Serer history
The medieval history of the
Resistance to Islam, 11th century
According to Galvan (2004), "The oral historical record, written accounts by early Arab and European explorers, and physical anthropological evidence suggest that the various Serer peoples migrated south from the Fuuta Tooro region (Senegal River valley) beginning around the eleventh century, when Islam first came across the Sahara."
Professor Étienne Van de Walle gave a slightly later date, writing that "The formation of the Sereer ethnicity goes back to the thirteenth century, when a group came from the Senegal River valley in the north fleeing Islam, and near Niakhar met another group of Mandinka origin, called the Gelwar, who were coming from the southeast (Gravrand 1983). The actual Sereer ethnic group is a mixture of the two groups, and this may explain their complex bilinear kinship system".[6]
After the
The Serer earned their living from agriculture, animal husbandry, fishing, boat building (an ancient Serer tradition) and transporting people over the river.[16][17]
The
...the Serer traversed vast expanses of territory during pre-colonial times and saw the entire region [the Senegambia region] as their home, as their history of migration in the area clearly shows..
In Senegambia, southward migration
In the
Migration from Kabuu to Sine
The actual foundation of the Kingdom of Sine is unclear, but in the late 14th century Mandinka migrants entered the area. They were led by a matrilineal clan known as the Gelwaar. Here they encountered the Serer, who had already established a system of lamanic authorities, and established a Gelwaar led state with its capital in or near a Serer lamanic estate centred at Mbissel.[5]: p.54 [22][23]
Marriages between the Serer paternal clans such as
King Njaajan Njie
The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (August 2015) |
This section may be unbalanced towards certain viewpoints. . (August 2015) |
Defeat of Portuguese slave raiders
In 1446, a Portuguese caravel carrying the Portuguese slave trader - Nuno Tristão and his party attempted to enter Serer territory in order to carry out slave raiding. None of the adult passengers of that caravel survived. They all succumbed to Serer poisoned arrows except five young Portuguese (or fewer). One of them was left with the task to charter the caravel back to Portugal. Nuno was amongst those killed.[37][38]
19th century Marabout Movement
The Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune also known as The Battle of Somb was a
Maba Diakhou, a rather charismatic leader in the Marabout sect saw the propagation of Islam in Senegambia and an Islamic empire as his divine mission.
The effects of Islam
Although by the end of the twentieth century most Serer had converted to Islam (about 85% by the 1990s),
- "The most important factor dividing the peoples of Senegambia was the differential impact of Islam. In this, the Serer stood out as the one group that had undergone no conversion."(Martin A. Klein)[48]
This division is not just religious but also has an ethnic dimension. As opponents of Islam for nearly a
Present
At present, the Serer population is estimated to be over 1.8 million based on population figures for
See also
- Serer ancient history
- Timeline of Serer history
- Roog (Serer deity)
- Serer religion
- Serer people
Notes
- ^ See Mwakikagile, Ethnic Diversity and Integration in the Gambia:, p224 & The Gambia and Its People:, p 138; Klein, Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914, pp 7 & 63, Gravrand, vol. 1. La Civilisation sereer, Cossan pp 115–18; & La civilisation Sereer, Pangool p 13
- ^ Klein, Martin, Islam and Imperialism in Senegal, Sine-Saloum, 1847–914 pp 62–93
- ^ Sarr, Histoire du Sine Saloum, pp 37–39
- ^ Diouf, Niokhobaye. pp 727–729 (pp 16–18)
- ^ a b c Galvan, Dennis Charles, The State Must Be Our Master of Fire: How Peasants Craft Culturally Sustainable Development in Senegal Berkeley, University of California Press, 2004 p.51
- ISBN 978-0-7656-1619-7.
- ^ David Robinson. Muslim Societies in African History.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help) - ISBN 1-55876-322-8
- ISBN 0-230-60648-2
- ISBN 2-7068-1503-5
- ^ Oliver, Roland Anthony, & Fage, J. D., "Journal of African History", Volume 10, Cambridge University Press (1969)
- ^ "The African archaeological review", Volumes 17–18, Plenum Press (2000)
- Levtzion, Nehemia, "Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History", pp 77–79, Cambridge University Press (1981) (Scholar)
- ^ Trimingham, John Spencer, "A history of Islam in West Africa", pp 174, 176 & 234, Oxford University Press, USA (1970)
- ^ For more information about Serer Lamanic lineage and class, see : Galvan, Dennis Charles, "The State Must Be Our Master of Fire:"
- ISBN 1-84353-083-X
- ^ Mwakikagile, Godfrey, The Gambia and its people, p 11; & Ethnic diversity p 97
- ^ See : Gamble, David P. & Salmon, Linda K. (with Alhaji Hassan Njie); (in French) Becker, Charles, "Vestiges historiques, trémoins matériels du passé clans les pays sereer"', Dakar, 1993., CNRS – ORS TO M
- ISBN 9987-16-023-9
- ^ Mwakikagile, Godfrey, "Ethnic Diversity and Integration in the Gambia", p225
- ^ Mwakikagile, Godfrey, "Ethnic Diversity and Integration in the Gambia", p 224
- ISBN 978-0-8047-0621-6p.8
- ^ a b Sarr, Alioune, Histoire du Sine-Saloum (Sénégal) Introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker. 1986-87, p 19
- ^ For Maysa Wali's reign, see : Sarr, Alioune, "Histoire du Sine-Saloum" (Sénégal), (introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker), in Bulletin de l'IFAN, tome 46, série B, nos 3–4, 1986–1987. p 19. See also : (in French) Éthiopiques, Volume 2, pp 100–101, Grande imprimerie africaine (1984)
- ^ Babacar Sédikh Diouf). "La question Gelwaar et l’histoire du Siin", Dakar, Université de Dakar, 1987, 69 p.
- ^ a b Sarr, Alioune, "Histoire du Sine-Saloum" (Sénégal), (introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker), in Bulletin de l'IFAN, tome 46, série B, nos 3-4, 1986–1987. p 19
- ^ Gravrand, Henry, "Le Gabou dans les traditions orales du Ngabou", Éthiopiques 28 special issue No, socialist journal of Black African culture (1981)
- ^ Sarr, Alioune, p 19
- ISBN 0-7286-0003-X
- ISBN 0-521-20413-5
- ISBN 978-0-7146-1737-4.
- ISBN 978-0-521-53452-9.
- ISBN 978-0-8264-9515-0. Archived from the original on 29 September 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2020.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link - ^ Anyidoho, Kofi, "Cross rhythms", Volume 1, "Occasional papers in African folklore", p 118, Trickster Press (1983)
- ISBN 9780823919871 [2]
- ISBN 978-0-521-20981-6.
- ^ Hair, Paul Edward Hedley, "The Use of African Languages in Afro-European contacts in Guinea : 1440-1560", [in] "Sierra Leone Language Review", no. 5, 1966, p. 13 [3]
- ISBN 0-86078-626-9
- ^ Sarr, Alioune, "Histoire du Sine-Saloum", Introduction, bibliographie et Notes par Charles Becker, BIFAN, Tome 46, Serie B, n° 3-4, 1986–1987. pp 37-39
- ^ Diouf, Niokhobaye. "Chronique du royaume du Sine" Suivie de notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. (1972). Bulletin de l'Ifan, Tome 34, Série B, n° 4, (1972). (pp 727–729, pp 16–18)
- ^ Sarr, Alioune, "Histoire du Sine-Saloum " (Sénégal) Introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker. 1986-87, pp 37-39
- ^ Klein, pp 90-91 & 103
- ^ Diouf, Niokhobaye, pp 728–29
- ^ ISBN 0-520-06611-1
- ISBN 978-0313279188.
- ^ Thiaw, Issa Laye, "La Religiosité des Sereer, Avant et Pendant Leur Islamisation", Éthiopiques, No: 54, Revue Semestrielle de Culture Négro-Africaine. Nouvelle Série, Volume 7, 2e Semestre 1991.
- ^ a b Thiam, Iba Der, "Maba Diakhou Ba Almamy du Rip" (Sénégal), Paris, ABC, Dakar-Abidjan, NEA, 1977, p44
- ^ a b Klein, p 7
- ^ Thiaw, Issa Laye, "La Religiosité des Sereer, Avant et Pendant Leur Islamisation", Éthiopiques, No: 54, Revue Semestrielle de Culture Négro-Africaine, Nouvelle Série, Volume 7, 2e Semestre 1991
- ^ Galvan, "The state must be our master of fire:", pp 41, 44, 65, 260 & 305
- ^ Blanchet, Gilles "Élites et changements en Afrique et au Sénégal", ORSTOM (1983) pp 182–185
- ISBN 90-8728-056-4
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