Sergio Osmeña

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about former President of the Philippines. For the municipality, see
Sergio Osmeña III
.
In this Philippine name for natural children, there is no middle name nor paternal family name, but the surname or maternal family name is Osmeña.

Juan F. Climaco
Succeeded byDionisio A. Jakosalem
Personal details
Born
Sergio Serencio Osmeña

(1878-09-09)September 9, 1878
Cebu, Cebu, Captaincy General of the Philippines
DiedOctober 19, 1961(1961-10-19) (aged 83)
Quezon City, Philippines
Resting placeManila North Cemetery, Santa Cruz, Manila, Philippines
Political partyNacionalista (1907–1961)
Spouses
Estefania Chiong Veloso
​
​
(m. 1901; died 1918)​
​
(m. 1920)​
Children13 (including
Philippines Campaign (1944–1945)

Sergio Osmeña Sr.

Visayan
to become president.

Prior to his accession in 1944, Osmeña served as governor of

speaker of the Philippine House of Representatives from 1907 to 1922, and senator from the 10th senatorial district for thirteen years, in which capacity he served as Senate president pro tempore. In 1935, he was nominated to be the running-mate of Senate President Manuel L. Quezon for the presidential election that year. The duo were overwhelmingly re-elected in 1941
.

He was the patriarch of the prominent Osmeña family, which includes his son, former Senator

Sergio Osmeña III and John Henry Osmeña, ex-governor Lito Osmeña, and former Cebu City mayor Tomas Osmeña
.

Early life and education

Osmeña was born on September 9, 1878, in the then-

illegitimate. As a result, he took on his mother's surname.[4][5]

Osmeña was secretive of his parentage. He would frequent Sanson's farm in Borbon, suggesting he was aware of the identity of his real father.[6]

The Osmeña family, a rich and prominent clan of Chinese Filipino heritage with vast business interests in Cebu, warmed to him as he established himself as a prominent figure in local society.[7]

Osmeña received his elementary education at the

San Juan de Letran College where he first met Manuel L. Quezon, a classmate of his, as well as Juan Sumulong and Emilio Jacinto. He took up law at the University of Santo Tomas and placed second in the 1903 bar examination. He served on the war staff of General Emilio Aguinaldo
as a courier and journalist. In 1900, he founded the Cebu newspaper El Nuevo Día (English: 'The New Day') which lasted for three years.

Public service in Cebu

When

Cebu
Governor Juan Climaco was sent as a member of the Board of Commissioners of the St. Louis Purchase Expedition, Osmeña was appointed acting governor. When Climaco returned, he was appointed as provincial fiscal. His stint there elevated him in politics when he was elected governor of Cebu in 1906.

Congressional career

Osmeña (seated, left) and Manuel L. Quezon (seated, right) during their early years
Osmeña as Speaker of the Philippine Assembly

House of Representatives

While governor, he successfully ran for a seat in the first

Partido Federalista of Manila-based politicians. During his speakership, members of the assembly sought to initiate policies that constantly clashed with the opinions of American superiors in the Philippine Commission
that ultimately did not pass. Three important bills from the assembly were rejected by the Philippine Commission.

  1. the repeal of the sedition law which imposed penalties on any Filipino who advocated independence;
  2. the repeal of the flag law which banned display of the Filipino flag;
  3. the grant of more powers to the local governments.

The Americans' authority did not stop the assembly under him from initiating transformative legislation that would come to pass. These included the creation of a Council of State and a Board of Control that enabled the Philippine legislature to share some of the executive powers of the American governor-general.

Quezon-Osmeña alliance

Osmeña was friends and classmates with

Senate president
and Osmeña remained speaker.

Senate

In 1922, Osmeña was elected to the Senate representing the 10th senatorial district. He went to the United States as part of the OsRox Mission in 1933, to secure passage of the Hare–Hawes–Cutting Independence Bill, which was superseded by the Tydings–McDuffie Act in March 1934.

Vice-presidency (1935–1944)

Osmeña as vice president of the Philippines

In 1924, Quezon and Osmeña reconciled and joined forces in the Partido Nacionalista Consolidado against the threat of an emerging opposition from the Democrata Party. The reunited Nacionalista Party dominated the political scene until the second break-up when the members polarized into Pros and Antis in 1934. Quezon and Osmeña again reconciled for the 1935 presidential election. In 1935. Quezon and Osmeña won the Philippine's first national presidential election under the banner of the Nacionalista Party. Quezon obtained nearly 68% of the vote against his two main rivals, former President Emilio Aguinaldo and Bishop Gregorio Aglipay. [citation needed]

They were inaugurated on November 15, 1935. Quezon had originally been barred by the Philippine constitution from seeking re-election. However, in 1940, constitutional amendments were ratified allowing him to seek re-election for a fresh term ending in 1943. In the 1941 presidential elections, Quezon was re-elected over former Senator Juan Sumulong with nearly 82% of the vote. Re-elected in 1941, Osmeña remained vice president during the Japanese occupation when the government was in exile. As vice-president, Osmeña concurrently served as secretary of public instruction from 1935 to 1940, and again from 1941 to 1944.

The outbreak of World War II and the Japanese invasion resulted in periodic and drastic changes to the government structure. Executive Order 390, December 22, 1941, abolished the Department of the Interior and established a new line of succession. Executive Order 396, December 24, 1941, further reorganized and grouped the cabinet, with the functions of secretary of justice assigned to the chief justice of the Supreme Court.

Quezon-Osmeña impasse

By 1943, the Philippine government-in-exile was faced with a serious crisis.

Homer Cummings, who upheld Osmeña's view as more in keeping the law. Quezon, however, remained adamant. He accordingly sought U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt's decision. The latter chose to remain aloof from the controversy, suggesting instead that the Philippine officials themselves solve the impasse. A cabinet meeting was then convened by Quezon. Aside from Quezon and Osmeña, others present in this momentous meeting were Resident Commissioner Joaquin Elizalde, Brig. Gen. Carlos P. Romulo
, and Cabinet Secretaries Andres Soriano and Jaime Hernandez. Following a spirited discussion, the Cabinet adopted Elizalde's opinion favoring the decision and Quezon announced his plan to retire in California.

After the meeting, however, Osmeña approached Quezon and broached his plan to ask the

U.S. Congress to suspend the constitutional provisions for presidential succession until after the Philippines should have been liberated. This legal way out was agreeable to Quezon and the members of his Cabinet. Proper steps were taken to carry out the proposal. Sponsored by Senator Tydings and Congressman Bell, the pertinent Joint Resolution No. 95 was unanimously approved by the Senate on a voice vote and passed the House of Representatives
by a vote of 181 to 107 on November 12, 1943.

Presidency (1944–1946)

Presidential styles of
Sergio Osmeña
His Excellency
Spoken styleYour Excellency
Alternative styleMr. President

Osmeña became president of the Commonwealth on Quezon's death in 1944. He was sworn in by Associate Justice Robert Jackson in Washington, D.C. He returned to the Philippines the same year with

General Douglas MacArthur and the liberation forces. After the war, Osmeña restored the Commonwealth government and the various executive departments. He continued the fight for Philippine independence. For the presidential election of 1946, Osmeña refused to campaign, saying that the Filipino people knew of his record of 40 years of honest and faithful service. He lost to Manuel Roxas, who won 54% of the vote and became president of the independent Republic of the Philippines. [citation needed
]

Vice President Osmeña taking the oath of office to become the fourth president of the Philippines and the second president of the Philippine Commonwealth after the passing of Manuel L. Quezon
President Osmeña (seated, center) with members of his cabinet, circa 1944

Administration and cabinet

Main article: List of cabinets of the Philippines § Sergio Osmeña (1944–1946)

Liberation

Off Leyte, October 1944 Left to right: Lieutenant General George Kenney, Lieutenant General Richard K. Sutherland, President Sergio Osmeña, General Douglas MacArthur.
President Sergio Osmeña together with General Douglas MacArthur during the historic landing at Leyte in 1944.

Osmeña accompanied U.S. General Douglas MacArthur during the landing of U.S. forces in Leyte on October 20, 1944, starting

the liberation of the Philippines
during the Second World War. Upon establishing the beachhead, MacArthur immediately transferred authority to Osmeña, the successor of Manuel Quezon, as Philippine Commonwealth president.

Domestic policies

Restoration of the Commonwealth

With

General of the Army, Douglas MacArthur, on behalf of the United States, turned over the reins of government of the Philippines to Commonwealth president Sergio Osmeña, on February 27, 1945, amidst brief, but impressive, ceremonies held at the Malacañang Palace. Osmeña, after thanking the United States through General MacArthur, announced the restoration of the Government of the Commonwealth of the Philippines and worked out the salvation of the Philippines from the ravages of war.[8]

Government reorganization

Osmeña proceeded with the immediate reorganization of the government and its diverse dependencies. On April 8, 1945, he formed his Cabinet, administering the oath of office to its component members. Later, Osmeña received the Council of State to help him solve the major problems confronting the nation. Government offices and bureaus were gradually reestablished. A number of new ones were created to meet needs then current. Also restored were the

associate justices – in order to attend to the new responsibilities. Slowly but steadily, as the liberating forces freed the other portions of the country, provincial and municipal governments were established by the Commonwealth to take over from the military authorities.[8]

Rehabilitation of the Philippine National Bank

Following the restoration of the Commonwealth government, Congress was reorganized. Manuel Roxas and Elpidio Quirino were elected as Senate president and Senate president pro tempore, respectively. In the House of Representatives, Jose Zulueta of Iloilo was elected as speaker and Prospero Sanidad as Speaker pro tempore. The opening session of the Congress was personally addressed by Osmeña, who reported on the Commonwealth government-in-exile and proposed vital pieces of legislation.[8]

The first Commonwealth Congress earnestly took up the various pending assignments to solve the pressing matters affecting the Philippines, especially in regard to relief, rehabilitation, and reconstruction. The first bill enacted was Commonwealth Act No. 672 – rehabilitating the Philippine National Bank.[8]

People's court

Yielding to American pressure, on September 25, 1945, the Congress enacted Commonwealth Act No. 682 creating the People's Court and the Office of Special Prosecutors to deal with the pending cases of "collaboration".[8]

Foreign policies

United Nations Charter

Osmeña sent the Philippine delegation, which was headed by Carlos P. Romulo, to the San Francisco gathering for the promulgation of the Charter of the United Nations on June 26, 1945. Other members of the delegation were Maximo Kalaw, Carlos P. Garcia, Pedro Lopez, Francisco Delegado, Urbano Zafra, Alejandro Melchor, and Vicente Sinco. The 28th signatory nation of the United Nations, the Philippines was one of the fifty-one nations that drafted the UN Charter. Once approved by Philippine delegation, the UN Charter was ratified by the Congress of the Philippines and deposited with the U.S. State Department on October 11, 1945.[8]

Foreign Relations Office

To prepare for the forthcoming independent status of the Philippines, Osmeña created the Office of Foreign Relations.

Saigon and Singapore.[8]

International banking

On December 5, 1945, Osmeña appointed Resident Commissioner Carlos P. Romulo as his representative to accept Philippine membership in the International Monetary Fund and in the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, which bodies had been conceived in the Bretton Woods Agreement, in which the Philippine had also taken part. Romulo signed said membership on December 27, 1945, on behalf of the Philippines.[8]

Bell Trade Act

On April 30, 1946, the

Bell Act, which as early as January 20 had been reported to the Ways and Means Committee of the lower house, having been already passed by the Senate. Osmeña and Resident Commissioner Romulo had urged the passage of this bill, with United States High Commissioner, Paul V. McNutt
, exerting similar pressure.

The Act gave the Philippines eight years of free trade with the United States, then twenty years during which tariffs would be upped gradually until they were in line with the rest of the American tariff policy. The law also fixed some quotas for certain products: sugar – 850,000 long tons (860,000 t); cordage – 6,000,000 pounds (2,700,000 kg); coconut oil – 200,000 long tons (200,000 t); cigars – 200,000,000 pounds (91,000,000 kg). This aid was coupled with that to be obtained from the recently passed Tydings Damage bill, which provided some nine hundred million dollars for payment of war damages, of which one million was earmarked to compensate for church losses. The sum of two hundred and forty million dollars was to be periodically allocated by the United States president as good will. Also, sixty million pieces of surplus property were transferred to the Philippines government.[8]

1946 presidential election

Main article: 1946 Philippine presidential election

Soon after the reconstitution of the Commonwealth government in 1945, Senators Manuel Roxas, Elpidio Quirino and their allies called for an early national election to choose the president and vice president of the Philippines and members of the Congress. In December 1945, the House Insular Affairs of the United States Congress approved the joint resolution setting the date of the election on no later than April 30, 1946.

Prompted by this congressional action, Osmeña called the Philippine Congress to a three-day special session. Congress enacted Commonwealth Act No. 725, setting the date of the election on April 23, 1946. The act was signed by Osmeña on January 5, 1946.

Three parties presented their respective candidates for the different national elective positions. These were the Nacionalista Party – Conservative (Osmeña) wing, the Liberal wing of the Nacionalista Party and the Partido Modernista. The Nacionalistas had Osmeña and Senator Eulogio Rodriguez as their candidates for president and vice president, respectively. The Modernistas chose Hilario Camino Moncado and Luis Salvador for the same positions. The standard bearers of the Liberals were Senators Manuel Roxas and Elpidio Quirino. On January 3, 1946, Osmeña announced his re-election bid. On January 22, 1946, Eulogio Rodriguez was nominated as Osmeña's running mate for vice president, in a convention held at Ciro's Club in Manila. According to the Manila Chronicle:

The convention opened at 10:15 a.m. when the acting secretary of the party, Vicente Farmoso, called the confab to order. Congressman José C. Romero [sic], who delivered the keynote speech accused Senate President Manuel Roxas and his followers "of fanning the flames of discontent among the people, of capitalizing on the people's hardship, and of minimizing the accomplishment of the [Osmeña] Administration. These men with the Messiah complex have been the bane of the country and of the world. This is the mentality that produces Hitlers and the Mussolinis, and their desire to climb to power. they even want to destroy the party which placed them where they are today."

Senator Carlos P. Garcia, who delivered the nomination speech for President Sergio Osmeña, made a long recital of Osmeña's achievements, his virtues as public official and as private citizen.

A statue of Osmeña in front of the Osmeña Museum in Cebu City.

Entering the convention hall at about 7:30 p.m., President Osmeña, accompanied by the committee on notification, was greeted with rounds of cheer and applause as he ascended the platform. President Osmeña delivered his speech which was a general outline of his future plans once elected. He emphasized that as far as his party is concerned, independence is a close issue. It is definitely coming on 4 July 1946[9]

On January 19, 1946, Senator Roxas announced his candidacy for president in a convention held in Santa Ana Cabaret in Makati, Rizal. According to the Manila Chronicle:

...more than three thousand (by conservative estimate there were only 1,000 plus) delegates, party members and hero worshipers jammed into suburban, well known Santa Ana Cabaret (biggest in the world) to acclaim ex-katipunero and Bagong Katipunan organizer Manuel Acuña Roxas as the guidon bearer of the Nacionalista Party's Liberal Wing. The delegates, who came from all over the Islands, met in formal convention from 10:50 am and did not break up till about 5:30 pm.

They elected 1.

Mariano J. Cuenco, professional Osmeñaphobe, as temporary chairman; 2. José Avelino and ex-pharmacist Antonio Zacarias permanent chairman and secretary, respectively; 3. nominated forty-four candidates for senators; 4. heard the generalissimo himself deliver an oratorical masterpiece consisting of 50 per cent attacks against the (Osmeña) Administration, 50 per cent promises, pledges. Rabid Roxasites greeted the Roxas acceptance speech with hysterical applause.[10]

A split developed among the members of the Nacionalista Party over issues.[citation needed] Osmeña tried to prevent the split in the Nacionalista Party by offering Senator Roxas the position of Philippine Regent Commissioner to the United States but Roxas turned down the offer. A new political organization was born, the Liberal wing of the Nacionalista Party, which would later become the Liberal Party of the Philippines.

The election was generally peaceful except in some places, especially in the province of

Electoral Tribunal of the House of Representatives in Meliton Soliman vs. Luis Taruc, "Pampanga was under the terroristic clutches and control of the Hukbalahaps. So terrorized were the people of Arayat, at one time, 200 persons abandoned their homes, their work, and their food, all their belongings in a mass evacuation to the poblacion due to fear and terror." [citation needed
]

A total of 2,218,847 voters went to the polls to elect a president and vice president. who were to be the Commonwealth's last and the Republic's first. Four days after election day, the Liberal Party candidates were proclaimed victors. Roxas registered an overwhelming majority of votes in 34 provinces and nine cities:

Sulu, Surigao, Tayabas, Zambales, Manila, Quezon City, Bacolod (Negros Occidental), Iloilo City (Iloilo), Baguio (Mountain Province), Zamboanga City (Zamboanga), Tagaytay (Cavite), Cavite City (Cavite) and San Pablo
(Laguna).

The Liberal Party won nine out of 16 contested seats in the Philippine Senate and in the House of Representatives, the Liberals won a majority with 50 seats while the Nacionalistas and the Democratic Alliance winning 33 and six seats, respectively.[citation needed]

Post-presidency and death (1946–1961)

Tomb of Sergio Osmeña

After his electoral defeat, Osmeña retired to his home in Cebu City. He died of pulmonary edema at age 83 on October 19, 1961, at the Veterans Memorial Medical Center in Quezon City. President Carlos P. Garcia declared October 20 to November 3 as "period of national mourning," wherein all flags in the country are flown at half-mast as a sign of mourning.[11]

Osmeña was accorded a

lay in state at Malate Church in Manila before being transferred to Malacañang. On October 22, these were transported to Cebu City to lie in state at the Cebu Metropolitan Cathedral and, on the next day, at the Cebu Provincial Capitol. These were then returned to Manila to lie in state at Malacañang once again from October 24 to 25, followed by a necrological service for Osmeña at the Legislative Building until October 26. His remains were buried at Manila North Cemetery at noon of October 26.[12][13][14][15][16]

2023 paternity test

For almost a century, the father of Sergio Osmeña had not been certain. Historical records has suggested that either Chinese immigrant and businessman Pedro Lee Gotiaoco or another businessman Antonio Sanson could have been the former president's father. In 2023, Osmeña's descendants Maria Lourdes Bernardo and Annabelle Osmeña-Aboitiz launched a paternity project to determine the father of their ancestor.

Y-DNA testing was conducted and in June 2023, Sanson was determined to be Sergio Osmeña's biological father.[17]

Personal life

President Osmeña and his family strolling in the Malacañang Palace gardens in 1945.

Family

  • On April 10, 1901, he married Estefania Chiong Veloso,[18] and the couple had ten children: Nicasio, Vicenta, Edilberto, Milagros, Emilio, Maria Paloma, Jesus, Teodoro, José, and Sergio Jr.
  • In January 1920, two years after the death of his first wife, Osmeña married Esperanza Limjap. They had three children, namely, Ramón, Rosalina and Victor.

Descendants

Several of Osmeña's descendants became prominent political figures in their own right:

Notes

  1. ^ Until 1945, Laurel served as President of the Second Philippine Republic, while Osmeña served as the president of the government in exile.
  2. ^ as Secretary of Public Instruction, Health, and Public Welfare
  3. ^ as Secretary of Public Instruction
  4. ^ as Secretary of Justice, Labor and Welfare
  5. ^ as Secretary of Health and Public Welfare
  6. ^ as Secretary of Public Instruction and Information
  7. ^ The position was last held by Americans, including Fred Atkinson, the first General Superintendent.

References

  1. ^ "Who are the Sansons of Cebu?". Lifestyle.INQ. March 8, 2014. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
  2. ^ Mayol, Ador Vincent (June 5, 2023). "DNA test reveals ex-President Sergio Osmeña's father". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved June 6, 2023.
  3. ^ Seares, Pachico A. (June 6, 2023). "How old was Juana Osmeña when she gave birth to Sergio Osmeña Sr.: 14, 16 or 20? Other takeaways from 'Big Reveal': father of Cebu's Grand Old man was Antonio Sanson who, Tomas Osmeña says, could've been convicted of statutory rape. Juana 'must have inspired' single moms". SunStar Cebu. Retrieved June 6, 2023.
  4. ^ "Who is late president Sergio Osmeña's real father?". Rappler. June 4, 2023. Retrieved June 5, 2023.
  5. ^ "DNA Test Reveals President Sergio Osmena's Real Father Was Antonio Sanson, Not Pedro Gotiaoco". Archived from the original on June 2, 2023. Retrieved June 2, 2023.
  6. ^ "Who is late president Sergio Osmeña's real father? DNA test cracks the mystery after many years". GMA News. June 4, 2023. Retrieved June 5, 2023.
  7. The Philippine STAR. September 26, 2019. Archived
    from the original on February 2, 2023. Retrieved February 2, 2023.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Molina, Antonio. The Philippines: Through the centuries. Manila: University of Santo Tomas Cooperative, 1961
  9. ^ Celso G. Cabrera. "Rodriguez is Nominated as Osmeña's Running-Mate", Manila Chronicle, 22 January 1946, pg. 2
  10. ^ "Conventions Climax Hectic Week", Manila Chronicle: "This Week", 27 January 1946, pg. 3
  11. ^ Presidential Proclamation No. 799, s. 1961 (October 19, 1961), Declaring a Period of National Mourning Over the Death of Former President Sergio Osmeña, Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines, retrieved October 3, 2023
  12. ^ Garcia, Carlos P. (October 26, 1961). Funeral Oration of President Garcia at the Necrological Service for Ex-President Sergio Osmeña (Speech). Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved October 3, 2023.
  13. ^ "Sergio Osmeña's tomb". Southeast Asia Digital Library. Board of Trustees of Northern Illinois University. Archived from the original on June 27, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
  14. ^ "Sergio Osmena Sr.'s Death Certificate". FamilySearch. Archived from the original on June 10, 2016. Retrieved January 29, 2015.
  15. ^ "Official Week in Review: October 22 – October 28, 1961". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. October 30, 1961. Retrieved October 3, 2023.
  16. ^ "Full text of "Sergio Osmeña's Funeral Program"". Archive.org. February 12, 1961. Retrieved October 3, 2023.
  17. ^ Martinez, Ralph (June 3, 2023). "Paternity project reveals Don Sergio Osmeña's biological father". Sunstar. Retrieved June 5, 2023.
  18. ^ "Estefania Chiong Veloso". Southeast Asia Digital Library. Board of Trustees of Northern Illinois University. Archived from the original on June 27, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
  19. ^ "Jingjing Osmeña dies at 68". Sun Star PH. June 16, 2010. Retrieved February 11, 2024.
  20. ^ "Former VM Osmeña passes away". Philippine Star. the Philippine Star. Archived from the original on February 17, 2023. Retrieved February 17, 2023.

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