Serbs
Total population | |||||||||||||||||
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c. 10 million* | |||||||||||||||||
Regions with significant populations | |||||||||||||||||
Serbia 5,360,239 (2022) Bosnia and Herzegovina 1,086,733 (2013)[1] | |||||||||||||||||
Other regions | |||||||||||||||||
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Languages | |||||||||||||||||
Serbian | |||||||||||||||||
Religion | |||||||||||||||||
Predominantly Eastern Orthodoxy (Serbian Orthodox Church)[27] | |||||||||||||||||
Related ethnic groups | |||||||||||||||||
South Slavs | |||||||||||||||||
* The total figure is merely an estimation; sum of all the referenced populations. **Some 265,895 (or 42.88% of Montenegro's total population) declared Serbian language as their mother tongue.[28] |
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Serbs |
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The Serbs (
The Serbs share many cultural traits with the rest of the peoples of Southeast Europe. They are predominantly Eastern Orthodox Christians by religion. The Serbian language (a standardized version of Serbo-Croatian) is official in Serbia, co-official in Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina, and is spoken by the plurality in Montenegro.
Ethnology
The identity of Serbs is rooted in
The origin of the ethnonym is unclear. The most prominent theory considers it of Proto-Slavic origin. Hanna Popowska-Taborska argued native Slavic provenance of the ethnonym,[40] claiming that the theory advances a conclusion that the ethnonym has a meaning of a family kinship or alliance, which was also argued by a number of other scholars.[41]
Genetic origins
According to a triple analysis –
According to several recent studies Serbia's people are among the tallest in the world,[46] with an average male height of 1.82 metres (6 ft 0 in).[47][48]
History
Arrival of the Slavs
Middle Ages
The first Serb states,
Over the next 140 years, Serbia expanded its borders, from numerous smaller principalities, reaching to a unified
With
Early modern period
The Serbs had taken an active part in the wars fought in the Balkans against the Ottoman Empire, and also organized uprisings;
Many Serbs were recruited during the
In 1688,
A
The
Modern period
In the early 1830s, Serbia gained autonomy and its borders were recognized, with
Serbia fought in the
Following the victory in WWI, Serbs subsequently formed the
More than half a million Serbs were killed in the territory of Yugoslavia during World War II. Serbs in occupied Yugoslavia subsequently formed a resistance movement known as the Yugoslav Army in the Homeland, or the Chetniks. The Chetniks had the official support of the Allies until 1943, when Allied support shifted to the Communist Yugoslav Partisans, a multi-ethnic force, formed in 1941, which also had a large majority of Serbs in its ranks in the first two years of war. Over the entirety of the war, the ethnic composition of the Partisans was 53 percent Serb.[108][109] During the entire course of the WWII in Yugoslavia, 64.1% of all Bosnian Partisans were Serbs.[110] Later, after the fall of Italy in September 1943, other ethnic groups joined Partisans in larger numbers.[92]
At the end of the war, the Partisans, led by
Demographics
Modern demographic distribution of ethnic Serbs throughout homeland and native regions, as well as in
Balkans
There are nearly 8 million Serbs living in their native homelands, within the geographical borders of former
, some 36,000 people, respectively.Outside of the former Yugoslavia, but within their historical and migratory areal, Serbs are officially recognized as national minority in
.Diaspora
There are over 2 million Serbs in
- The first wave took place since the end of the 19th century and lasted until World War II and was caused by economic reasons; particularly large numbers of Serbs (mainly from peripheral ethnic areas such as Herzegovina, Montenegro, Dalmatia, and Lika) emigrated to the United States.
- The second wave took place after the end of World War II. At this time, members of royalist Chetniks and other political opponents of communist regime fled the country mainly going overseas (United States and Australia) and, to a lesser degree, United Kingdom.
- The third wave, by far the largest, consisted of economic emigration beginning in the 1960s when several Western European countries signed bilateral agreements with Yugoslavia, allowing the recruitment of industrial workers to those countries; this lasted until the end of the 1980s. The major destinations for migrants were West Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, and to a lesser extent France and Sweden. That generation of diaspora is collectively known as gastarbajteri, after German gastarbeiter ("guest-worker"), since most of the emigrants headed for German-speaking countries. These migrations left some parts of Serbia sparsely populated.[117]
- Later emigration took place during the 1990s, and was caused by both political and economic reasons. The
Language
Serbs speak
Serbian is an official language in Serbia and Bosnia-Herzegovina and is a recognized minority language in Montenegro (although spoken by a plurality of population), Croatia, North Macedonia, Romania, Hungary, Czech Republic and Slovakia. Older forms of literary Serbian are Church Slavonic of the Serbian recension, which is still used for ecclesiastical purposes, and Slavonic-Serbian—a mixture of Serbian, Church Slavonic and Russian used from the mid-18th century to the first decades of the 19th century.
Serbian has active
Loanwords in the Serbian language besides common internationalisms are mostly from Greek,[125] German[126] and Italian,[127] while words of Hungarian origin are present mostly in the north.
The
There is considerable usage of French words as well, especially in military related terms.[126] One Serbian word that is used in many of the world's languages is "vampire" (vampir).[131][132][133][134]
Culture
Many Serbian monuments and works of art have been lost forever due to various wars and peacetime marginalizations.[136]
In modern times (since the 19th century) Serbs also have a noteworthy classical music and works of philosophy.[137] Notable philosophers include Svetozar Marković, Branislav Petronijević, Ksenija Atanasijević, Radomir Konstantinović, Nikola Milošević, Mihailo Marković, Justin Popović and Mihailo Đurić.[138]
Art, music, theatre, and cinema
During the 12th and 13th centuries, many icons, wall paintings and manuscript miniatures came into existence, as many Serbian Orthodox monasteries and churches such as
Traditional Serbian music includes various kinds of
Serbia has produced many talented filmmakers, the most famous of whom are
Orfelin (1726–1785) |
Mokranjac (1856–1914) |
Jovanović (1859–1957) |
Petrović (1873–1915) |
Malden (1912–2009) |
Bakić (1915–1992) |
Kusturica (1954) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Literature
Most literature written by early Serbs was about religious themes. The founders of the
Notable
The first Serb authors who appeared after World War II were
Obradović (1739–1811) |
Popović (1806–1856) |
Petrović-Njegoš (1813–1851) |
Andrić (1892–1975) |
Crnjanski (1893–1977) |
Maksimović (1898–1993) |
Pekić (1930–1992) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Education and science
Many Serbs have contributed to the field of science and technology. There are more Serbian scientists and scholars working abroad than in the Balkans. At least 7000 Serbs who have a PhD are working abroad.[169]
Notable Serb mathematicians include
Valtazar Bogišić is considered to be a pioneer in the sociology of law and sociological jurisprudence.Novaković (1842–1915) |
Tesla (1856–1943) |
Pupin (1858–1935) |
Cvijić (1865–1927) |
Petrović (1868–1943) |
Milanković (1879–1958) |
Kurepa (1907–1993) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Names
There are several different layers of Serbian names. Serbian given names largely originate from Slavic roots: e.g.,
(through Russian).Most Serbian surnames are paternal, maternal, occupational or derived from personal traits. It is estimated that over two thirds of all Serbian surnames have the suffix
Religion
Serbs are predominantly Orthodox Christians. The autocephaly of the Serbian Orthodox Church, was established in 1219, as an Archbishopric, and raised to the Patriarchate in 1346.[184] It is led by the Serbian Patriarch, and consists of three archbishoprics, six metropolitanates and thirty-one eparchies, having around 10 million adherents. Followers of the church form the largest religious group in Serbia and Montenegro, and the second-largest in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia. The church has an archbishopric in North Macedonia and dioceses in Western Europe, North America, South America[185] and Australia.[186]
The identity of ethnic Serbs was historically largely based on Orthodox Christianity and on the Serbian Church in particular. The conversion of the South Slavs from paganism to Christianity took place before the Great Schism. During the time of the Great Schism, Serbian rulers including Mihailo Vojislavljević and Stefan Nemanja were Catholics, with the former being a vassal of the Papal States. In 1217, the Serbian ruler Stefan Nemanja II was crowned by Pope Honorius III of the Catholic Church. However in 1219, Nemanja II was crowned once again by the newly independent Serbian Orthodox Church. This shift solidified the Christian Orthodox religion in Serbia.[187]
With the arrival of the Ottoman Empire, some Serbs converted to Islam. This was particularly, but not wholly, the case in Bosnia.[188] Since the second half of the 19th century, a small number of Serbs converted to Protestantism,[189] while historically some Serbs were Catholics (especially in Bay of Kotor[190] and Dalmatia; e.g. Serb-Catholic movement in Dubrovnik).[191] In a personal correspondence with author and critic dr. Milan Šević in 1932, Marko Murat complained that Orthodox Serbs are not acknowledging the Catholic Serb community on the basis of their faith.[192] The remainder of Serbs remain predominantly Serbian Orthodox Christians.
Symbols
Among the most notable national and ethnic symbols are the
Traditions and customs
Traditional clothing varies due to diverse geography and climate of the territory inhabited by the Serbs. The traditional footwear,
Cuisine
Sport
Serbs are known for their sporting achievements, and have produced a number of talented athletes.
The Hungarian citizen Momčilo Tapavica was the first Slav and Serb to win an Olympic medal, in the 1896 Summer Olympics.[207][208]
Over the years Serbia has been home to many internationally successful football players such as
A total of 22 Serbian players have played in the
One of the most notable Serbian athletes is tennis player Novak Djokovic. He has won an all-time record 24 Grand Slam men's singles titles, and has been year-end World No. 1 on a record eight occasions.[218] Djokovic is regarded by many to be the greatest men's tennis player of all time.[219]
Other notable tennis players include Ana Ivanovic (champion of 2008 French Open) and Jelena Janković, who were both ranked No. 1 in the WTA rankings, while Nenad Zimonjić and Slobodan Živojinović were ranked No. 1 in doubles.[220][221][222]
Notable water polo players are Vladimir Vujasinović, Aleksandar Šapić, Vanja Udovičić, Andrija Prlainović and Filip Filipović.[223]
Other noted Serbian athletes, including Olympic and world champions and medalists, are: swimmer Milorad Čavić, volleyball player Nikola Grbić, handball player Svetlana Kitić,[224] long-jumper Ivana Španović, shooter Jasna Šekarić,[225] sprint canoer Marko Tomićević, judoka Nemanja Majdov[226] and taekwondoist Milica Mandić.[227]
A number of sportspeople of Serb origin represented other nations, such as tennis players
Džajić (1946) |
Šekarić (1965) |
Grbić (1973) |
Filipović (1987) |
Djokovic (1987) |
Španović (1990) |
Jokić (1995) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Historiography
See also
References
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