Serbian Cyrillic alphabet
Serbian Cyrillic alphabet Српска ћирилица | |
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Script type | |
Time period | 9th century – present |
Languages | Cyrillic (U+0400...U+04FF) |
South Slavic languages and dialects |
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The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet (
Karadžić based his alphabet on the previous
Karadžić's Cyrillic alphabet was officially adopted in the
Official use
Serbian Cyrillic is in official use in Serbia, Montenegro, and Bosnia and Herzegovina.[2] Although Bosnia "officially accept[s] both alphabets",[2] the Latin script is almost always used in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina,[2] whereas Cyrillic is in everyday use in Republika Srpska.[2][3] The Serbian language in Croatia is officially recognized as a minority language; however, the use of Cyrillic in bilingual signs has sparked protests and vandalism.
Serbian Cyrillic is an important symbol of Serbian identity.[4] In Serbia, official documents are printed in Cyrillic only[5] even though, according to a 2014 survey, 47% of the Serbian population write in the Latin alphabet whereas 36% write in Cyrillic.[6]
Modern alphabet
The following table provides the upper and lower case forms of the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet, along with the equivalent forms in the Serbian Latin alphabet and the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) value for each letter. The letters do not have names, and consonants are normally pronounced as such when spelling is necessary (or followed by a short schwa, e.g. /fə/).:
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Summary tables
A | a | B | b | C | c | Č | č | Ć | ć | D | d | Dž | dž | Đ | đ | E | e | F | f | G | g | H | h | I | i | J | j | K | k |
А | а | Б | б | Ц | ц | Ч | ч | Ћ | ћ | Д | д | Џ | џ | Ђ | ђ | Е | е | Ф | ф | Г | г | Х | х | И | и | Ј | ј | К | к |
L | l | Lj | lj | M | m | N | n | Nj | nj | O | o | P | p | R | r | S | s | Š | š | T | t | U | u | V | v | Z | z | Ž | ž |
Л | л | Љ | љ | М | м | Н | н | Њ | њ | О | о | П | п | Р | р | С | с | Ш | ш | Т | т | У | у | В | в | З | з | Ж | ж |
А | а | Б | б | В | в | Г | г | Д | д | Ђ | ђ | Е | е | Ж | ж | З | з | И | и | Ј | ј | К | к | Л | л | Љ | љ | М | м |
A | a | B | b | V | v | G | g | D | d | Đ | đ | E | e | Ž | ž | Z | z | I | i | J | j | K | k | L | l | Lj | lj | M | m |
Н | н | Њ | њ | О | о | П | п | Р | р | С | с | Т | т | Ћ | ћ | У | у | Ф | ф | Х | х | Ц | ц | Ч | ч | Џ | џ | Ш | ш |
N | n | Nj | nj | O | o | P | p | R | r | S | s | T | t | Ć | ć | U | u | F | f | H | h | C | c | Č | č | Dž | dž | Š | š |
Early history
Early Cyrillic
According to tradition, Glagolitic was invented by the
The earliest form of Cyrillic was the ustav, based on Greek uncial script, augmented by
Medieval Serbian Cyrillic
Part of the Serbian literary heritage of the Middle Ages are works such as
Karadžić's reform
Karadžić reformed standard Serbian and standardised the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet by following strict
He wrote several books; Mala prostonarodna slaveno-serbska pesnarica and Pismenica serbskoga jezika in 1814, and two more in 1815 and 1818, all with the alphabet still in progress. In his letters from 1815–1818 he used: Ю, Я, Ы and Ѳ. In his 1815 song book he dropped the Ѣ.[8]
The alphabet was officially adopted in 1868, four years after his death.[9]
From the Old Slavic script Vuk retained these 24 letters:
А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Д д | Е е | Ж ж | З з |
И и | К к | Л л | М м | Н н | О о | П п | Р р |
С с | Т т | У у | Ф ф | Х х | Ц ц | Ч ч | Ш ш |
He added one Latin letter:
Ј ј |
And 5 new ones:
Ђ ђ | Љ љ | Њ њ | Ћ ћ | Џ џ |
He removed:
Ѥ ѥ (је) | Ѣ, ѣ (јат) | І ї (и) | Ѵ ѵ (и) | Оу оу (у) | Ѡ ѡ (о) | Ѧ ѧ (мали јус) | Ѫ ѫ (велики јус) | Ы ы (јери, тврдо и) | |
Ю ю (ју) | Ѿ ѿ (от) | Ѳ ѳ (т) | Ѕ ѕ (дз) | Щ щ (шт) | Ѯ ѯ (кс) | Ѱ ѱ (пс) | Ъ ъ (тврди полуглас) | Ь ь (меки полуглас) | Я я (ја) |
Modern history
Austria-Hungary
World War II
In 1941, the Nazi puppet Independent State of Croatia banned the use of Cyrillic,[12] having regulated it on 25 April 1941,[13] and in June 1941 began eliminating "Eastern" (Serbian) words from Croatian, and shut down Serbian schools.[14][15]
The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet was used as a basis for the Macedonian alphabet with the work of Krste Misirkov and Venko Markovski.
Yugoslavia
The Serbian Cyrillic script was one of the two official scripts used to write Serbo-Croatian in Yugoslavia since its establishment in 1918, the other being Gaj's Latin alphabet (latinica).
Following the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s, Serbian Cyrillic is no longer used in Croatia on national level, while in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro it remained an official script.[16]
Contemporary period
Under the Constitution of Serbia of 2006, Cyrillic script is the only one in official use.[17]
Special letters
The
Ђ ђ | Љ љ | Њ њ | Ћ ћ | Џ џ |
were developed specially for the Serbian alphabet.
- philologist, and poet Sava Mrkalj, known for his attempt to reform the Serbian language before, combining the letters ⟨Л⟩ (L) and ⟨Н⟩ (N) with the soft sign(Ь).
- Karadžić based ⟨Old Serbian Cyrillic alphabet.[citation needed]
- ⟨Glagolitic alphabet; that letter had been used in written Serbian since the 12th century, to represent /ɡʲ/, /dʲ/ and /dʑ/.
- Karadžić adopted a design by Serbian poet, prose writer, polyglot, and Serbian Orthodox bishop Lukijan Mušicki for the letter ⟨Ђ⟩. It was based on the letter ⟨Ћ⟩, as adapted by Karadžić.
- ⟨Й⟩.
Differences from other Cyrillic alphabets
Serbian Cyrillic does not use several letters encountered in other Slavic Cyrillic alphabets. It does not use hard sign (ъ) and soft sign (ь), particularly due to a lack of distinction between iotated consonants and non-iotated consonants, but the aforementioned soft-sign ligatures instead. It does not have Russian/Belarusian Э, Ukrainian/Belarusian І, the semi-vowels Й or Ў, nor the iotated letters Я (Russian/Bulgarian ya), Є (Ukrainian ye), Ї (yi), Ё (Russian yo) or Ю (yu), which are instead written as two separate letters: Ја, Је, Ји, Јо, Ју. Ј can also be used as a semi-vowel, in place of й. The letter Щ is not used. When necessary, it is transliterated as either ШЧ, ШЋ or ШТ.
Serbian
If the underlying font and Web technology provides support, the proper glyphs can be obtained by marking the text with appropriate language codes. Thus, in non-italic mode:
<span lang="sr">бгдпт</span>
, produces in Serbian language script: бгдпт, same (except for the shape of б) as<span lang="ru">бгдпт</span>
, producing in Russian language script: бгдпт
whereas:
<span lang="sr" style="font-style: italic">бгдпт</span>
gives in Serbian language script: бгдпт, and<span lang="ru" style="font-style: italic">бгдпт</span>
produces in Russian language script: бгдпт.
Since Unicode unifies different glyphs in same characters,[21] font support must be present to display the correct variant.
Keyboard layout
The standard Serbian keyboard layout for personal computers is as follows:
See also
- Yugoslav braille
- Yugoslav manual alphabet
- Romanization of Serbian
- Serbian calligraphy
References
Citations
- ^ Himelfarb, Elizabeth J. "First Alphabet Found in Egypt", Archaeology 53, Issue 1 (Jan./Feb. 2000): 21.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-299-21193-6.
- ISBN 978-0-230-55070-4.
In addition, today, neither Bosniaks nor Croats, but only Serbs use Cyrillic in Bosnia.
- ISBN 978-90-04-25076-5.
- ^ "Ćeranje ćirilice iz Crne Gore". www.novosti.rs.
- ^ "Ivan Klajn: Ćirilica će postati arhaično pismo". B92.net. 16 December 2014.
- ^ ISBN 0-19-507993-0.
- ^ The life and times of Vuk Stefanović Karadžić, p. 387
- ^ Vek i po od smrti Vuka Karadžića (in Serbian), Radio-Television of Serbia, 7 February 2014
- ISBN 978-1-55753-477-4
- ISBN 9780195333435.
- ISBN 0-253-34656-8.
- ISBN 978-0-7146-5625-0.
- ISBN 978-0-7190-6502-6.
- ISBN 978-1-317-98682-9.
- ^ Yugoslav Survey. Vol. 43. Jugoslavija Publishing House. 2002. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
- ^ Article 10 of the Constitution of the Republic of Serbia (English version Archived 2011-03-14 at the Wayback Machine)
- ISBN 86-363-0296-X.
- ISBN 978-608-220-042-2.
- ^ "Adobe Standard Cyrillic Font Specification - Technical Note #5013" (PDF). 18 February 1998. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2009-02-06. Retrieved 2010-08-19.
- ^ "Unicode 8.0.0 ch.02 p.14-15" (PDF).
Sources
- ISBN 9781405142915.
- Isailović, Neven G.; Krstić, Aleksandar R. (2015). "Serbian Language and Cyrillic Script as a Means of Diplomatic Literacy in South Eastern Europe in 15th and 16th Centuries". Literacy Experiences concerning Medieval and Early Modern Transylvania. Cluj-Napoca: George Bariţiu Institute of History. pp. 185–195.
- ISBN 9781870732314.
- ISBN 9788675830153.
- Sir Duncan Wilson, The life and times of Vuk Stefanović Karadžić, 1787-1864: literacy, literature and national independence in Serbia, p. 387. Clarendon Press, 1970. Google Books