Serbs of Croatia

The Ustasha policy towards Serbs further drove a number of them joined either Chetniks or the Yugoslav Partisans who were particularly strong in the regions of Lika, Kordun and Banovina. In 1941–42, the majority of Partisans in Croatia were Serbs, but by October 1943 the majority were Croats. This change was partly due to the decision of a key Croatian Peasant Party member, Božidar Magovac, to join the Partisans in June 1943, and partly due to the surrender of Italy in September 1943.^{[104][105][106][107]} Furthermore, Ustashe authorities ceding Northern Dalmatia to fascist Italy, Italian terror of the population and misrule of the Ustashe and Axis invaders would further push Croats towards the partisans. At the moment of the capitulation of Italy to the Allies the Serbs and Croats were participating equally according to their respective population sizes as it was in Yugoslavia as a whole.^[108] Eventually, Serbian percentage dropped in favor of Croats by the end of the war amounting to 28.6% in 1944 in Croatia. The Serb contribution to Croatian Partisans represented more than their proportion of the local population.^[109][110] After the invasion of Yugoslavia by Axis forces, Serbian uprisings broke out under the Chetnik leadership in Gračac, Srb, Donji Lapac, Drvar and Bosansko Grahovo. The policy of the Chetniks under the leadership of Draža Mihailović varied from the struggle with the Nazis to tactical or selective collaboration with them in different periods throughout the war. The goal of the Chetniks, based on a 1941 directive, was the creation of an ethnically homogeneous Greater Serbia. The largest Chetnik massacres took place in eastern Bosnia within the NDH where they preceded any significant Ustashe operations. ^[111] In the territories they controlled, Chetniks committed genocide^[112][113] against the Croat and Muslim civilian populations.^{[114][115][116]} However, they also collaborated with some of the Ustashe forces in northern Bosnia and they fought together against the Yugoslav Partisans during the Case White.^[117]

A certain change in relations towards Serbs in NDH took place in the spring of 1942 on German demand, as the Germans realized that the Ustaše policy towards Serbs strengthened their rebellion, which was putting pressure on the German army that had to send more of its troops to the NDH territory.^[118] Afterwards, Ustaše founded the Croatian Orthodox Church and Serbs were recruited to the Croatian Home Guard units.^[119] Ustaše stopped with deportations of Serbs and their forced conversions to Catholicism. However, these measures did not significantly affect the Serb rebellion. The establishment of the Church was done in order to try and pacify the state as well as to Croatisize the remaining Serb population once the Ustaše realized that the complete eradication of Serbs in the NDH was unattainable. Persecution of Serbs continued however, but was less intense.^[120] At the beginning of 1942, NDH authorities started making agreements with the Chetniks to avoid conflicts and coordinate actions against the Yugoslav Partisans.^[121][122] On 8 May 1945, Yugoslav Partisans entered Zagreb, which marked the collapse of the Ustaše regime and the liberation of Croatia from the Nazi occupation. Following the end of the war, Croatia entered union with Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia and formed the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

Socialist Yugoslavia

During the Second World War, at the Second and Third sessions of the National Anti-Fascist Council of the Peoples Liberation of Croatia (

On 22 December 1990, HDZ government of Franjo Tuđman promulgated a new Croatian constitution that changed the wording with regard to Serbs of Croatia. In the first paragraph of the Article 12, Croatian was specified as the official language and alphabet, and dual-language road signs were torn down even in Serb majority areas.^[124] Furthermore, a number of Serbs were removed from the bureaucracies and the police and replaced by ethnic Croats.^[124] Many Serbs in government lost their jobs, and HDZ made themselves target of Serbian propaganda by having party members attempting to rehabilitate the WWII Croatian fascist movement Ustaše, or by saying that the numbers of people killed in Jasenovac, one of the largest extermination camp in Europe, were inflated.^[125] The party representing the interests of Serbs in Croatia, the Serbian Democratic Party (SDS), which rejected the new constitution,^[124] began building its own national governmental entity in order to preserve rights that Serbs saw as being stripped away and to enhance the sovereignty of the Croatian Serbs.^[126]

Croatian War of Independence

Amid rising of Serbian nationalism and tensions between Yugoslav republics during the breakup of Yugoslavia, on 8 July 1989 Serbs held a rally in Knin during which they exhibited numerous Chetnik symbols and were invoking JNA's military intervention against Croatia. With the introduction of the multiparty system, the first ethnic Serb parties were founded in Croatia, largest being Serb Democratic Party (SDS). Soon afterward, extremist leaders of the Serb movements in Lika, Northern Dalmatia, Kordun, and Podunavlje called for armed rebellion against Croatian government, violence against Croats and refused to recognize legally elected Croatian authorities.^[127]

Tension grew following the

A small minority of pre-war Serb population have returned to Croatia. Today, the majority of the pre-war Serb population from Croatia settled in Serbia and Republika Srpska.^[162] After Croatian and other Yugoslav Wars, Serbia became home to highest number of refugees (Serbs who fled from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia) in Europe.^{[163][164][165]}

The percentage of those declaring themselves as Serbs, according to the 1991 census, was 12.2% (78.1% of the population declared itself to be Croat). Although today Serbs are formally able to return to Croatia, a majority choose to remain citizens of other countries in which they gained citizenship. However, Croatia also adopted discriminatory measures to prevent the return of Serbs after war, while the Croatian forces continued with abuses on a large scale for months afterward, which included destruction of Serb property.^[166][154] Also, Serbs are still face significant barriers to employment and to regain their property.^[167] Consequently, today Serbs constitute 4% of Croatian population, down from the prewar population of 12%. The majority of the remaining population is elderly, which indicates that the negative demographic trend will persist.^[134]

Currently, the official status of "autochthonous national minority" for the Serbs of Croatia is recognized by the Croatian Constitutional Act on the Rights of National Minorities from 2002 which supplemented the Constitutional Act on the Human Rights and Freedoms and on the Rights of Ethnic and National Communities or Minorities in the Republic of Croatia from 1992.

Recent history

Tension and violence between Serbs and Croats has reduced since 2000 and has remained low to this day, however, significant problems remain.^[168] The main issue is thought to be due to high-level official and social discrimination against the Serbs.^[169] In 2005, the Republic of Croatia ratified a bilateral agreement with Serbia and Montenegro on the protection of the Serbian and Montenegrin minority in Croatia and the Croatian national minority in Serbia and Montenegro.^[170] Some Croats, including politicians, continue to deny and minimise the magnitude of the genocide perpetrated against Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia.^[171] At the highest levels of the Croatian government, new laws are continuously introduced in order to combat this discrimination, demonstrating an effort on the part of government.^[168] For example, lengthy and in some cases unfair proceedings,^[168] particularly in lower level courts, remain a major problem for Serbian returnees pursuing their rights in court.^[168] In addition, Serbs continue to be discriminated against in access to employment and in realizing other economic and social rights.^[172] Also some cases of violence and harassment against Croatian Serbs continue to be reported.^[168]

The property laws allegedly favor Bosnian Croats refugees who took residence in houses that were left unoccupied and unguarded by Serbs after Operation Storm.^[168] Amnesty International's 2005 report considers one of the greatest obstacles to the return of thousands of Croatian Serbs has been the failure of the Croatian authorities to provide adequate housing solutions to Croatian Serbs who were stripped of their occupancy rights, including where possible by reinstating occupancy rights to those who had been affected by their discriminatory termination.^[168]

The

In 2015 Amnesty International reported that Croatian Serbs continued to face discrimination in public sector employment and the restitution of tenancy rights to social housing vacated during the war.^[176] In 2017 they again pointed out that Serbs faced significant barriers to employment and obstacles to regain their property. Amnesty International also said that the right to use minority languages and script continued to be politicized and unimplemented in some towns and that heightened nationalist rhetoric and hate speech contributed to growing ethnic intolerance and insecurity.^[167]

Since 2016, anti-fascist groups, leaders of Croatia's Serb, Roma and Jewish communities and former top Croat officials have boycotted the official state commemoration for the victims of the Jasenovac concentration camp because, as they said, Croatian authorities refused to denounce the Ustasha legacy explicitly and they downplayed and revitalized crimes committed by Ustashe.^{[177][178][179][180]}

Following the 2020 Croatian parliamentary election, Boris Milošević, member of the Independent Democratic Serb Party and President of the Serb National Council, was elected one of the four Deputy Prime Ministers of Croatia in charge of social affairs and human and minority rights in the new cabinet of Andrej Plenković.^[181] On the 25th anniversary of the Operation Storm, the celebrations were attended for the first time ever by an ethnic Serb political representative, Boris Milošević.^[182] On 25 August 2020, Zoran Milanović (President of Croatia), Tomo Medved (Minister of Croatian Veterans), along with members of the Independent Democratic Serb Party, Milorad Pupovac and Deputy Prime Minister Milošević, attended a commemoration of the Grubori massacre, the mass murder of elderly Serbs civilians.^[183]

Demographics

According to the 2021 census, there were 123,892 ethnic Serbs living in Croatia, 3.20% of the total population. Their number was reduced by more than three-quarters in the aftermath of the 1991–95 War in Croatia as the 1991 pre-war census had reported 581,663 Serbs living in Croatia, 12.2% of the total population.

Serbs in Croatia, 1991^[184]

Serbs in Croatia, 2011

Serbs in Croatia, 2021

Municipalities in Croatia where Serbian language is in official use

Counties

Counties with significant Serb minority (7.50% or more):^{[citation needed]}

Cities

Cities with significant Serb minority (10% or more):

Municipalities

Municipalities with significant Serb population (10% or more):

Culture

Serbs in Croatia have cultural traditions ranging from

Many Serbs contributed to the Croatian culture, such as trader Hristofor Stanković who founded the first permanent theater building in Gornji Grad, Zagreb.^[190]

Religion

The Serbs of Croatia are predominantly of the

In the 1560s a Serbian Orthodox bishop was installed in the Metropolitanate of Požega, seated in the monastery of Remeta.[192] In the 17th century, the Eparchy of Marča was founded at Marča, in the Croatian frontier.^[192] These were part of the Serbian Orthodox Patriarchate of Peć, which was re-established in 1557 and lasted under Ottoman governance until 1766.^[192] Other bishoprics were founded, although their approval by the Habsburgs hinged on the belief that they would facilitate the union of these Orthodox Christians with the Catholic Church, and in fact, many, including some Orthodox bishops, did unify with Rome.^[192]

Serbs in the Croatian Military Frontier were out of the jurisdiction of the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć and in 1611, after demands from the community, the Pope established the

According to the 2021 Croatian census, 101,250 (81.72%) Serbs declared themselves as Eastern Orthodox, 11,406 (9.02%) declared as atheists or non-religious, and 2,342 (1.89%) as agnostics. The smaller portion of Serbs declared themselves to be of different confession, with 2,076 (1.67%) being members of various Christian churches, and 2,042 (1.64%) being Catholics. There are 4,004 (3.23%) Serbs whose confession remained undisclosed or unknown.^[193]

Language

Main article: Serbian language in Croatia

The Serbian language is officially used in 23 cities and municipalities in Croatia.^[194]

Left: Bilingual street sign in Croatian and Serbian in Dalj
Right: Graffiti during anti-Cyrillic protests

In April 2015 the

use of Serbian Cyrillic in the town of Vukovar and municipalities concerned.^[195] Serbian Foreign Minister Ivica Dačić stated that Serbia welcomed the UN Human Rights Committee's report.^[196]

Although the 2021 census in Croatia listed Serbs as the largest national minority in Croatia, with 3.2% of the total population, the number of people who had declared Serbian language as their native was only 1.16% of the total population (45,004).[197]

Politics

Serbs are officially recognized as an autochthonous national minority, and as such, they elect three representatives to the Croatian Parliament.^[198]

All elected special representatives since 1995 Parliamentary elections.

Election	Representative	Party	Term	Representative	Party	Term	Representative	Party	Term
1995	Milan Đukić	SNS	1995–2003	Veselin Pejnović	SNS	1995–2000	Milorad Pupovac	ASH	1995–2000
2000				not elected under the law
2003	Vojislav Stanimirović	SDSS	2003–2015	Ratko Gajica	SDSS	2003–2011	Milorad Pupovac	SDSS	2003–
2007
2011				Jovo Vuković		2011–2015
2015	Mile Horvat		2015–2020	Mirko Rašković		2015–2016
2016				Boris Milošević		2016–
2020	Dragana Jeckov		2020–

The major Serb party in Croatia is the Independent Democratic Serb Party (SDSS). In the elections from 2003, the SDSS has won all Serbian seats in the parliament. In the Cabinet of Ivo Sanader II, the party was part of the ruling coalition led by the conservative Croatian Democratic Union, and SDSS member Slobodan Uzelac held the post of Deputy Prime Minister.^[199] After that Serbs again entered government during Cabinet of Andrej Plenković II, in which Boris Milošević become Deputy Prime Minister and responsible for Social Affairs and Human and Minority Right.^[200]

There are also ethnic Serb politicians who are members of mainstream political parties, such as the centre-left Social Democratic Party's MPs and Milanović cabinet members Željko Jovanović, Branko Grčić and Milanka Opačić.

Croatisation

During the Second World War, the

Ustashe regime systematically engaged in the extermination, expulsion and forced conversion of Serbs in Croatia.^[201][202] Facing discrimination after the Croatian War of Independence (1991–95), several anonymous Serbs from Zagreb testify that some young Serbs have converted to Catholicism and changed their surnames in order to 'become Croats'.^[203]

Community in Serbia

Approximately 250,000 Serbs from Croatia were resettled in Serbia during and after the Croatian War of Independence, of which the larger part took Serbian citizenship.^[204] In 2011, there were 284,334 Serbs from Croatia living in Serbia (excluding Kosovo), with the majority living in Vojvodina (127,884), followed by Central and South Serbia (114,434). In 2013, approximately 45,000 Serbs from Croatia were still listed as refugees in Serbia.^[204][205] The largest part of the Croatian Serb community in Serbia stated that they wished to integrate (60.6%), only 4.3% wanted to return to their homes in Croatia, while 27.4% who were undecided.^[206]

Notable people

Main article: List of Serbs of Croatia

Further information: Category:Serbs of Croatia and Category:Croatian people of Serbian descent

See also

• Croatia-Serbia relations
• Croats of Serbia
• Serbs of Zagreb
• Serbs of Vukovar
• Serb National Council, elected body acting as a form of self-government and institution of cultural autonomy
• Flag of Serbs of Croatia
• Joint Council of Municipalities
• Independent Democratic Serb Party
• Democratic Alliance of Serbs
• Republic of Serbian Krajina
• Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia
• Operation Storm
• Prosvjeta
  , Croatian Serb Cultural Society
• Serbian Orthodox Secondary School in Zagreb
• Novosti (Croatia)
• Radio Borovo

References

1. ^ "3. Stanovništvo prema narodnosti po gradovima/općinama, popis 2021". Retrieved 22 September 2022.
2. ^ "Srbi u Hrvatskoj zabrinuti da će nestati".
3. ^ Fine 1991, p. 53.
4. ^ Sima M. Ćirković (2008). Srbi među Europsim narodima (The Serbs), p. 26-27
5. ^ Dvornik et al. 1962, pp. 138–139, 142: He probably saw that in his time all these tribes were in the Serb sphere of influence, and therefore called them Serbs, thus ante-dating by three centuries the state of affairs in his day... It is obvious that the small retinue of the Serbian prince could not have populated Serbia, Zachlumia, Terbounia and Narenta.
6. ^ Živković 2006, p. 60–61:Data on the family origin of Mihailo Višević indicate that his family did not belong to a Serbian or Croatian tribe, but to another Slavic tribe who lived along the Vistula River and who joined the Serbs during the migration during the reign of Emperor Heraclius. The introduction of Mihajlo Višević and his family by Porphyrogenitus suggests that the rulers of Zahumlje until his time belonged to this ruling family, so that, both in Serbia and Croatia, and in Zahumlje, there would be a very early established principle of inheriting power by members of one family. Constantine Porphyrogenitus explicitly calls the inhabitants of Zahumlje Serbs who have settled there since the time of Emperor Heraclius, but we cannot be certain that the Travunians, Zachlumians and Narentines in the migration period to the Balkans were Serbs or Croats or Slavic tribes which in alliance with Serbs or Croats arrived in the Balkans. The emperor-writer says that all these principalities are inhabited by Serbs, but this is a view from his time when the process of ethnogenesis had already reached such a stage that the Serbian name became widespread and generally accepted throughout the land due to Serbia's political domination. Therefore, it could be concluded that in the middle of the 10th century the process of ethnogenesis in Zahumlje, Travunija, and Paganija was probably completed, because the emperor's informant collected data from his surroundings and transferred to Constantinople the tribal sense of belonging of the inhabitants of these archons ... The Byzantine writings on the De Ceremoniis, which were also written under the patronage of Constantine Porphyrogenitus, listed the imperial orders to the surrounding peoples. The writings cite orders from the archons of Croats, Serbs, Zahumljani, Kanalites, Travunians, Duklja and Moravia. The above-mentioned orders may have originated at the earliest during the reign of Emperor Theophilus (829 - 842) and represent the earliest evidence of the political fragmentation of the South Slavic principalities, that is, they confirm their very early formation. It is not known when Zahumlje was formed as a separate principality. All the news that Constantine Porphyrogenitus provides about this area agrees that it has always been so - that is, since the seventh-century settlement in the time of Emperor Heraclius. It is most probable that the prefects in the coastal principalities recognized the supreme authority of the Serbian ruler from the very beginning, but that they aspired to become independent, which took place according to the list of orders preserved in the book De Ceremoniis, no later than the first half of the 9th century. A falsified and highly controversial papal charter from 743 also mentions Zahumlje and Travunija as separate areas. If the basic information about these countries were correct, it would mean that they formed as very early principalities that were practically independent of the archon of Serbia.
7. ISBN 953-169-032-4
   . Glavnu poteškoću uočavanju etničke raznolikosti Slavena duž jadranske obale činilo je tumačenje Konstantina Porfirogeneta, po kojemu su Neretvani (Pagani), Zahumljani, Travunjani i Konavljani porijeklom Srbi. Pri tome je car dosljedno izostavljao Dukljane iz ove srpske zajednice naroda. Čini se, međutim, očitim da car ne želi govoriti ο stvarnoj etničkoj povezanosti, već da su mu pred očima politički odnosi u trenutku kada je pisao djelo, odnosno iz vremena kada su za nj prikupljani podaci u Dalmaciji. Opis se svakako odnosi na vrijeme kada je srpski knez Časlav proširio svoju vlast i na susjedne sklavinije, pored navedenih još i na Bosnu. Zajedno sa širenjem političke prevlasti, širilo se i etničko ime, što u potpunosti odgovara našim predodžbama ο podudarnosti etničkog i političkog nazivlja. Upravo zbog toga car ne ubraja Dukljane u Srbe, niti se srpsko ime u Duklji/Zeti udomaćilo prije 12. stoljeća. Povjesničari koji su bez imalo zadrške Dukljane pripisivali Srbima, pozivali su se na Konstantina, mada im on nije za takve teze davao baš nikakve argumente, navodeći Dukljane isključivo pod njihovim vlastitim etnonimom.
8. ^ Curta 2006, p. 210: According to Constantine Porphyrogenitus, the Slavs of the Dalmatian zhupanias of Pagania, Zahumlje, Travounia, and Konavli all "descended from the unbaptized Serbs."51 This has been rightly interpreted as an indication that in the mid-tenth century the coastal zhupanias were under the control of the Serbian zhupan Časlav, who ruled over the regions in the interior and extended his power westwards across the mountains to the coast.
9. ^ Fine 1991, p. 53(I):The Croats settled in Croatia, Dalmatia, and western Bosnia. The rest of Bosnia seems to have been territory between Serb and Croatian rule.
10. ^ Malcolm 2002, p. 8:The Serbs settled in an area corresponding to modern south-western Serbia (a territory which later in the middle ages became known as Raška or Rascia), and gradually extended their rule into the territories of Duklje or Dioclea (Montenegro) and Hum or Zachumlje (Hercegovina). The Croats settled in areas roughly corresponding to modern Croatia, and probably also including most of Bosnia proper, apart from the eastern strip of the Drina valley.
11. ^ Fine 1991, p. 141, 150.
12. ^ Fine 1991, p. 206.
13. ISBN 9781870732314
    .
14. ISBN 978-0295800646
    . Retrieved 16 January 2014.
15. ^ Fine 1991, p. 236–240.
16. ^ Milenko Krešić; (2016) Religious situation in the Hum land (Ston and Rat) during the Middle Ages p. 66; [1]
17. ISBN 978-0-8223-8255-3
    .
18. ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5
    .
19. ^ "Krka & Krupa". Enciklopedija likovnih umjetnosti (Encyclopedia of Fine Arts) (in Serbo-Croatian). Vol. 3. Zagreb: FNRJ. 1964. pp. 251, 256. Krka (Krovac), manastir, između Knina i Šibenika, Hrvatska, sa crkvom posvećenom sv. arhanđelu Mihailu. Prvi put se pominje 1350. po narodnom pređanju, osnovala ga je Jelena, udovica kneza Mladena III Šubića, sestra cara Dušana. I crkva i zgrade za stanovanje bile su više puta pregrađivane. U poslednje vreme crkva je imala oblik vizant. građevine s kubetom, a zvonik je podignut u romaničkom stilu. U manastirskoj riznici se čuvalo nekoliko ikona i umetničko-zanatlijskih predmeta iz XVII-XVIII. v., a u biblioteci Paterik (1346) i knjige iz XVI i XVII v... Krupa, srpsko-pravoslavni manastir u dalm. Bukovici, Hrvatska. Osnovali su ga, vjerojatno, bos. kaluđeri koji su bježali pred Turcima (1642). Na manastirskim zgradama sačuvani su gotički prozori; crkva je jednobrodna građevina s kubetom. U crkvi se ističu bogato rezbarene carske dveri, zbirka ikona iz XVII i iz XVIII st. (većinom djela italo-keltske škole), te srebrni predmeti iz XVIII st. venec. podrijetla. Bogata biblioteka stradala je u Drugom svjetskom ratu.
20. ^ Marčinko, Mate (19 August 1999). "Pravoslavni manastir sv. Arhanđela Mihaila na rijeci Krki sagrađen je na temeljima katoličkoga samostana" (PDF). Vjesnik. Zagreb. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 May 2005. ...trebao je barem zaviriti u Enciklopediju likovnih umjetnosti (ELU) Leksikografskoga zavoda. Tamo bi našao da je manastir Krka po narodnom predanju (hrv. predaji) osnovala Jelena Šubička. To je narodno predanje izmislila Srpska pravoslavna crkva i proširila ga među svojim vjernicima, da bi se onda na njega pozivala u nedostatku pravih dokaza. Još bi tamo našao i to da je zvonik krčke manastirske crkve »podignut u romaničkom stilu« (ELU, 3, Zagreb 1964., str. 251.). Na temelju svega ovoga možemo zaključiti: Pravoslavni manastir sv. Arhandjela Mihaila na rijeci Krki sagrađen je na temeljima katoličkoga samostana, ali ne prije XVIII. st. I dva ostala »glavna manastira« u južnoj Hrvatskoj – Krupa i Dragović – sagrađena su na temeljima katoličkih samostana. U manastiru Krupa do danas su »na manastirskim zgradama sačuvani gotički prozori« (ELU, 3, Zagreb 1964., str. 256.).
21. ISBN 9789533520704
    . Dejan Medaković (1922.-2008.), profesor na Filozofskom fakultetu u Beogradu i akademik SANU ... konstatira općenito za sva tri dalmatinska manastira kako je teško reći kada su osnovani i da je pretjerano dovoditi ih u vezu s periodom srpske srednjovjekovne države (Медаковић, 1950.: 184)
22. ^ Erdeljanović 1930.
23. ISBN 0631204717
24. ^ Erdeljanović 1930, p. 353.
25. ^ Erdeljanović 1930, p. 353; Derić 1914, p. 50 "Rascianis in castris nostris Medwe, Rakonok, utriusque Kemlek et Caproncza constitutis"
26. ^
    ISBN 978-0-631-20471-8
    .
27. ^ Sima Ćirković, Сеоба Срба у Краљевину Угарску у XIV и XV веку, (Migration of the Serbian people to the Kingdom of Hungary in the fourteenth and fifteenth century){"У једном писму Венецијанцима из 1462. краљ се жалио да су у протекле три године, дакле од 1459, Турци из његове земље одвукли више од 200.000 становника. (Овде морам приметити да је услед неспоразума у једној старој мађарској збирци регеста овај број тако употребљен као да се односи на становнике Србије који су прешли у Угарску. Радонић га је у том смислу употребио у својој на француском објављеној краткој историји Срба у Угарској, одатле су је преузели Јиречек, затим Ивић, а касније је безорој пута поновљено, и тешко и споро ће се та грешка отклањати.")..In a letter to the Venetians of 1462, the king complained that the Turks had taken more than 200,000 inhabitants from his country in the past three years, or since 1459. (I have to mention here that due to misunderstandings in the old Hungarian original collection, this number was used as a reference to the Serbs who immigrated to Hungary. Information was taken by Konstantin Jireček, then Aleksa Ivić, and later repeated many times, and this error will be difficult and slow corrected} https://www.rastko.rs/rastko-hu/istorija/istorija/Cirkovic_Seobe.html
28. ^ Frucht 2005, p. 535: "Population movements began in earnest after the Battle of Smederevo in 1459, and by 1483, up to two hundred thousand had moved into central Slavonia and Srijem (eastern Croatia)."
29. ISBN 978-0-8229-3989-4
    .
30. ^ (Frucht 2005, p. 535): "In the early sixteenth century Orthodox populations had also been established in western Croatia."
31. ^ ^{a b} sinod, Srpska pravoslavna crkva. Sveti arhijerejski (1972). Službeni list Srpske pravoslavne crkve. p. 55. Тридесетих година XVI в. многи Срби из Босне су се населили у Крањској, Штајерској и Жумберку. ... Сеобе Срба у Славонију и Хрватску трајале су кроз цео XVI, XVII и XVIII в. У првој половини XVI в. су се најпре засељавали у турском делу Славоније, а у другој половини истог века су се пресељавали из турског у аустријски део Славони- је.
32. ^ ^{a b} Lazo M. Kostić (1965). Obim Srba i Hrvata. Logos. p. 58.
33. ^ sinod, Srpska pravoslavna crkva. Sveti arhijerejski (2007). Glasnik. Vol. 89. p. 290. МАНАСТИР ЛЕПАВИНА, посвећен Ваведењу Пресвете Богородице, подигнут 1550.
34. ISSN 1333-5286
    .
35. ^ ^{a b} Miller 1997, p. 2.
36. ^ ^{a b c d e} Ramet, p. 82
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• Pleterski, J. (1988). Srbi u političkoj strukturi NOB u Hrvatskoj.
• Pupovac, M. (1999). Čuvari imena: Srbi u Hrvatskoj i raspad Jugoslavije. Prosvjeta.
• Pupovac, M. (1997). "Raspad Jugoslavije i Srbi u Hrvatskoj". Ljetopis Srpskog kulturnog društva Prosvjeta. 2: 256–264.
• Rudić, Vujadin (1993). Срби у Хрватској: насељаване, број и територијални размешта. Ун-т у Београду.
  ISBN 978-86-419-0128-3
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• ISBN 9789995589806
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• ISBN 9780804708579
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• ISBN 9780804779241
  .
• Trbovich, Ana S. (2008). A Legal Geography of Yugoslavia's Disintegration. Oxford University Press.
  ISBN 978-0-19-533343-5
  .

Journals

• Berber, M.; Grbić, B.; Pavkov, S. (2008). "Changes in the share of ethnic Croats and Serbs in Croatia by town and municipality based on the results of censuses from 1991 and 2001". Stanovništvo. 46 (2): 23–62.
  doi:10.2298/stnv0802023b
  .
• Božić, Sofija (2010). "Serbs in Croatia (1918–1929): Between the myth of "Greater-Serbian Hegemony" and social reality". Balcanica (41): 185–208.
  doi:10.2298/BALC1041185B
  .
• Đurđev, Branislav S.; Livada, Svetozar; Arsenović, Daniela (2014). "The disappearance of Serbs in Croatia". Zbornik Matice Srpske Za Društvene Nauke. 148: 583–591.
• Gavrilović, Slavko (1989). "Srbi u Hrvatskoj i Slavoniji u narodnom pokretu 1848–1849". Zbornik O Srbima U Hrvatskoj (in Serbian). 1. Beograd: SANU: 9–32.
• Gavrilović, Slavko (1991). "Migracije iz Gornje krajine u Slavoniju i Srem od početka XVIII. do sredine XIX. veka". Zbornik O Srbima U Hrvatskoj. 2. Beograd.
• Grujić, Radoslav M. (1912). "Najstarija srpska naselja po severnoj Hrvatskoj". Glasnik srpskog geografskog društva.
• Ilić, J. (2006). "The Serbs in Croatia before and after the break-up of Yugoslavia" (PDF). Zbornik Matice Srpske Za Društvene Nauke. 120 (120). Matica srpska: 253–270.
  doi:10.2298/ZMSDN0620253I. ^{[permanent dead link}
  ]
• Ivanović-Barišić, M. M. (2004). "Serbs in Croatia: Ethnological reflections" (PDF). Teme. 28 (2): 779–788. ^{[dead link]}
• Lajić, I.; Bara, M. (2010). "Effects of the war in Croatia 1991–1995 on changes in the share of ethnic Serbs in the ethnic composition of Slavonia" (PDF). Stanovništvo. 48: 49–73.
  doi:10.2298/stnv1001049l. ^{[dead link}
  ]
• Ljušić, Radoš (2012). "The Dalmatian Serbs: One nation and two religions: The examples of Marko Murat and Nikodim Milaš". Anali Pravnog Fakulteta U Beogradu. 60 (2): 26–55.
• Mirkovic, D. (2000). "The historical link between the Ustasha genocide and the Croato-Serb civil war: 1991‐1995". Journal of Genocide Research. 2 (3): 363–373.
  S2CID 72467680
  .
• Roksandić, Drago (1984). "O Srbima u hrvatskim zemljama u Mrkaljevo doba". Književnost. 4–5: 520–534.
• Škiljan, Filip (2009). "Znameniti Srbi u Hrvatskoj" (PDF). Zagreb.
• Škiljan, Filip (2014). "Identitet Srba u Hrvatskoj". Croatian Political Science Review. 51 (2). Zagreb.
• Stojanović, M. (2004). "Serbs in Eastern Croatia" (PDF). Glasnik Etnografskog muzeja u Beogradu. 67–68: 387–390. ^{[permanent dead link]}
• Stokes, Gale (2005). "From nation to minority: Serbs in Croatia and Bosnia at the outbreak of the Yugoslav wars". Problems of Post-Communism. 52 (6): 3–20.
  S2CID 158041383
  .
• Seim, Øyvind Hvenekilde (2008). "Including the Serbs of Croatia into Croatia's History Writing". Glasnik Etnografskog muzeja u Beogradu. 21: 55–67.
  S2CID 143695144
  .
• Sadkovich, James (2010). "Forging Consensus: How Franjo Tuđman Became an Authoritarian Nationalist". Review of Croatian History. 6 (1): 7–35.
• ISBN 9788617137548
  .

Documents

• "OSCE Report on Croatian treatment of Serbs" (PDF). OSCE. 2004.
• "The Status of the Croatian Serb Population in Bosnia and Herzegovina" (PDF). United Nations High Commission for Refugees.
• Davidov, Dinko, ed. (1992). War damage sustained by orthodox churches in Serbian areas of Croatia in 1991. Belgrade: Ministry of Information.
• "Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia) – Summary of the Judgment of 3 February 2015" (PDF). International Court of Justice (ICJ). 3 February 2015.
• "Appeals Judgement Summary for Ante Gotovina and Mladen Markač" (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 16 November 2012.
• "Croatia: Impunity for abuses committed during "Operation Storm" and the denial of the right of refugees to return to the Krajina" (PDF). Human Rights Watch. August 1996.
• "Amnesty International report 2016/2017" (PDF). Amnesty International. 1 January 2017.

News

• "Court rejects Balkan genocide claims". BBC News. 3 February 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2018.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Serbs of Croatia.

• "Prosvjeta". SKD "Prosvjeta".
• D. Roksandić, Srbi u Hrvatskoj – od 15. stoljeća do današnjih dana, Vjesnik, Zagreb 1991.
• Tradition chest adornment worn in Kninska Krajina
• Croatian census 2001 (see "Censuses" at Crostat Database)