Nomination withdrawn on October 2, 1968 | ||||
Warren E. Burger | Nixon | Republican | June 3, 1969 | June 3, 1969 | Reported favorably | Confirmed (74–3) on June 9, 1969 | ||
Clement Haynsworth | Sep. 16–19, 1969; Sep. 23–26, 1969 |
October 9, 1969 | Reported favorably (10–7) | Rejected (45–55) on November 21, 1969 | ||||
G. Harrold Carswell | Jan. 7–9, 1970; Feb 2 and 3, 1970 |
February 16, 1970 | Reported favorably (13–4) | Rejected (45–51) on April 8, 1970 | ||||
Harry Blackmun | April 29, 1970 | May 6, 1970 | Reported favorably (17–0) | Confirmed (94–0) on May 12, 1970 | ||||
Lewis F. Powell Jr. | Nov 3 and 4, 1971; Nov. 8–10, 1971 |
November 23, 1971 | Reported favorably (17–0) | Confirmed (89–1) on December 6, 1971 | ||||
William Rehnquist | Nov 3 and 4, 1971; Nov. 8–10, 1971 |
November 23, 1971 | Reported favorably (12–4) | Confirmed (68–26) on December 10, 1971 | ||||
John Paul Stevens | Ford | Dec. 8–10, 1975 | December 11, 1975 | Reported favorably (13–0) | Confirmed (98–0) on December 17, 1975 | |||
Sandra Day O'Connor | Reagan | Republican | Strom Thurmond | Sep. 9–11, 1981 | September 15, 1981 | Reported favorably (17–1) | Confirmed (99–0) on September 21, 1981 | |
William Rehnquist[F] | Jul. 29 – August 1, 1986 | August 14, 1986 | Reported favorably (13–5) | Confirmed (65–33) on September 17, 1986 | ||||
Antonin Scalia | Aug 5 and 6, 1986 | August 14, 1986 | Reported favorably (18–0) | Confirmed (98–0) on September 17, 1986 | ||||
Robert Bork | Democratic | Joe Biden | Sep. 15–19, 1987; Sep. 21–23, 1987; September 25, 1987; Sep. 29–30, 1987 |
October 6, 1987 | Motion to report favorably rejected (5–9); reported unfavorably (9–5) | Rejected (42–58) on October 23, 1987 | ||
Anthony Kennedy | Dec. 14–16, 1987 | January 27, 1988 | Reported favorably (14–0) | Confirmed (97–0) on February 3, 1988 | ||||
David Souter | G. H. W. Bush | Sep 13 and 14, 1990; Sep. 17–19, 1990 |
September 27, 1990 | Reported favorably (13–1) | Confirmed (90–9) on October 2, 1990 | |||
Clarence Thomas | Sep. 10–13, 1991; Sep. 16–17, 1991; Sep 19 and 20, 1991; Oct. 11–13, 1991 |
September 27, 1991 | Motion to report favorably failed (7–7); reported without recommendation (13–1) | Confirmed (52–48) on October 15, 1991 | ||||
Ruth Bader Ginsburg | Clinton | Democratic | Jul, 20–23, 1993 | July 29, 1993 | Reported favorably (18–0) | Confirmed (96–3) on August 3, 1993 | ||
Stephen Breyer | Jul. 12–15, 1994 | July 19, 1994 | Reported favorably (18–0) | Confirmed (87–9) on July 29, 1994 | ||||
John Roberts | G. W. Bush | Republican | Republican | Arlen Specter | No hearing held | N/A | Nomination referred to Judiciary Committee on July 29, 2005. No committee vote taken. | Nomination withdrawn on September 6, 2005 |
John Roberts | Sep. 12–15, 2005 | September 22, 2005 | Reported favorably (13–5) | Confirmed (78–22) on September 29, 2005 | ||||
Harriet Miers | No hearing held | N/A | Nomination referred to Judiciary Committee on October 7, 2005. No committee vote taken. | Nomination withdrawn on October 28, 2005 | ||||
Samuel Alito | Jan. 9–13, 2006 | January 24, 2006 | Reported favorably (10–8) | Confirmed (58–42) on January 31, 2006 | ||||
Sonia Sotomayor | Obama | Democratic | Democratic | Patrick Leahy | Jul. 13–16, 2009 | July 28, 2009 | Reported favorably (13–6) | Confirmed (68–31) on August 6, 2009 |
Elena Kagan | Jun. 28 – Jul 1, 2010 | July 20, 2010 | Reported favorably (13–6) | Confirmed (63–37) on August 5, 2010 | ||||
Merrick Garland | Republican | Chuck Grassley | No hearing held | N/A | Nomination referred to Judiciary Committee on March 16, 2016. No committee vote taken. | Lapsed | ||
Neil Gorsuch | Trump | Republican | Mar. 20–23, 2017 | April 3, 2017 | Reported favorably (11–9) | Confirmed (54–45) on April 7, 2017 | ||
Brett Kavanaugh | Sep. 4–7, 2018; September 27, 2018 |
September 28, 2018 | Reported favorably (11–9) | Confirmed (50–48) on October 6, 2018 | ||||
Amy Coney Barrett | Lindsey Graham | Oct. 12–15, 2020 | October 22, 2020 | Reported favorably (12–0)[H] | Confirmed (52–48) on October 26, 2020 | |||
Ketanji Brown Jackson | Biden | Democratic | Democratic | Dick Durbin | March 21–24, 2022[5][31] | April 3, 2022[32] | Motion to report favorably deadlocked (11–11), thus failing.[32] Senate subsequently voted 53–47 on April 4, 2022, to discharge the nomination from committee[33] | Confirmed 53–47 on April 7, 2022 |
General sources:[1][2][29][30][34] |
Motions to refer nominations to the Judiciary Committee
Several times the Senate has held votes on whether to have the Judiciary Committee review a nomination.
Motions to recommit
Several votes have been held on whether to return a nomination to committee for further review.
Nominee | Nominated by | Recommitting vote | Cite | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
President | Party of President | Date of vote | Outcome | "Yea" votes | "Nay" votes | Majority party | Vote by party | ||||||||||||
Total | % | Total | % | Democratic | Republican | Other Parties | |||||||||||||
Total "yaes" | Total "nays" | Total "yaes" | Total "nays" | Party name | Total "yaes" | Total "nays" | |||||||||||||
George Henry Williams | Grant | Republican | December 15, 1873 | Recommitted | Voice vote | Republican | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||
Pierce Butler | Harding | December 21, 1922 | Motion defeated | 7 | 10.00% | 63 | 90.00% | — | — | — | |||||||||
Harlan F. Stone | Coolidge | January 26, 1925 | Recommitted | Voice vote | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | [35] | |||||||
Charles Evans Hughes | Hoover | February 13, 1930 | Motion defeated | 31 | 38.75% | 49 | 61.25% | 19 | 11 | 12 | 38 | Farmer-Labor | 0 | 0 | [36] | ||||
Hugo Black | F. D. Roosevelt | Democratic | August 17, 1937 | Motion defeated | 15 | 18.52% | 66 | 81.48% | Democratic | 6 | 59 | 9 | 5 | Farmer-Labor | 0 | 1 | [37] | ||
Wisconsin Progressive | 0 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||
Independents | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||||||||
Sherman Minton | Truman | October 4, 1949 | Motion defeated | 21 | 27.63% | 45 | 59.21% | 2 | 36 | 19 | 9 | — | — | — | [38] | ||||
General source:[1] |
Other motions
The 1826 nomination of Robert Trimble by John Quincy Adams saw a successful effort to first refer the nomination to the Judiciary Committee, with the Senate voting to reject the motion to do so. The Senate defeated a motion to refer this nomination to the Judiciary Committee by a 7–25 vote on May 9, 1826. The Senate confirmed the nomination later that day.[1]
Nominations that were not referred to the Judiciary Committee
The following outlines United States Supreme Court nominations that were not referred to the Judiciary Committee
Nominations predating the creation of the Judiciary Committee
List of nominations predating the creation of the Judiciary Committee | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominee | Nominated by | Senate majority party |
Outcome | ||||||||||||||||
President | Party | ||||||||||||||||||
John Jay | Washington | None | Pro Admin |
Confirmed by voice vote on September 26, 1789 | |||||||||||||||
John Rutledge | Confirmed by voice vote September 26, 1789 | ||||||||||||||||||
William Cushing | Confirmed by voice vote on September 26, 1789 | ||||||||||||||||||
James Wilson |
Confirmed by voice vote on September 26, 1789 | ||||||||||||||||||
John Blair Jr. | Confirmed by voice vote on September 26, 1789 | ||||||||||||||||||
Robert H. Harrison | Confirmed[E] by voice vote on September 26, 1789 | ||||||||||||||||||
James Iredell | Confirmed by voice vote on February 10, 1790 | ||||||||||||||||||
Thomas Johnson[C] |
Confirmed by voice vote on November 7, 1791 | ||||||||||||||||||
William Paterson | Nomination withdrawn on February 28, 1793 | ||||||||||||||||||
William Paterson | Confirmed by voice vote on March 4, 1793 | ||||||||||||||||||
John Rutledge[C] | Federalist | Rejected (10–14) on December 15, 1795[39] | |||||||||||||||||
William Cushing[F] | Confirmed[I] by voice vote on January 27, 1796 | ||||||||||||||||||
Samuel Chase | Confirmed by voice vote on January 27, 1796 | ||||||||||||||||||
Oliver Ellsworth | Confirmed (21–1) on March 4, 1796[40] | ||||||||||||||||||
Bushrod Washington[C] | J. Adams | Federalist | Confirmed by voice vote on December 20, 1798 | ||||||||||||||||
Alfred Moore | Confirmed by voice vote on December 10, 1799 | ||||||||||||||||||
John Jay | Confirmed[E] by voice vote on December 19, 1800 | ||||||||||||||||||
John Marshall | Confirmed by voice vote on January 27, 1801 | ||||||||||||||||||
William Johnson | Jefferson | Dem-Rep | Dem-Rep | Confirmed by voice vote on March 24, 1804 | |||||||||||||||
Henry B. Livingston[C] | Confirmed by voice vote on December 17, 1806 | ||||||||||||||||||
Thomas Todd | Confirmed by voice vote on March 2, 1807 | ||||||||||||||||||
Levi Lincoln Sr. | Madison | Confirmed[E] by voice vote on January 3, 1811 | |||||||||||||||||
Alexander Wolcott | Rejected (9–24) on February 13, 1811[41] | ||||||||||||||||||
John Quincy Adams | Confirmed[E] by voice vote on February 22, 1811 | ||||||||||||||||||
Joseph Story | Confirmed by voice vote on November 18, 1811 | ||||||||||||||||||
Gabriel Duvall | Confirmed by voice vote on November 18, 1811 | ||||||||||||||||||
General sources:[1] |
After the creation of the Judiciary Committee
List of nominations that were not referred to the Judiciary Committee | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominee | Nominated by | Senate majority party |
Outcome | ||||||||||||||||
President | Party | ||||||||||||||||||
Smith Thompson[C] | Monroe | Dem-Rep | Dem-Rep | Confirmed by voice vote on December 9, 1823 | |||||||||||||||
Robert Trimble | J. Q. Adams | Adams Rep | Jacksonian | Confirmed (27–5) on May 9, 1826 | |||||||||||||||
John McLean | Jackson | Jacksonian | Confirmed by voice vote on March 7, 1829 | ||||||||||||||||
Henry Baldwin | Confirmed (41–2) on January 6, 1830[42] | ||||||||||||||||||
Roger B. Taney (first nomination) | Democratic | Natl Rep |
Postponed (23–22) on March 3, 1835[43] | ||||||||||||||||
Peter Vivian Daniel |
Van Buren | Democratic | Confirmed (25–5) on March 2, 1841[44] | ||||||||||||||||
George E. Badger | Fillmore | Whig | Postponed (26–15) on February 11, 1853[45] | ||||||||||||||||
Jeremiah S. Black | Buchanan | Democratic | Lapsed[J] | ||||||||||||||||
Samuel Freeman Miller | Lincoln | Republican | Republican | Confirmed by voice vote on July 16, 1862 | |||||||||||||||
Salmon P. Chase | Confirmed by voice vote on December 6, 1864 | ||||||||||||||||||
Edwin Stanton | Grant | Confirmed[K] (46–11) by voice vote on December 20, 1869[47] | |||||||||||||||||
Edward D. White | Cleveland | Democratic | Democratic | Confirmed by voice vote on February 19, 1894 | |||||||||||||||
Edward D. White[F] | Taft | Republican | Republican | Confirmed by voice vote on December 12, 1910 | |||||||||||||||
William Howard Taft | Harding | Confirmed by voice vote on June 30, 1921 | |||||||||||||||||
George Sutherland | Confirmed by voice vote on September 5, 1922 | ||||||||||||||||||
James F. Byrnes | F. D. Roosevelt | Democratic | Democratic | Confirmed by voice vote on June 12, 1941 | |||||||||||||||
General sources:[1] |
Notes
- ^ Kavanaugh testified for more than 32 hours during the initial September 4–7, 2018 public hearing on his nomination. He then also testified for several hours in public on September 27, 2018, on sexual-misconduct allegations made against him by Christine Blasey Ford.[24]
- ^ Senate voted to postpone taking action on this nomination, effectively eliminating any prospect of confirmation.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Nominee was serving on the Court under a recess appointment when the nomination was made.
- ^ On July 23, 1866, Andrew Johnson signed the Judicial Circuits Act into law. The Act, which provided for the gradual elimination of several seats on the Supreme Court, effectively voided Stanbery's nomination, and ultimately denied Johnson the opportunity of placing any justices on the Supreme Court.
- ^ a b c d e Declined to serve.
- ^ a b c d e Incumbent associate justice nominated for chief justice. Such appointments are subject to a separate confirmation process.
- ^ Nominee continued to serve as an associate justice.
- ^ Democratic members of committee boycotted the committee's hearings and vote
- ^ Declined and continued to serve as an associate justice.
- ^ A motion to bring the nomination up for discussion was defeated 25–26 on February 21, 1861.[46]
- ^ Died prior to becoming a member of the Court.
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z McMillion, Barry J.; Rutkus, Denis Steven (July 6, 2018). "Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2017: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved March 9, 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Supreme Court Appointment Process: Consideration by the Senate Judiciary Committee". crsreports.congress.gov. Congressional Research Service. February 22, 2021. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
- ^ DeSilver, Drew (February 7, 2022). "Up until the postwar era, U.S. Supreme Court confirmations usually were routine business". Pew Research Center. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
- ^ "Press Release: Nominations Sent to the Senate" (Press release). Washington, D.C.: The White House. February 28, 2022. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ a b Sneed, Tierney; Chowdhury, Maureen; Macaya, Melissa; Berman, Dan (March 21, 2022). "Ketanji Brown Jackson's confirmation hearing: Day 1". CNN. Retrieved April 18, 2022.
- ^ a b Bahn, Josephine (Jo). "How Do Supreme Court Nominations Work?". After the Bar: Essentials. American Bar Association.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Waxman, Olivia B. (September 6, 2018). "Supreme Court Confirmation Hearings Weren't Always Such a Spectacle. There's a Reason That Changed". Yahoo! News. Retrieved April 18, 2022.
- ^ "The Time Vault: September 27, 1937". Time. September 27, 1937. Retrieved April 18, 2022.
- ^ a b Curry, Tom (November 5, 2005). "A guide to the Supreme Court nomination". NBC News. Retrieved March 20, 2022.
- ^ a b c Bomboy, Scott (March 13, 2017). "Early Supreme Court hearings little resembled their modern counterparts". Constitution Daily. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: National Constitution Center. Retrieved March 20, 2022.
- ^ a b Carter, Stephen L. (May 9, 2009). "Let the Nominee Stay Home". The New York Times. Retrieved May 14, 2019.
- ^ "About Judicial Nominations: Historical Overview". Washington, D.C.: United States Senate. Retrieved March 13, 2022.
- ^ "Republicans Speak of Respect of Roberts's Peers, and Democrats Issue Warnings". The New York Times. September 16, 2005. Retrieved April 9, 2022.
- ISBN 0-8157-4866-3. Retrieved April 9, 2022.
- ^ Guliuzza III, Frank; Reagan, Daniel J.; Barrett, David M. (1992). "Character, Competency, and Constitutionalism: Did the Bork Nomination Represent a Fundamental Shift in Confirmation Criteria?". Marquette Law Review. 75 (2): 409–437. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
- ^ Rouan, Rick (January 26, 2022). "What is the process for Supreme Court nominations? Here's what's next and how long it could take". USA Today. Retrieved March 13, 2022.
- ^ McMillion, Barry J. (February 22, 2021). Supreme Court Appointment Process: Consideration by the Senate Judiciary Committee (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved March 7, 2022.
- ^ Jost, Kenneth (September 15, 2005). "Roberts' Confirmation Hearings Conclude". NPR. Retrieved April 9, 2022.
- ^ Liptak, Adam (January 13, 2006). "Few Glimmers of How Conservative Judge Alito Is". The New York Times. Retrieved October 15, 2020.
- ^ "Sotomayor ends Senate testimony". The Macomb Daily. AP. July 16, 2009. Retrieved June 25, 2022.
- ^ Doyle, Michael; Lightman, David (July 3, 2010). "Kagan hearings delivered a little something for everyone". The Seattle Times. Retrieved June 25, 2022.
- ^ Trickey, Erick (September 25, 2020) [March 20, 2017]. "The History of 'Stolen' Supreme Court Seats". Smithsonian. Retrieved March 10, 2022.
- ^ Flegenheimer, Matt; Liptak, Adam; Savage, Charlie; Hulse, Carl (March 23, 2017). "Gorsuch Completes His 20-Hour Test. So how did he do?". The New York Times. Retrieved April 9, 2022.
- ^ a b Paschal, Olivia; Carlisle, Madeleine (September 27, 2018). "The 17 Most Striking Moments From the Kavanaugh Hearing". The Atlantic. Retrieved April 9, 2022.
- ^ Walsh, Deirdre (October 15, 2020). "Takeaways From Amy Coney Barrett's Judiciary Confirmation Hearings". NPR. Retrieved April 5, 2022.
- ^ Martin, Gary (April 7, 2022). "Ketanji Brown Jackson confirmed to the Supreme Court". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved April 9, 2022.
- ^ Cathey, Libby (April 4, 2022). "Senate forces Jackson nomination out of committee with bipartisan vote". ABC News. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
- ^ a b Hayes, Mike (April 4, 2022). "Live updates: Jackson nomination advances after Senate committee deadlocks". CNN. Retrieved April 18, 2022.
- ^ a b c d "Previous Committee Chairmen | United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary". www.judiciary.senate.gov. United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary. Retrieved March 4, 2022.
- ^ a b "Party Division". Washington, D.C.: Office of the Secretary, United States Senate. Retrieved May 14, 2019.
- ^ Wagner, John; Wang, Amy B.; Alfaro, Mariana; Scott, Eugene; Sonmez, Felicia (March 24, 2022). "Confirmation hearings for Jackson conclude after testimony from outside witnesses". Washington Post. Retrieved April 18, 2022.
- ^ a b Durkee, Alison. "Ketanji Brown Jackson Supreme Court Vote Deadlocks In Senate Committee—Here's Why She'll Still Be Confirmed". Forbes. Retrieved April 18, 2022.
- ^ "Collins, Murkowski, Romney help break deadlock on Jackson's nomination". The Hill. April 4, 2022. Retrieved April 4, 2022.
- ^ Capps, Meredith (December 22, 2021). "Research Guides: Supreme Court Nominations and Background Information from ProQuest: Nomination Hearings". researchguides.library.vanderbilt.edu. Vanderbilt University. Retrieved October 28, 2022.
- ^ "SENATE IN SECRET SENDS STONE'S NAME BACK TO COMMITTEE; Motion Is Made by Wheeler After a Conference at the White House. COMMITTEE TO HEAR STONE Attorney General Is Expected to Explain His New Move to Reindict Senator. DELAY ACTION ON WARREN Senators Wrangle in Executive Session Over "Leaks" of Proceedings Behind Closed Doors. SENDS STONE'S NAME BACK TO COMMITTEE". The New York Times. January 27, 1925. Retrieved March 13, 2022.
- ^ "TO RECOMMIT TO THE COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY THE NOMINATION … -- Senate Vote #174 -- Feb 13, 1930". GovTrack.us. Retrieved March 13, 2022.
- ^ "TO RECOMMIT THE NOMINATION OF HUGO BLACK TO THE SUPREME … -- Senate Vote #70 -- Aug 17, 1937". GovTrack.us. Retrieved March 13, 2022.
- ^ "NOMINATION OF JUDGE SHERMAN MINTON TO BE ASSOC. JUDGE OF … -- Senate Vote #207 -- Oct 4, 1949". GovTrack.us. Retrieved March 13, 2022.
- ^ Lewis et al., 4th Congress Senate Vote 18 (1795) .
- ^ Lewis et al., 4th Congress Senate Vote 27 (1796) .
- ^ Lewis et al., 11th Congress Senate Vote 150 (1811) .
- ^ Lewis et al., 21st Congress Senate Vote 24 (1830) .
- ^ Lewis et al., 23rd Congress Senate Vote 221 (1835) .
- ^ Lewis et al., 26th Congress Senate Vote 315 (1841) .
- ^ Tauberer, Senate Vote #267 in 1853 (32nd Congress) .
- ^ Lewis et al., 36th Congress Senate Vote 515 (1861) .
- ^ Lewis et al., 41st Congress Senate Vote 92 (1869) .