Serbs

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Serbs
Срби
Srbi
Total population
c. 10 million*
Regions with significant populations
 Serbia 5,360,239 (2022)
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1,086,733 (2013)[1]
Other regions
Southern Europe
 Croatia123,892 (2021)[2]
 Montenegro**200,000(2023)est.[3]
 Kosovo95,962 (2016 est.)[4]
 Slovenia38,964 (2002)[5]
 North Macedonia35,939 (2002)[6]
 Italy46,958[7]
 Portugal1,000[8]
Northern Europe
 Swedenc. 110–120,000 (est.)
 United Kingdomc. 70,000 (2001 est.)
 Norwayc. 15,000 (est.)[9]
Eastern Europe
 Romania18,076 (2011)[10]
 Hungary11,127 (2016)[11]
 Slovakia1,876 (2021)[12][13]
Western Europe
 Germanyc. 313,198 (people with full or partial ancestry)[14][15]
 Austriac. 300,000 (people with full or partial ancestry)[16]
 Francec. 200,000 (2022 est.)[17][18]
  Switzerlandc. 150,000 (2000 est.)[19]
Americas
 United States193,844 (2021)[20]
 Canada96,530 (2016)[21]
 Argentina30,000 (ancestry)[22]
 Brazil21,000[23]
Oceania
 Australia69,544 (2011)[24]
Asia and Africa
 United Arab Emiratesc. 15,000 (est.)[25]
 South Africac. 20,000 (est.)[26]
Languages
Serbian
Religion
Predominantly Eastern Orthodoxy
(Serbian Orthodox Church)[27]
Related ethnic groups
South Slavs

* The total figure is merely an estimation; sum of all the referenced populations.
**Some 265,895 (or 42.88% of Montenegro's total population) declared Serbian language as their mother tongue.[28]

The Serbs (

Southeastern Europe who share a common Serbian ancestry, culture, history, and language.[29][30][31][32] They primarily live in Serbia, Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro as well as in North Macedonia, Slovenia, Germany and Austria. They also constitute a significant diaspora with several communities across Europe, the Americas and Oceania.[33][34]

The Serbs share many cultural traits with the rest of the peoples of Southeast Europe. They are predominantly Eastern Orthodox Christians by religion. The Serbian language (a standardized version of Serbo-Croatian) is official in Serbia, co-official in Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina, and is spoken by the plurality in Montenegro.

Ethnology

The identity of Serbs is rooted in

feast day.[39]

The origin of the ethnonym is unclear. The most prominent theory considers it of Proto-Slavic origin. Hanna Popowska-Taborska [bg; pl] argued native Slavic provenance of the ethnonym,[40] claiming that the theory advances a conclusion that the ethnonym has a meaning of a family kinship or alliance, which was also argued by a number of other scholars.[41]

Genetic origins

Genetic structure of Serbians within European context, according to three genetic systems.

According to a triple analysis –

I2a and R1a together stand for the majority of the makeup, with more than 53 percent.[43][44] The aforementioned Serbian Y-chromosomes belong to lineages believed to be pre-Neolithic. Such significant levels are possibly the result of Neolithic migrations encroaching on Paleolithic populations against the Adriatic Sea.[45]

According to several recent studies Serbia's people are among the tallest in the world,[46] with an average male height of 1.82 metres (6 ft 0 in).[47][48]

History

Arrival of the Slavs

Southeastern Europe in the 6th and 7th century.[49] Up until the late 560s, their activity was raiding, crossing from the Danube, though with limited Slavic settlement mainly through Byzantine foederati colonies.[50] The Danube and Sava frontier was overwhelmed by large-scale Slavic settlement in the late 6th and early 7th century.[51] What is today central Serbia was an important geo-strategical province, through which the Via Militaris crossed.[52] This area was frequently intruded by barbarians in the 5th and 6th centuries.[52] The numerous Slavs mixed with and assimilated the descendants of the indigenous population (Illyrians, Thracians, Dacians, Romans, Celts).[53] White Serbs from White Serbia came to an area near Thessaloniki and then they settled area between Dinaric Alps and Adriatic coast.[54] The region of "Rascia" (Raška) was the center of Serb settlement and Serb tribes also occupied parts of modern-day Herzegovina and Montenegro.[55] Prior to their arrival to the Balkans, Serbs were predominantly involved in agriculture, which is why they settled in areas which were cultivated even during Roman times.[56]

Middle Ages

Nemanjić dynasty members, the most important dynasty of Serbia in the Middle Ages

The first Serb states,

Travunija.[59][60] With the decline of the Serbian state of Duklja in the late 11th century, Raška separated from it and replaced it as the most powerful Serbian state.[61] Prince Stefan Nemanja (r. 1169–96) conquered the neighbouring territories of Kosovo, Duklja and Zachlumia. The Nemanjić dynasty ruled over Serbia until the 14th century. Nemanja's older son, Stefan Nemanjić, became Serbia's first recognized king, while his younger son, Rastko, founded the Serbian Orthodox Church in the year 1219, and became known as Saint Sava after his death.[62] Parts of modern-day Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and central Serbia would come under the control of Nemanjić.[63]

Over the next 140 years, Serbia expanded its borders, from numerous smaller principalities, reaching to a unified

Stephen Uroš V became Emperor.[65]

With

Priština.[66] Both Lazar and Sultan Murad I were killed in the fighting.[66] The battle most likely ended in a stalemate, and afterwards Serbia enjoyed a short period of prosperity under despot Stefan Lazarević and resisted falling to the Turks until 1459.[66]

Early modern period

The Serbs had taken an active part in the wars fought in the Balkans against the Ottoman Empire, and also organized uprisings;

Pannonian Plain (present-day Hungary, Slavonia region in present-day Croatia, Bačka and Banat regions in present-day Serbia) joined the troops of the Habsburg monarchy as separate units known as Serbian Militia.[70] Serbs, as volunteers, massively joined the Austrian side.[71]

, 17th century.

Many Serbs were recruited during the

Omar Pasha Latas
.

In 1688,

; after this talk he sent a note to all Serb bishops to come to him and collaborate only with Habsburg forces.

A

Great Migration of the Serbs (1690) to Habsburg lands was undertaken by Patriarch Arsenije III.[76] The large community of Serbs concentrated in Banat, southern Hungary and the Military Frontier included merchants and craftsmen in the cities, but mainly refugees that were peasants.[76] Smaller groups of Serbs also migrated to the Russian Empire, where they occupied high positions in the military circles.[77][78][79]

The

Miloš Obrenović, it ended in 1815 with a compromise between Serbian revolutionaries and Ottoman authorities.[83] Likewise, Serbia was one of the first nations in the Balkans to abolish feudalism.[84] Serbs are among the first ethnic groups in Europe to form a nation and a clear sense of national identity.[85]

Modern period

In the early 1830s, Serbia gained autonomy and its borders were recognized, with

Miloš Obrenović being recognized as its ruler. Serbia is the fourth modern-day European country, after France, Austria and the Netherlands, to have a codified legal system, as of 1844.[86] The last Ottoman troops withdrew from Serbia in 1867, although Serbia's and Montenegro's independence was not recognized internationally until the Congress of Berlin in 1878.[69]

Battle of Cer marked the first Allied victory over the Central Powers in the First World War.

Serbia fought in the

Salonika front in Greece, before liberating Serbia from Austro-Hungarian occupation in November 1918.[89] Serbia suffered the biggest casualty rate in World War I.[90]

Following the victory in WWI, Serbs subsequently formed the

Sisak and Jastrebarsko concentration camp were specially formed for children.[100][101][102] Serbs in the NDH suffered among the highest casualty rates in Europe during the World War II, while the NDH was one of the most lethal regimes in the 20th century.[103][104][105] Diana Budisavljević, a humanitarian of Austrian descent, carried out rescue operations from Ustaše camps and saved more than 15,000 children, mostly Serbs.[106][107]

Stone Flower, a monument dedicated to the victims of Jasenovac death camp, which was part of the Genocide of Serbs committed by Ustaše

More than half a million Serbs were killed in the territory of Yugoslavia during World War II. Serbs in occupied Yugoslavia subsequently formed a resistance movement known as the Yugoslav Army in the Homeland, or the Chetniks. The Chetniks had the official support of the Allies until 1943, when Allied support shifted to the Communist Yugoslav Partisans, a multi-ethnic force, formed in 1941, which also had a large majority of Serbs in its ranks in the first two years of war. Over the entirety of the war, the ethnic composition of the Partisans was 53 percent Serb.[108][109] During the entire course of the WWII in Yugoslavia, 64.1% of all Bosnian Partisans were Serbs.[110] Later, after the fall of Italy in September 1943, other ethnic groups joined Partisans in larger numbers.[92]

At the end of the war, the Partisans, led by

2000 Yugoslav general election.[114]

Demographics

]

Modern demographic distribution of ethnic Serbs throughout homeland and native regions, as well as in

(1991–1999).

Balkans

There are nearly 8 million Serbs living in their native homelands, within the geographical borders of former

Kosovo.[4] Smaller minorities exist in Slovenia
, some 36,000 people, respectively.

Outside of the former Yugoslavia, but within their historical and migratory areal, Serbs are officially recognized as national minority in

Romania (18,000), Hungary (7,000), as well as in the Czech Republic and Slovakia
.

Diaspora

Steve Tesich, dramatist and Academy award-winning screenwriter

There are over 2 million Serbs in

Australia, South America and Southern Africa. The existence of a large diaspora is mainly a consequence of either economic or political (coercion
or expulsions) reasons. There were several waves of Serb emigration:

  • The first wave took place since the end of the 19th century and lasted until World War II and was caused by economic reasons; particularly large numbers of Serbs (mainly from peripheral ethnic areas such as Herzegovina, Montenegro, Dalmatia, and Lika) emigrated to the United States.
  • The second wave took place after the end of World War II. At this time, members of royalist Chetniks and other political opponents of communist regime fled the country mainly going overseas (United States and Australia) and, to a lesser degree, United Kingdom.
  • The third wave, by far the largest, consisted of economic emigration beginning in the 1960s when several Western European countries signed bilateral agreements with Yugoslavia, allowing the recruitment of industrial workers to those countries; this lasted until the end of the 1980s. The major destinations for migrants were West Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, and to a lesser extent France and Sweden. That generation of diaspora is collectively known as gastarbajteri, after German gastarbeiter ("guest-worker"), since most of the emigrants headed for German-speaking countries. These migrations left some parts of Serbia sparsely populated.[117]
  • Later emigration took place during the 1990s, and was caused by both political and economic reasons. The
    economic sanctions imposed on Serbia caused an economic collapse with an estimated 300,000 people leaving Serbia during that period, 20% of which had a higher education.[118][119]

Language

Serbs speak

Shtokavian dialect.[120]

Vuk Karadžić, reformer of modern Serbian, which is the only European language whose speakers are fully digraphic,[121] using both Cyrillic and Latin alphabets.

Serbian is an official language in Serbia and Bosnia-Herzegovina and is a recognized minority language in Montenegro (although spoken by a plurality of population), Croatia, North Macedonia, Romania, Hungary, Czech Republic and Slovakia. Older forms of literary Serbian are Church Slavonic of the Serbian recension, which is still used for ecclesiastical purposes, and Slavonic-Serbian—a mixture of Serbian, Church Slavonic and Russian used from the mid-18th century to the first decades of the 19th century.

Serbian has active

Serbian Cyrillic was devised in 1814 by Serbian linguist Vuk Karadžić, who created the alphabet on phonemic principles.[123] Serbian Latin was created by Ljudevit Gaj and published in 1830. His alphabet mapped completely on Serbian Cyrillic which had been standardized by Vuk Karadžić a few years before.[124]

Loanwords in the Serbian language besides common internationalisms are mostly from Greek,[125] German[126] and Italian,[127] while words of Hungarian origin are present mostly in the north.

The

Ottoman conquest began a linguistical contact between Ottoman Turkish and South Slavic; Ottoman Turkish influence grew stronger after the 15th century.[128] Besides Turkish loanwords, also many Arabic (such as alat, "tool", sat, "hour, clock") and Persian (čarape, "socks", šećer, "sugar") words entered via Turkish, called "Orientalisms" (orijentalizmi).[128] Also, many Greek words entered via Turkish.[128] Words for hitherto unknown sciences, businesses, industries, technologies and professions were brought by the Ottoman Empire.[128] Christian villagers brought urban vocabulary from their travels to Islamic culture cities.[129] Many Turkish loanwords are no longer considered loanwords.[130]

There is considerable usage of French words as well, especially in military related terms.[126] One Serbian word that is used in many of the world's languages is "vampire" (vampir).[131][132][133][134]

Culture

The national instrument gusle placed on Pirot carpet

Serbian visual art (specifically frescoes, and to some extent icons), as well as ecclesiastical architecture, are highly reflective of Byzantine traditions, with some Mediterranean and Western influence.[135]

Many Serbian monuments and works of art have been lost forever due to various wars and peacetime marginalizations.[136]

In modern times (since the 19th century) Serbs also have a noteworthy classical music and works of philosophy.[137] Notable philosophers include Svetozar Marković, Branislav Petronijević, Ksenija Atanasijević, Radomir Konstantinović, Nikola Milošević, Mihailo Marković, Justin Popović and Mihailo Đurić.[138]

Art, music, theatre, and cinema

Kosovo Maiden (1919) by Uroš Predić, based on Serbian epic poetry

During the 12th and 13th centuries, many icons, wall paintings and manuscript miniatures came into existence, as many Serbian Orthodox monasteries and churches such as

Serbo-Byzantine Revival
in architecture.

Cubist. Painters Petar Lubarda, Vladimir Veličković and Ljubomir Popović were famous for their surrealism.[147] Marina Abramović is a world-renowned performance artist, writer, and art filmmaker.[148]

Traditional Serbian music includes various kinds of

and others.

Serbia has produced many talented filmmakers, the most famous of whom are

.

Orfelin
(1726–1785)
Mokranjac
(1856–1914)
Jovanović
(1859–1957)
Petrović
(1873–1915)
Malden
(1912–2009)
Bakić
(1915–1992)
Kusturica
(1954)

Literature

Most literature written by early Serbs was about religious themes. The founders of the

Vukan Gospels, which combined handwritten Biblical texts with painted initials and small pictures.[62] The Crnojević printing house was the first printing house in Southeastern Europe and is considered an important part of Serbian cultural history.[161]

Notable

The first Serb authors who appeared after World War II were

Milorad Pavić stands out as being the most critically acclaimed, with his novels Dictionary of the Khazars, Landscape Painted with Tea and The Inner Side of the Wind bringing him international recognition. Highly revered in Europe and in South America, Pavić is considered one of the most intriguing writers from the beginning of the 21st century.[165] Charles Simic is a notable contemporary Serbian-American poet, former United States Poet Laureate and a Pulitzer Prize winner.[166] Contemporary writer Zoran Živković authored more than 20 prose books and is best-known for his SF works which have been published in 23 countries.[167][168]

Obradović
(1739–1811)
Popović
(1806–1856)
Petrović-Njegoš
(1813–1851)
Andrić
(1892–1975)
Crnjanski
(1893–1977)
Maksimović
(1898–1993)
Pekić
(1930–1992)

Education and science

Many Serbs have contributed to the field of science and technology. There are more Serbian scientists and scholars working abroad than in the Balkans. At least 7000 Serbs who have a PhD are working abroad.[169]

climate change caused by changes in the position of the Earth in comparison to the Sun, now known as Milankovitch cycles.[172] Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic is a Serbian American biomedical engineer focusing on engineering human tissues for regenerative medicine, stem cell research and modeling of disease. She is one of the most highly cited scientists of all times.[173]

Notable Serb mathematicians include

adrenal glands in thermoregulation, as well as pioneering work in hypothermia.[179][180]
Valtazar Bogišić is considered to be a pioneer in the sociology of law and sociological jurisprudence.

Novaković
(1842–1915)
Tesla
(1856–1943)
Pupin
(1858–1935)
Cvijić
(1865–1927)
Petrović
(1868–1943)
Milanković
(1879–1958)
Kurepa
(1907–1993)

Names

wolf, which is the national animal and an important part of the national mythology.[181][182]

There are several different layers of Serbian names. Serbian given names largely originate from Slavic roots: e.g.,

Pavle, Natalija, Igor
(through Russian).

Most Serbian surnames are paternal, maternal, occupational or derived from personal traits. It is estimated that over two thirds of all Serbian surnames have the suffix

Religion

Left: Patriarchal Monastery of Peć, the seat of the Serbian Orthodox Church from the 14th century and a UNESCO World Heritage Site
Right: Church of Saint Sava, one of the largest Orthodox churches in the world

Serbs are predominantly Orthodox Christians. The autocephaly of the Serbian Orthodox Church, was established in 1219, as an Archbishopric, and raised to the Patriarchate in 1346.[184] It is led by the Serbian Patriarch, and consists of three archbishoprics, six metropolitanates and thirty-one eparchies, having around 10 million adherents. Followers of the church form the largest religious group in Serbia and Montenegro, and the second-largest in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia. The church has an archbishopric in North Macedonia and dioceses in Western Europe, North America, South America[185] and Australia.[186]

The identity of ethnic Serbs was historically largely based on Orthodox Christianity and on the Serbian Church in particular. The conversion of the South Slavs from paganism to Christianity took place before the Great Schism. During the time of the Great Schism, Serbian rulers including Mihailo Vojislavljević and Stefan Nemanja were Catholics, with the former being a vassal of the Papal States. In 1217, the Serbian ruler Stefan Nemanja II was crowned by Pope Honorius III of the Catholic Church. However in 1219, Nemanja II was crowned once again by the newly independent Serbian Orthodox Church. This shift solidified the Christian Orthodox religion in Serbia.[187]

With the arrival of the Ottoman Empire, some Serbs converted to Islam. This was particularly, but not wholly, the case in Bosnia.[188] Since the second half of the 19th century, a small number of Serbs converted to Protestantism,[189] while historically some Serbs were Catholics (especially in Bay of Kotor[190] and Dalmatia; e.g. Serb-Catholic movement in Dubrovnik).[191] In a personal correspondence with author and critic dr. Milan Šević in 1932, Marko Murat complained that Orthodox Serbs are not acknowledging the Catholic Serb community on the basis of their faith.[192] The remainder of Serbs remain predominantly Serbian Orthodox Christians.

Symbols

Serb rebels showing the Three-finger salute and Serbian national colours
, which are in use since 1835

Among the most notable national and ethnic symbols are the

tricolour, rooted in Pan-Slavism, and has been used since the 19th century. Apart from being the national flag, it is also used officially in Republika Srpska (by Bosnian Serbs) and as the official ethnic Flag of Serbs of Croatia. The coat of arms, which includes both the Serbian eagle and Serbian cross, has also been officially used since the 19th century, its elements dating back to the Middle Ages, showing Byzantine and Christian heritage. These symbols are used by various Serb organisations, political parties and institutions. The Three-finger salute, also called the "Serb salute", is a popular expression for ethnic Serbs and Serbia, originally expressing Serbian Orthodoxy
and today simply being a symbol for ethnic Serbs and the Serbian nation, made by extending the thumb, index, and middle fingers of one or both hands.

Traditions and customs

Slava, a family feast in honor of its patron saint.

Traditional clothing varies due to diverse geography and climate of the territory inhabited by the Serbs. The traditional footwear,

folk costume of Serbia is that of Šumadija, a region in central Serbia,[194] which includes the national hat, the Šajkača.[195][196] Older villagers still wear their traditional costumes.[194] The traditional dance is the circle dance, called kolo. Zmijanje embroidery is a specific technique of embroidery practised by the women of villages in area Zmijanje on mountain Manjača and as such is a part of the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. Pirot carpet is a variety of flat tapestry woven rug traditionally produced in Pirot
, a town in southeastern Serbia.

Serbs have
their own customs regarding Christmas, which includes the sacral tree, the badnjak, a young oak. On Orthodox Easter, Serbs have the tradition of Slavic Egg decorating. Čuvari Hristovog groba is a religious/cultural practice of guarding a representation of Christ's grave on Good Friday in the Church of St. Nicholas by the Serbian Orthodox inhabitants in the town of Vrlika.[197]

Cuisine

Russian salad and red wine
.

Ćevapčići, caseless grilled and seasoned sausages made of minced meat, is the national dish of Serbia.[198]

Serbian Orthodox patron saint celebration (slava).[201] It is used in numerous folk remedies, and is given certain degree of respect above all other alcoholic drinks. The fertile region of Šumadija in central Serbia is particularly known for its plums and Šljivovica.[202] Serbia is the largest exporter of Slivovitz in the world, and second largest plum producer in the world.[203][204] Winemaking tradition in modern-day Serbia dates back to the Roman times in the 3rd century, while Serbs have been involved in winemaking since the 8th century.[205][206]

Sport

Serbs are known for their sporting achievements, and have produced a number of talented athletes.

The Hungarian citizen Momčilo Tapavica was the first Slav and Serb to win an Olympic medal, in the 1896 Summer Olympics.[207][208]

Over the years Serbia has been home to many internationally successful football players such as

Real Madrid C.F. and FC Barcelona. Serbia has developed a reputation as one of the world's biggest exporters of expat footballers.[210][211]

A total of 22 Serbian players have played in the

Euroleague MVP), Nemanja Bjelica (2014–15 Euroleague MVP),[215] and Vasilije Micić (2020–21 Euroleague MVP).[216] The "Serbian coaching school" produced many of the most successful European coaches of all times, such as Željko Obradović (a record nine Euroleague titles), Božidar Maljković (four Euroleague titles), Aleksandar Nikolić (three Euroleague titles), Dušan Ivković (two Euroleague titles), and Svetislav Pešić (one Euroleague title).[217]

One of the most notable Serbian athletes is tennis player Novak Djokovic. He has won an all-time record 24 Grand Slam men's singles titles, and has been year-end World No. 1 on a record eight occasions.[218] Djokovic is regarded by many to be the greatest men's tennis player of all time.[219]

Other notable tennis players include Ana Ivanovic (champion of 2008 French Open) and Jelena Janković, who were both ranked No. 1 in the WTA rankings, while Nenad Zimonjić and Slobodan Živojinović were ranked No. 1 in doubles.[220][221][222]

Notable water polo players are Vladimir Vujasinović, Aleksandar Šapić, Vanja Udovičić, Andrija Prlainović and Filip Filipović.[223]

Other noted Serbian athletes, including Olympic and world champions and medalists, are: swimmer Milorad Čavić, volleyball player Nikola Grbić, handball player Svetlana Kitić,[224] long-jumper Ivana Španović, shooter Jasna Šekarić,[225] sprint canoer Marko Tomićević, judoka Nemanja Majdov[226] and taekwondoist Milica Mandić.[227]

A number of sportspeople of Serb origin represented other nations, such as tennis players

NHL player Milan Lucic, NBA All-star Pete Maravich, wrestler Jim Trifunov, sprint canoer Natasa Dusev-Janics, soccer player Miodrag Belodedici, artistic gymnast Lavinia Miloșovici, racquetball player Rhonda Rajsich and racing driver Bill Vukovich.[228]

Džajić
(1946)
Šekarić
(1965)
Grbić
(1973)
Filipović
(1987)
Djokovic
(1987)
Španović
(1990)
Jokić
(1995)

Historiography

See also

References

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External links