Serology

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Serological survey
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Serology is the scientific study of serum and other body fluids. In practice, the term usually refers to the diagnostic identification of antibodies in the serum.[1] Such antibodies are typically formed in response to an infection (against a given microorganism),[2] against other foreign proteins (in response, for example, to a mismatched blood transfusion), or to one's own proteins (in instances of autoimmune disease). In either case, the procedure is simple.[citation needed]

Serological tests

Serological tests are diagnostic methods that are used to identify antibodies and

complement-fixation, and fluorescent antibodies and more recently chemiluminescence.[5]

Applications

Microbiology

IgG and IgM rapid diagnostic test for COVID-19

In

culture by routine laboratory methods, like Treponema pallidum (the causative agent of syphilis), or viruses.[7]

The presence of antibodies against a pathogen in a person's blood indicates that they have been exposed to that pathogen. Most serologic tests measure one of two types of antibodies: immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG). IgM is produced in high quantities shortly after a person is exposed to the pathogen, and production declines quickly thereafter. IgG is also produced on the first exposure, but not as quickly as IgM. On subsequent exposures, the antibodies produced are primarily IgG, and they remain in circulation for a prolonged period of time.[6]

This affects the interpretation of serology results: a positive result for IgM suggests that a person is currently or recently infected, while a positive result for IgG and negative result for IgM suggests that the person may have been infected or immunized in the past. Antibody testing for infectious diseases is often done in two phases: during the initial illness (acute phase) and after recovery (convalescent phase). The amount of antibody in each specimen (

antimicrobial drugs early in the course of the infection.[7]

Transfusion medicine

O positive blood type: the patient's red cells are agglutinated by Anti-D (anti-Rh factor) antisera, but not by anti-A and anti-B antisera. The patient's plasma agglutinates type A and B red cells.

antisera. When the antibodies bind to red blood cells that express the corresponding antigen, they cause red blood cells to clump together (agglutinate), which can be identified visually. The person's blood group antibodies can also be identified by adding plasma to cells that express the corresponding antigen and observing the agglutination reactions.[9][6]

Other serologic methods used in

transfusion reactions.[10] The indirect antiglobulin test is used to screen for antibodies that could cause transfusion reactions and identify certain blood group antigens.[11]

Interpretation of antibody panel used in serology to detect patient antibodies towards the most relevant human blood group systems.
Further information: Blood compatibility testing

Immunology

Serologic tests can help to diagnose autoimmune disorders by identifying abnormal antibodies directed against a person's own tissues (

autoantibodies).[12] All people have different immunology graphs.[citation needed
]

Serological surveys

A 2016 research paper by Metcalf et al., amongst whom were

infectious diseases."[13]

In a helpful reply entitled "Opportunities and challenges of a World Serum Bank", de Lusignan and Correa observed

ethical and logistical challenges that need to be overcome are the methods of obtaining specimens, how informed consent is acquired in busy practices, and the filling in of gaps in patient sampling
.

In another helpful reply on the World Serum Bank, the Australian researcher Karen Coates declared that:[15]

Improved serological surveillance would allow

insect control
measures.

In April 2020, Justin Trudeau formed the COVID-19 Immunity Task Force, whose mandate is to carry out a serological survey in a scheme hatched in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic.[16][17]

See also

References

  1. ^
    ISBN 978-0-8385-8529-0
    .
  2. ISBN 978-0-9631172-1-2
    .
  3. ^ Gardner, Ross M. (2011). Practical crime scene processing and investigation (Second ed.). CRC Press.
  4. ^ "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)". British Society for Immunology.
  5. S2CID 68212270
    , retrieved 2021-06-13
  6. ^
    ISBN 978-0-323-37061-5
    .
  7. ^
    ISBN 978-1-119-06674-3
    .
  8. ISBN 978-0-323-48212-7
    .
  9. ^
    ISBN 978-0-8036-9462-0
    .
  10. American Association for Clinical Chemistry (24 December 2019). "Direct Antiglobulin Test"
    . Lab Tests Online. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  11. ISBN 978-1-4557-2684-4
    .
  12. American Association for Clinical Chemistry (13 November 2019). "Autoantibodies"
    . Lab Tests Online. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  13. PMID 27059886
    .
  14. S2CID 42914918
    .
  15. PMID 28118912
    .
  16. ^ "WHO set pandemic response back by 2-3 weeks, says doctor on new federal task force". CBC. 23 April 2020.
  17. ^ "Prime Minister announces new support for COVID-19 medical research and vaccine development". Justin Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada. 23 April 2020.

External links

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