Serbian cross
Heraldic tradition | Byzantine |
---|---|
Jurisdiction | Serbia; Republika Srpska |
Governing body | Serbian Heraldry Society |
The Serbian cross (Serbian Cyrillic: Cрпски крст, romanized: Srpski krst), also known as the Firesteels (Serbian Cyrillic: Оцила, romanized: Ocila), is one of national symbols of Serbia. It is present on the coat of arms and flag of Serbia. The cross is based on a tetragrammic cross emblem of the Palaiologos dynasty of the Byzantine Empire, with the difference in Serbian use being that the cross is usually white on a red background, rather than gold on a red background (though it can be depicted in gold as well).
It is composed of a cross symbol with four "fire striker" shapes, originally four Greek letters beta (Β). Serbian tradition attributes the letters to Saint Sava, the 13th-century Archbishop of the Serbs, and interprets the four "fire striker" shapes as four Cyrillic letters "С", for the motto Only Unity Saves the Serbs (Serbian Cyrillic: Cамо слога Србина спасава, romanized: Samo sloga Srbina spasava). The Serbian cross has been frequently used in Serbian heraldry, and along with Serbian eagle, is the main heraldic symbol which represent the national identity of the Serbian people.[1][2]
History
Crosses with firesteels have been used since Roman times, as symbols, but not as coats of arms or emblems.[3] Some historians connect it with the labarum, the Imperial flag of Constantine the Great (r. 306–337).[3] In the 6th century the cross with four fields (with either letters or heraldry) appear on Byzantine coins.[4] The symbol was adopted by the First Crusaders since the first event, People's Crusade (1096).[4]
It was used in flags and coins.The oldest preserved historical source of the cross used in Serbia is from the Dečani oil-lamp (Dečanski polijelej), which was a gift to King Stefan Milutin (r. 1282–1321), the ktetor (founder) of Visoki Dečani, now preserved at the Monastery of Prohor Pčinjski.[8] Stojan Novaković argued that the recorded use of the Serbian cross, as a national symbol, began in 1397, during the rule of Stefan Lazarević.[9] Serbian historian Stanoje Stanojević argued that it entered its use in 1345, with Stefan Dušan's elevation to Emperor.[10] In the Middle Ages, both the "Greek style", with closed fire-steels (β–B), and the "Serbian syle", with open fire-steels (C-S), were used in Serbia.[5]
A 1439 map by Gabriel de Vallseca used both the Serbian cross and eagle when depicting Serbia.
In South Slavic heraldic sources (also known as
The Metropolitanate of Karlovci, established in 1691, adopted it in its seal.
After the
Gallery
Historical
Flags
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Revolutionary Serbia (1804-1812)
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Principality of Serbia (1835)
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Principality of Serbia (1835–1882)
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Serbian Vojvodina (1848–1849)
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Kingdom of Serbia (1882–1918)
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Republic of Serbian Krajina (1992–1995)
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Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia (1995–1998)
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Republic of Serbia(2004–2010)
Coat of arms and seals
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Mrnjavčević family,
(c. 1370) -
Serbs,
ed. of Mavro Orbini's Regno degli Slavi (1601) -
Metropolitanate of Karlovci (1713)
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Revolutionary Serbia (1805–1813)
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PrinceMiloš I
(1817–1835) -
Principality of Serbia
(1835–1882) -
Serbian Vojvodina
(1848–1849) -
Voivodeship of Serbia and Ban. of Temeschwar
(1849–1860) -
King Milan I
(1878–1889) -
King Peter I
(1903–1918) -
Obrenović dynasty(1882–1903)
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Karađorđević dynasty
(1903–1918) -
Kingdom of Serbia (1882–1918)
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Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1918–1944)
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Government of National Salvation (1941–1944)
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Socialist Republic of Serbia (1947–1992) and Republic of Serbia (1992–2004)
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Republic of Serbian Krajina (1992–1995)
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Republika Srpska (1992–2006)
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Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia (1995–1998)
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FR Yugoslavia (1992–2003) and(2003–2006)
Serbia and Montenegro -
Republic of Serbia (2004–2010)
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Republic of Serbia (2004–2010)
Current
National
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State flag of the Republic of Serbia
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Greater coat of arms of the Republic of Serbia
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Lesser coat of arms of the Republic of Serbia
Regional
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Traditional flag of Vojvodina
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Traditional coat of arms of Vojvodina
Local
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Aranđelovac (Serbia)
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Barajevo (Serbia)
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Kragujevac (Serbia)
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Ljubovija (Serbia)
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Mladenovac (Serbia)
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Rača (Serbia)
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Srpska Crnja (Serbia)
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Surdulica (Serbia)
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Varvarin (Serbia)
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Voždovac (Serbia)
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Vračar (Serbia)
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Zemun (Serbia)
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Zvezdara (Serbia)
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Gradiška
(Republika Srpska, BiH) -
Istočno Novo Sarajevo
(Republika Srpska, BiH) -
Kotor Varoš
(Republika Srpska, BiH) -
Laktaši
(Republika Srpska, BiH) -
Srbac
(Republika Srpska, BiH) -
Šipovo
(Republika Srpska, BiH) -
Višegrad
(Republika Srpska, BiH) -
Staro Nagoričane
(North Macedonia)
Other usage
Military
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Shoulder patch on service uniforms of the Serbian Armed Forces
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Shoulder patch on combat uniforms of the Serbian Armed Forces
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Emblem of Serbian Volunteer Corps (Ljotićevci) paramilitary organization
(1941–1945) -
Emblem of Serb Volunteer Guard (Arkanovci) paramilitary unit (1990–1996)
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Emblem of Serbian Guard paramilitary unit
(1991–1992)
Police
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Emblem of the Police Helicopter Unit
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Emblem of the Police Technical Directorate
Intelligence
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Emblem of the Security Intelligence Agency
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Emblem of the State Security Directorate (1991-2002)
Orders and decorations
Science and arts
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Member badge of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Religious
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Flag of the Serbian Orthodox Church
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Serbian cross on the dome of the Church of Saint Sava in Belgrade
Sports
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Logo of the Olympic Committee of Serbia
Miscellaneous
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Česnica, Serbian Christmas bread
See also
References
- ^ Atlagić 2009, p. 180.
- ^ Anarheologija Slika 5: Srpski štit, grb Despotovine od početka XV veka.
- ^ a b Atlagić 1997, p. 1.
- ^ a b c d e Atlagić 1997, p. 2.
- ^ a b c Atlagić 1997, p. 3.
- ^ Palavestra 1998, p. 1.
- ^ "Other Byzantine flags shown in the "Book of All Kingdoms" (14th century)". Flags of the World. Retrieved 2010-10-10.
- ^ Atlagić 2009, p. 182.
- ^ Atlagić 1997, p. 4.
- ^ a b Atlagić 1997, p. 5.
- ISBN 978-1-60344-724-9.
nations (in a symbolical sense as well, for example, by removing the cross from the Serbian coat of arms but keeping the four stylized esses), and to socially curtail and politically marginalize religious communities and religion in general.
- ^ Posebna izdanja 295. SANU. 1957. p. 133.
Sources
- Atlagić, Marko (1997). "The cross with symbols S as heraldic symbols" (PDF). Baština. 8: 149–158. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 21, 2013.
- Atlagić, Marko (2009). "Određivanje nacionalnih heraldičkih simbola na primjeru Srba i Hrvata" [Étude des symboles nationaux héraldiques à l' exemple des Serbes et des Croates] (PDF). Zbornik radova Filozofskog fakulteta u Prištini. 39: 179–188.
- Atlagić, Marko (2007). "Dečanski polijelej" (PDF). Baština. 22: 245–250.
- Milićević, Milić (1995). Grb Srbije: razvoj kroz istoriju. Službeni glasnik. ISBN 9788675490470.
- Palavestra, Aleksandar (June 1998). "O ocilima" (PDF). Glasnik SHD (in Serbian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-29.
- Solovjev, Aleksandar Vasiljevič (1958). Istorija srpskog grba. Srpska misao.
- Stanojević, Stanoje (1934). "O srpskom grbu". Iz naše prošlosti. Belgrade: Geca Kon A. D. pp. 85–90.
External links
- Борис Субашић (16 March 2014). "Србија сачувала симболе Византије" (in Serbian). Novosti.