Serbian nationalism
Serbian nationalism asserts that
After 1878, Serbian nationalists merged their goals with those of
The decentralization of the
History
Serbian Revolution
The origins of Serbian nationalism date back to the 19th century, beginning with the 1804
After Serbia was recognized as an independent state in 1878, both South Slavs and the Serbian government considered their peoples in Habsburg-ruled Austria-Hungary to be under occupation, resulting in increasing antagonism between Serbia and Austria-Hungary from the late 19th century to the early 20th century.[1]
World War I
In 1914 Austrian
Yugoslavia
In 1920, the centralized vision of Yugoslavia as supported by Serbian nationalists was enacted in the Constitution of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes passed on Serbian national and religious holiday
Yugoslavia was invaded and occupied by the
In the aftermath of World War II and the seizure of power by the Yugoslav Partisans,
Serbian nationalism escalated following the death of Tito in 1980.
The appearance of the Memorandum of the Serbian Academy of Arts and Sciences represents nothing else but the darkest nationalism. It means the liquidation of the current socialist system of our country, that is the disintegration after which there is no survival for any nation or nationality. ... Tito's policy of brotherhood and unity ... is the only basis on which Yugoslavia’s survival can be secured.[10]
Breakup of Yugoslavia and Yugoslav Wars
However, amidst the rising nationalist sentiment in Serbia in 1987, Milošević became their major spokesperson in the communist establishment.
Milošević and his supporters appealed to nationalist and populist passion by speaking of Serbia's importance to the world and using aggressive and violent political rhetoric, in a Belgrade speech on 19 November 1988, he spoke of Serbia as facing battles against both internal and external enemies.[12] In Vojvodina, pro-Milošević demonstrators that included 500 Kosovo Serbs and local Serbs demonstrated at the provincial capital, accusing the leadership in Vojvodina of supporting separatism and for being "traitors".[13] In August 1988, meetings by supporters of the Anti-Bureaucratic Revolution were held in many locations in Serbia and Montenegro, with increasingly violent nature, with calls being heard such as "Give us arms!", "We want weapons!", "Long live Serbia—death to Albanians!", and "Montenegro is Serbia!".[14] In the same month, Milošević began efforts designed to destabilize the governments in Montenegro and Bosnia-Herzegovina to allow him to install his followers in those republics.[14] By 1989, Milošević and his supporters controlled Central Serbia along with the autonomous provinces of Kosovo and Vojvodina, supporters in the leadership of Montenegro, and agents of the Serbian security service were pursuing efforts to destabilize the government in Bosnia & Herzegovina.[15] In 1989, Serbian media began to speak of "the alleged imperilment of the Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina", as tensions between Serbs and Bosnian Muslims and Croats increased over Serbs' support for Milošević.[16] Efforts to spread the cult of personality of Milošević into the republic of Macedonia began in 1989 with slogans, graffiti, and songs glorifying Milošević spreading in the republic.[16] Furthermore, Milošević proposed a law to restore land titles held by Serbs in the interwar period that effectively provided a legal basis for large numbers of Serbs to move to Kosovo and Macedonia to regain those lands while displacing the Albanian residents there.[16] Beginning in 1989, Milošević had given support to Croatian Serbs who were vouching for the creation of an autonomous province for Croatia's Serbs that was opposed by Croatia's communist authorities.[17] In the late 1980s Milošević allowed the mobilization of Serb nationalist organizations to go unhindered by actions from the Serbian government, with Chetniks holding demonstrations, and the Serbian government embraced the Serbian Orthodox Church and restored its legitimacy in Serbia.[18]
Milošević and the Serbian government supported a tricameral legislature, that would include a Chamber of Citizens to represent the population of Yugoslavia, a system that would give Serbs a majority; a Chamber of Provinces and Republics to represent regional affairs; and a Chamber of Associated Labour.[19] Serbia's specific endorsement of a Chamber of Citizens and a Chamber of Associated Labour faced opposition from the republics of Croatia and Slovenia as they saw the proposals as increasing Serbia's power and federal state control over the economy, which was the opposite of their intention to decrease federal state control over the economy.[19] Slovenia staunchly opposed the Milošević government's plans and promoted its own reforms that would make Yugoslavia a decentralized confederation.[20]
Croatia and Slovenia denounced the actions by Milošević and began to demand that Yugoslavia be made a full multi-party confederal state.
Milošević rejected the independence of Croatia in 1991, and even after the formation of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY), it too did not initially recognize Croatia's independence.[22] Plans by Milošević to carve out territory from Croatia to the local Serbs had begun by June 1990, according to the diary of Serbian official Borisav Jović.[23] The Serbian government along with a clique of pro-Milošević members of the Yugoslav army and its general staff, secretly adopted the RAM or "frame" plan that involved the partition of Croatia and Bosnia to give large amounts of territory to the local Serbs that would remain united with Serbia, effectively a Greater Serbia.[24] Armaments and military equipment were placed in strategic positions throughout Croatia and Bosnia for use by the Serbs, and local Serbs were trained as police and paramilitary soldiers in preparation for war.[23]
Interviews with government officials involved in political affairs between Serbia and the Republic of Macedonia have revealed that Milošević planned to arrest the Republic of Macedonia's political leadership and replace it with politicians loyal to Serbia, when the Republic of Macedonia was still part of Yugoslavia.
Serbian nationalists claim that in Communist historiography, Serbs were transformed into oppressors, the Chetniks of World War II branded as collaborationist as the Ustaše, and the massacres of Serbs were downplayed.[26]
List of Serbian nationalist parties
Serbia
- Serbian People's Party (2014–) (parliamentary)
- New Democratic Party of Serbia (1992–) (parliamentary)
- Movement for the Restoration of the Kingdom of Serbia (2017–) (parliamentary)
- Serbian Radical Party (1991–)
- Dveri (1999–)
- Serbian Party Oathkeepers (2012–present)[27][28]
- United Serbia (2004–)
- Obraz (1993–)
- Serbian Action (2010–)
- Leviathan Movement (2020–)
- Serbian Right (2018–)
- Party of Serbian Unity (1993–2007) (defunct)
- Serbian Patriotic Alliance (2018–2021) (defunct)
- There's no Going Back – Serbia Is Behind (2022–2023) (defunct)
- Better Serbia (2017–2023) (defunct)
- 1389 Movement (defunct)
- Nacionalni stroj (defunct)
- Tsar Lazar Guard (defunct)
Republika Srpska
- Serb Democratic Party (1990–) (parliamentary)
- Alliance of Independent Social Democrats (1996–) (parliamentary)
See also
- Greater Serbia
- Serbianisation
- Serbophilia
- Serbomans
- Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire
- Albanian nationalism
- Bosnian nationalism
- Bulgarian nationalism
- Croatian nationalism
- Hungarian nationalism
- Macedonian nationalism
- Montenegrin nationalism
- Yugoslavism
- Irredentism
- Separatism
- Gazimestan speech
- Breakup of Yugoslavia
- Kosovo je Srbija
- National symbols of Serbia
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Motyl 2001, pp. 470.
- ^ a b Motyl 2001, pp. 470–472.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Motyl 2001, pp. 471.
- ^ Motyl 2001, pp. 105.
- ^ Motyl 2001, pp. 472.
- ^ Melichárek 2015, p. 59.
- ^ a b Ramet 2006, 322.
- ^ Wachtel 2006, pp. 86.
- ^ Wachtel 2006, pp. 85–87.
- ^ a b Ramet 2006, pp. 321.
- ^ a b Ramet 2006, pp. 337.
- ^ a b c Ramet 2006, pp. 119.
- ^ Ramet 2006, pp. 350.
- ^ a b Ramet 2006, pp. 351.
- ^ Ramet 2006, pp. 354.
- ^ a b c d Ramet 2006, pp. 355.
- ^ Ramet 2006, pp. 361.
- ^ Ramet 2006, pp. 349.
- ^ a b Ramet 2006, pp. 338.
- ^ Ramet 2006, pp. 339.
- ^ Ramet 2006, pp. 359.
- ^ Sriram, Martin-Ortega & Herman 2010, p. 70.
- ^ a b LeBor 2004, pp. 140.
- ^ LeBor 2004, pp. 140–143.
- ^ a b c Ackermann 2000, p. 72.
- ISBN 978-0-230-28584-2.
- ^ "О оснивању". Српска странка Заветници. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
- ^ "Srpska desnica sanja ujedinjenje". Balkan Insight (in Serbian). 20 May 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
References
- Ackermann, Alice (2000). Making Peace Prevail: Preventing Violent Conflict in Macedonia (1st ed.). Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-0602-4.
- LeBor, Adam (2004). Milosevic: A Biography. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10317-5.
- Melichárek, Maroš (2015). "The role of Vuk. S. Karadžić in the history of Serbian nationalism (in the context of European linguistics in the context of European linguistics in the first half of the 19th century". Serbian Studies Research. 6 (1): 55–74.
- ISBN 0-12-227230-7.
- Ramet, Sabrina (2006). The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918–2005. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-34656-8.
- Sriram, Chandra Lekha; Martin-Ortega, Olga; Herman, Johanna (2010). War, Conflict and Human rights: Theory and Practice. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-45205-2.
- Wachtel, Andrew (2006). Remaining Relevant after Communism: The Role of the Writer in Eastern Europe. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-86766-8.
Further reading
- Birgit Bock-Luna (2007). The Past in Exile: Serbian Long-distance Nationalism and Identity in the Wake of the Third Balkan War. LIT Verlag Münster. ISBN 978-3-8258-9752-9.
- Clark, Christopher. 2012. The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 (2012)
- Falina, Maria. Religion and Politics in Interwar Yugoslavia: Serbian Nationalism and East Orthodox Christianity (Bloomsbury Academic, 2023) online book review
- Ford, Peter (20 March 2006), "Serbian nationalism stirs again", Christian Science Monitor, retrieved 1 September 2011
- Gordy, Eric D. (2010). Culture of Power in Serbia: Nationalism and the Destruction of Alternatives. Penn State Press. ISBN 978-0-271-04368-5.
- Kuzio, Taras (17 December 2007). Theoretical and Comparative Perspectives on Nationalism: New Directions in Cross-Cultural and Post-Communist Studies. ibidem-Verlag. pp. 178–. ISBN 978-3-8382-5815-7.
- Levine, Louis. 1914. "Pan-Slavism and European Politics." Political Science Quarterly 29.4 (1914): 664–686. in JSTOR free
- MacDonald, David (July 2005). "Globalizing the Holocaust: A Jewish 'useable past' in Serbian Nationalism". PORTAL: Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies. 2 (2). . Retrieved 1 September 2011.
- Mracevich, Milovan (16 August 2001), "Serbia's Reluctant Path to Catharsis", Transitions Online, retrieved 1 September 2011
- Jelavich, Charles. 1958. Tsarist Russia and Balkan nationalism: Russian influence in the internal affairs of Bulgaria and Serbia, 1879-1886 (1958).
- Jelavich, Charles. 1990. South Slav nationalisms--textbooks and Yugoslav Union before 1914 (Ohio State Univ Press, 1990).
- Jelavich, Charles. 1962. Serbian nationalism and the question of union with Croatia in the nineteenth century (1962).
- Scaife, Robert (26 May 2009), "Serbian Culture of Victimization and Nationalism in a Post-Cold War Europe", Serbian Culture of Victimization and Nationalism in a Post-Cold War Europe, Southern Political Science Association annual meeting, New Orleans, archived from the original on 28 March 2012
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Eriksen, Jens-Martin; Stjernfelt, Frederik (8 July 2005), "The Memorandum: Roots of Serbian nationalism", Eurozine, retrieved 1 September 2011
- Pantelić, Bratislav (June 2007). "Designing Identities – Reshaping the Balkans in the First Two Centuries: The Case of Serbia". Journal of Design History. 20 (2). Oxford University Press: 131–144. doi:10.1093/jdh/epm007. Archived from the originalon 2 June 2011. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
- Pantelić, Bratislav (2011). "Memories of a time forgotten: the myth of the perennial nation". Nations and Nationalism. 17 (2): 443–464. .
- Posa, Cristina (1998). "Engineering Hatred: The Roots of Contemporary Serbian Nationalism". Balkanistica (11): 69–77.
- White, George W. (2000). "Serbia and Serbs". Nationalism and Territory: Constructing Group Identity in Southeastern Europe. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8476-9809-7.
External links
- Media related to Nationalism in Serbia at Wikimedia Commons