Seung-Hui Cho
Seung-Hui Cho | |
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Glock 19 |
Seung-Hui Cho | |
Hangul | 조승희 |
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Hanja | |
Revised Romanization | Jo Seunghui |
McCune–Reischauer | Cho Sŭnghŭi |
/ˌtʃoʊ sʌŋhiː/ Korean pronunciation: [tɕo sɯŋhi] ⓘ |
Part of a series of articles on the |
Virginia Tech shooting |
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Location |
Virginia Tech (Blacksburg, Virginia) |
Perpetrator |
Seung-Hui Cho |
Victims |
Related |
Seung-Hui Cho (
Born in South Korea, Cho was eight years old when he immigrated to the United States with his family. He became a U.S. permanent resident as a South Korean national.[13][14][15] At the time of the shooting, Cho had the legal status of resident alien.[11][16] In middle school, he was diagnosed with a severe anxiety disorder with selective mutism, as well as major depressive disorder.[17] After his diagnosis, he began receiving treatment and continued to receive therapy and special education support until his junior year of high school. Cho was bullied throughout high school. During Cho's last two years at Virginia Tech, several instances of his abnormal behavior, as well as plays and other writings he submitted containing references to violence, caused concern among teachers and classmates.
In the aftermath of the shootings, Virginia Governor Tim Kaine convened a panel consisting of various officials and experts to investigate and examine the response and handling of issues related to the shootings. The panel released its final report in August 2007, devoting more than 20 pages to detailing Cho's troubled history. In the report, the panel criticized the failure of the educators and mental health professionals who came into contact with Cho during his college years to notice his deteriorating condition and help him. The panel also criticized misinterpretations of privacy laws and gaps in Virginia's mental health system and gun laws. In addition, the panel faulted Virginia Tech administrators in particular for failing to take immediate action after the first two deaths of Emily J. Hilscher and Ryan C. "Stack" Clark. Nevertheless, the report did acknowledge that Cho must still be held primarily responsible for the killing, despite his "emotional and psychological disabilities [having] undoubtedly clouded his own situation".[18]
Early life and education
Cho was born on January 18, 1984, in the city of
Family concerns about Cho's behavior during childhood
Some members of Cho's family who had remained in South Korea had concerns about his behavior during his early childhood. Cho's relatives thought that he was
Behavior in school
Primary school
Cho attended the
Middle and high school
Cho attended two
During Cho's ninth-grade year in 1999, the Columbine High School massacre made international news. Cho was reportedly transfixed by the news and idolized Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold. Cho wrote in a school assignment about wanting to "repeat Columbine". The school contacted Cho's sister, who reported the incident to their parents. Cho was sent to a psychiatrist.[31][39]
Cho graduated from Westfield High School in 2003.[11][40]
Selective mutism diagnosis, possible autism
Cho was diagnosed with selective mutism.
According to two of Cho's family members and one family friend, the Cho family had been told that Cho's mutism was due to
To address his problems, Cho's parents also took him to church. According to a pastor at the Centreville Korean Presbyterian Church, Cho was a smart student who understood the Bible, but the pastor added that he had never heard Cho say a complete sentence. The pastor also recalled telling Cho's mother that he speculated Cho was autistic.[47]
Cho at Virginia Tech
Basic information
In his freshman year at Virginia Tech in 2003, Cho enrolled as an undergraduate major in business information technology.[48][18] By his senior year, Cho was majoring in English, intending to become a writer.[18] At the time of the attacks, Cho lived with five roommates in a three-bedroom suite in Harper Hall.[48][49][50][51]
Relationship with school officials
Nikki Giovanni says she taught Cho in a poetry class in the fall of 2005; she says she had him removed from her class because she found his behavior "menacing." She recalled that Cho had a "mean streak" and described his writing as "intimidating."[52] Giovanni reports that Cho wore sunglasses in class and that when she tried to get him to participate in class discussion, Cho remained silent.[53] In Giovanni's class, Cho had intimidated female classmates by photographing their legs under their desks and by writing violent and obscene poetry.[54] In the fall of 2005, Giovanni told the then-department head Lucinda Roy she "was willing to resign before [she] was going to continue with [Cho]." After this, Roy removed Cho from the class.[55][52]
Roy says that since she found Cho's writings to be very disturbing, she asked for help from the police and the university administration; however, Roy states that the police had "difficulty" since Cho did not make any explicit threat. After Giovanni was informed of the massacre, she remarked that she "knew when it happened that that's probably who it was", and "would have been shocked if it wasn't."
Other professors were familiar with Cho's disturbing demeanor and recommended that Cho seek counseling. Some professors were not aware until informed by others that Cho had mental health problems and had been reported to the police, afterward speculating that "the information was not accessible" or was "privileged and could not be released."[59]
Relationship with students
It is reported that in his first year at Virginia Tech, Cho tried to fit in, but had become very isolated in his last year.[48] During one party, he sat in the corner and repeatedly stabbed the carpet in a girl's room while his roommates were present.[18][60] Fellow students described Cho as a "quiet" person who "would not respond if someone greeted him." Student Julie Poole recalled that on the first day of a literature class the previous year, the professor found that Cho had written only a question mark instead of his name on a sign-in sheet, so "we just really knew him as the question mark kid."[61]
Karan Grewal and Joseph Aust, who shared a dormitory suite with Cho, reported that Cho was reclusive and they mutually avoided interacting with him.[48] Both roommates claim Cho had an imaginary girlfriend named "Jelly." Aust notes that during "the last couple weeks" he noticed that Cho's sleep schedule became unusual.[58] Andy Koch and John Eide, who once shared a room with Cho at Cochrane Hall during 2005 and 2006,[62][63][64] state that they were aware of the imaginary girlfriend as well.[65] Koch claimed that Cho, under the influence of alcohol at a party, described "Jelly" as a supermodel living in space.[65]
Koch described other incidents of disturbing behavior. Once, Cho stood in the doorway of his room late at night taking photographs of Koch. Cho repeatedly placed harassing cell phone calls to Koch as "Cho's brother, 'Question Mark'," a name Cho also used when introducing himself to girls. Koch and Eide searched Cho's belongings and found a pocket knife, but they did not find any items that they deemed threatening.[63] Koch also described a telephone call that he received from Cho during the Thanksgiving holiday break from school, during which Cho claimed to be "vacationing with Vladimir Putin" in North Carolina.[65] Koch and Eide, who had earlier tried to befriend him, gradually stopped talking to him and told their friends, especially female classmates, not to visit their room.[66] On one instance, Cho told his roommates he had frightened a girl when he went to her dorm to look her in the eyes; Cho remarked he only found "promiscuity" in her eyes.[62]
Incidents with female students
Koch and Eide stated that Cho had been involved in two incidents involving two different female students, which resulted in verbal warnings by the Virginia Tech campus police.[52][16][66] The two students felt Cho was stalking them, but did not press charges.[67] According to Koch, "Question Mark" was Cho's persona online to talk to girls. Koch stated that Cho used to call him on the phone using the alias Question Mark. Koch and Eide state that on at least two occasions, police came to their room to investigate a girl's complaint due to Cho's behavior online.[66] According to Koch, one of these visits, during which the police came at night to Cho and Koch's dorm and banged at the door, was due to Cho's harassment of a female student and talking about suicide online.[65]
The first such alleged incident occurred on November 27, 2005.[18] Cho had contacted through phone calls and in person (by making an unannounced visit to her room) with a female student who notified Virginia Tech Police Department. The police said there were no actual threats of violence in those messages, but were simply annoying.[68][69] Two uniformed members of the campus police visited Cho's room at the dormitory later that evening and warned him not to contact the student again; Cho complied.[62]
The second alleged incident came to light on December 13, 2005.
Later the same day, Cho sent an
Psychiatric evaluation
Court-ordered psychiatric assessment
On December 13, 2005, Cho was taken by police to the psychiatric hospital of New River Valley Community Services Board. There, Crouse, the physician who examined Cho the same day, declared Cho was found "mentally ill and in need of hospitalization." He noted that Cho had a
Virginia state law on mental health disqualifications to firearms purchases, however, is worded slightly differently from the federal statute. So the form that Virginia courts use to notify state police about a mental health disqualification addresses only the state criteria, which list two potential categories that would warrant notification to the state police: someone who was "
involuntarily committed" or ruled mentally "incapacitated".[75]
Because Cho was not involuntarily committed to a mental health facility as an inpatient, he was still legally eligible to buy guns under Virginia law.[75] However, according to Virginia law, "[a] magistrate has the authority to issue a detention order upon a finding that a person is mentally ill and in need of hospitalization or treatment." The magistrate also must find that the person is an imminent danger to himself or others.[57][76] Virginia officials and other law experts have argued that, under United States federal law, Barnett's order meant that Cho had been "adjudicated as a mental defective" and was thus ineligible to purchase firearms under federal law; and that the state of Virginia erred in not enforcing the requirements of the federal law.[75]
Family efforts
The Virginia Tech Review Panel report shed light on numerous efforts by Cho's family to secure help for him as early as adolescence.
Virginia Tech shooting
Around 7:15 a.m.
Within the next two and a half hours, Cho returned to his room to rearm himself; he mailed a package to
Trey Perkins, a student who saw Cho during the killing, reported that Cho was "just without even the slightest emotion on [his] face".[58]
Preparation
In his manifesto, Cho says he had postponed the attack several times.[82] Cho trained at a gun range up to 3 times before the shooting.[83][84]
Weapons used in the attack
During February and March 2007, Cho began purchasing the weapons that he later used during the killings. On February 9, Cho purchased his first handgun, a
Cho was able to pass both background checks and successfully complete both handgun purchases after he presented to the gun dealers his
On March 22, 2007, Cho purchased two 10-round magazines for the Walther P22 pistol through eBay from Elk Ridge Shooting Supplies in Idaho.[94] Based on a preliminary computer forensics examination of Cho's eBay purchase records, investigators suspected that Cho may have purchased an additional 10-round magazine on March 23, 2007, from another eBay seller who sold gun accessories.[95]
Cho also bought jacketed
Motive
During the investigation, the police found a note in Cho's room in which he criticized "rich kids", "debauchery" and "deceitful charlatans".[11] In the note, Cho continued by saying that "you caused me to do this."[11] Early media reports also speculated that he was obsessed with fellow student Emily Hilscher and became enraged after she rejected his romantic overtures.[100][101][102] Law enforcement investigators could not find evidence that Hilscher knew Cho.[103]
The Virginia Tech panel said that by sending the package to NBC, Cho "wanted his motivation to be known, though it comes across as largely incoherent, and it is unclear as to exactly why he felt such strong animosity."[18]
Aftermath
Crime investigation
Law enforcement investigators used ballistics tests to determine that Cho fired the Glock 19 pistol during the attacks at the West Ambler Johnston dormitory and at Norris Hall on the Virginia Tech campus.[104][105][106] Police investigators found that Cho fired more than 170 shots during the killing spree, evidenced by technicians finding at least 17 empty magazines at the scene.[107][108] During the investigation, federal law enforcement investigators found that the serial numbers were illegally filed off on both the Walther P22 and the Glock 19 handguns used by Cho during the rampage.[109] "Investigators also said that in mid-March, Cho practiced shooting at a firing range in Roanoke, about 40 miles from the campus."[98] According to a former Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agent and ABC consultant, "This was no spur-of-the-moment crime. He's been thinking about this for several months prior to the shooting."[85]
The FBI tracked Cho's
Review of Cho's medical records
During the investigation, the matter of Cho's court-ordered mental health treatment was also examined to determine its outcome. Virginia investigators learned after a review of Cho's medical records that he never complied with the order for the mandated mental health treatment as an outpatient. The investigators also found that neither the court nor New River Valley Community Services exercised oversight of his case to determine his compliance with the order. In response to questions about Cho's case, New River Valley Community Services maintained that its facility was never named in the court order as the provider for his mental health treatment, and its responsibility ended once he was discharged from its care after the court order. In addition, Christopher Flynn, director of the Cook Counseling Center at Virginia Tech, mentioned that the court did not notify his office that Cho was required to seek outpatient mental health treatment. Flynn added that, "When a court gives a mandatory order that someone get outpatient treatment, that order is to the individual, not an agency ... The one responsible for ensuring that the mentally ill person receives help in these sort of cases ... is the mentally ill person."[71]
As a result, Cho escaped compliance with the court order for mandatory mental health treatment as an outpatient, even though Virginia law required community services boards to "recommend a specific course of treatment and programs" for mental health patients and "monitor the person's compliance." As for the court, Virginia law also mandated that, if a person fails to comply with a court order to seek mental health treatment as an outpatient, that person can be brought back before the court "and if found still in crisis, can be committed to a psychiatric institution for up to 180 days." Cho was never summoned to court to explain why he had not complied with the December 14, 2005, order for mandatory mental health treatment as an outpatient.[71]
The investigation panel had sought Cho's medical records for several weeks, but due to privacy laws, Virginia Tech was prohibited from releasing them without permission from Cho's family, even after his death.
In August 2009, Virginia Tech released its medical records of Cho, along with those found in July 2009, to the public.[117][118]
Investigative panel report
In the aftermath of the killing spree, Virginia Governor
The panel's final report devoted more than 20 pages to detailing Cho's mental health history. The report criticized Virginia Tech educators, administrators and mental health staff in failing to "connect the dots" from numerous incidents that were warning signs of Cho's mental instability beginning in his junior year. The report concluded that the school's mental health systems "failed for lack of resources, incorrect interpretation of privacy laws, and passivity."[18] The report called Virginia's mental health laws "flawed" and its mental health services "inadequate". The report also confirmed that Cho was able to purchase two guns in violation of federal law because of Virginia's inadequate background check requirements.[18]
An addendum to the report was published in November 2009; an updated version of the addendum was published in December of the same year.[121]
The records of the panel were released in July 2017.[122]
Reaction of Cho's family
Cho's older sister prepared a statement on her family's behalf to apologize publicly for her brother's actions, in addition to lending prayers to the victims and the families of the wounded and killed victims.[123] "This is someone that I grew up with and loved. Now I feel like I didn't know this person," she said in the statement issued through a North Carolinian attorney. "We never could have envisioned that he was capable of so much violence."[123] Cho's grandfather stated, "My grandson Seung-Hui was very shy. I can't believe he did such a thing."[124]
In a 2008 article marking the anniversary of the massacre, The Washington Post did a follow-up on the family, reporting that they had gone into hiding for months following the massacre and, after eventually returning home, had "virtually cut themselves off from the world." Several windows in their home have been papered over and drawn blinds cover the rest. The only real outside contact they have maintained is with an FBI agent assigned to their care and their lawyer, refusing even to contact their own relatives in South Korea.[125]
Media package sent to NBC News
During the time period between the two shooting events on April 16, Cho visited a local post office near the Virginia Tech campus where he mailed a parcel with a DVD inside to the New York headquarters of NBC News, which contained video clips, photographs and a manifesto explaining the reasons for his actions.[127] The package was apparently intended to be received on April 17, but was delayed by one day because of an incorrect ZIP code and street address.[128][129][2]
"Ishmael"
The name of the sender on the package according to NBC News was "A. Ishmael" (or "Ismael" according to The New York Times[126]).[128] According to NBC News, the words "Ismail Ax" (or "Ismail-Ax" in red ink according to ABC News,[130] "Ismail Ax" in red ink according to The Times[16]) were scrawled on one of Cho's arms.[128] It was reported a few days after the package was received that "the Internet is abuzz with speculation about the meaning of the phrase 'Ismail Ax' on Cho's arm, 'A. Ishmael' on the package and 'axishmiel' on [a] file [contained in the package sent to NBC]".[131]
One hypothesis is that "Ismail Ax" represents
Another hypothesis for the name "Ismail-Ax" is that it could be a reference to Drum Hadley's poem "The Goat Ranchers" which talk about "Ishmael's Ax".[130][131] Other hypothesis are that "Ishmael", "Ishmael Ax" and "axishmiel" was a reference to Ishmael the narrator of Herman Melville's Moby-Dick, or to a set of books by Daniel Quinn that features a gorilla named Ishmael that examines humankind.[131] It has also been suggested Ismail Ax refers to Ishmael Bush, the hero of James Fenimore Cooper's novel The Prairie.[132]
It was also suggested "Ishmael", "Ishmael Ax" and "axishmiel" could refer to Ismail Ak, a professor of psychiatry at a Turkish university whose studies include psychiatry of anti-social and suicidal behavior. "Among the other suggestions were anagrams that referred to the
In his PDF mailed to NBC, Cho states: "Children of Ishmael,
Release of material
Upon receiving the package on April 18, 2007, NBC News contacted authorities and made the controversial decision to publicize Cho's communications by releasing a small fraction of what it received.[5][135][136][129] After pictures and images from the videos were broadcast in numerous news reports, students and faculty from Virginia Tech, along with relatives of victims of the campus shooting, expressed concerns that glorifying Cho's rampage could lead to copycat killings. The airing of the manifesto and its video images and pictures was upsetting to many who were more closely affected by the shootings: Peter Read, the father of Mary Read, one of the students who were killed by Cho during the rampage, asked the media to stop airing Cho's manifesto.[137]
Police officials, who reviewed the video, pictures and manifesto, concluded that the contents of the media package had marginal value in helping them learn and understand why Cho committed the killings.[138][139] Michael Welner, who also reviewed the materials, believed that Cho's rantings offer little insight into the mental illness that may have triggered his rampage.[140][141][142] Welner stated that "[t]hese videos do not help us understand Cho. They distort him. He was meek. He was quiet. This is a PR tape of him trying to turn himself into a Quentin Tarantino character."[141]
During the April 24, 2007, edition of The Oprah Winfrey Show, NBC News president Steve Capus stated NBC decided to air 2 minutes and 20 seconds of the 25 minutes of videos it received and just 37 sentences of the 23 pages of writings.[143]
Content
Cho's package contained what the NBC called a "multimedia manifesto": a
The PDF had been last modified on April 16 at 7:24 a.m., "minutes after he had shot and killed his first two victims, and nearly two hours before he went on his second rampage." The Microsoft Word files "were drafts of the two sections of the manifesto, which he had written earlier, one being last modified on April 13 at 3:45 p.m. and on April 15 at 8:22 a.m. The sole .avi file of him reading the manifesto, titled 'letter1' was recorded even earlier, at 9:40 a.m. on April 10, a full six days before the massacre." The 27 QuickTime videos together total 24 minutes and are "ranging in length from 16 seconds to six minutes". The titles of those other video clips "are varied and hard to match with their content: 'all of You,' 'am
In his manifesto, Cho mentioned the Columbine killers Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, and also makes references to hedonism and Christianity while expressing anger about unspecified wrongs that were done to him.[128]
In one of his videos, "[Cho] repeatedly suggests he was picked on or otherwise hurt", saying: "You have vandalised my heart, raped my soul and tortured my conscience. You thought it was one pathetic more life you were extinguishing. Thanks to you, I die like
One of Cho's roommates, Karan Grewall, stated the place where Cho's videos were taken "looks exactly like our common areas where we hang out every day. I can't be sure, but the walls look exactly like our suite."[128]
Writings
According to the Virginia Tech report, Cho "seemed to enjoy the idea of writing, especially poetry,"[18] and he attempted to get a book published while in college.[39][18] After the mass shooting, a former classmate of Cho provided AOL with two plays written by Cho. An AOL official said the authenticity of the plays was verified by AOL before they were posted online.[149][11] The plays included Richard McBeef[149][150] and Mr. Brownstone, both written in 2006.[149][151][152][153]
Approximately one year before the incident at Virginia Tech, Cho wrote a paper for an assignment in an "Intro to Short Fiction" class. In that paper, Cho wrote about a mass school murder that was planned by the protagonist of the story. In the story, the protagonist did not follow through with the killings. During the proceedings of the Virginia Tech panel, the panel was unaware of the existence of the paper written by Cho.[154][18][60]
Additionally, in March 2006 at Virginia Tech's 22nd Annual Research Symposium and Exposition, Cho submitted a poem titled "Spear me down, Heaven" to the Advanced Undergraduate category. The poem included violent lines including a "wish to annihilate my self" and "tear me to shrivels, eat me to help me".[155]
When information surfaced about the paper, the Virginia Tech panel learned at that time that only the Virginia State Police and Virginia Tech had copies of the unreleased paper in their possession. The Virginia State Police reported that, although it had a copy of the paper, Virginia law prevented them from releasing the paper to the panel because it was part of the investigative file in an ongoing investigation.[154] Virginia Tech, on the other hand, had known about the paper, and officials at the school discussed the contents of the paper among themselves in the aftermath of the shootings. According to Governor Kaine, "[Virginia Tech] was expected to turn over all of Cho's writings to the panel" during the proceedings of the Virginia Tech panel.[154] After some members of the Virginia Tech panel complained about the missing paper, Virginia Tech decided to release a copy of the paper to the panel during the latter part of the week of August 25, 2007.[154]
Reactions to writings
According to
Something Awful created a parody "CliffsNotes" entry describing Richard McBeef.[161]
Postmortem influence
A teenager who intentionally set fire to a classroom (no deaths) in South Korea in 2015 said he "wanted to leave behind a record like Cho Seung-hui."[162]
It was reported in 2015 that some South Korean internet users glorified the Virginia Tech killing and affectuously called Cho "General Cho".
Notes
- Cho" appearing ahead of the given name in accordance with Korean naming custom. However, subsequent statements by the family indicated the preference for the Western ordering of Cho's name as Seung-hui Cho. Cho himself sometimes used the name Seung Cho. Cf.[3]
- ^ It has since been surpassed by the 2017 Las Vegas shooting.[7][8][9]
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Further reading
- OCLC 233939406.
- Song, Min Hyoung (February 2008). "Communities of Remembrance: Reflections on the Virginia Tech Shootings and Race". Journal of Asian American Studies. 11 (1): 1–26. S2CID 144959788.
- Yang, Wesley (2009). "The Face of Seung-Hui Cho". Creative Nonfiction (37): 99–120. JSTOR 44363543.
- Murray, Jennifer L. (January 2017). "Mass Media Reporting and Enabling of Mass Shootings". Cultural Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies. 17 (2): 114–124. S2CID 151618772.
- "Virginia Tech marks 10 years after shooting that killed 32". Associated Press. April 17, 2017.
- Virginia Tech shooting at the Encyclopædia Britannica
External links
- "Commonwealth of Virginia search warrant for 2121 Harper Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia for dormitory residence of Seung-hui Cho (April 16, 2007)" (PDF). CNN. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 21, 2007. (859 KB)
- "Report of the Virginia Tech Review Panel". Official Site of the Governor of Virginia. Commonwealth of Virginia. August 2007. Archived from the original on October 1, 2008. Retrieved December 13, 2012.
- "[Addendum to the Report of the Review Panel] Report of the Virginia Tech Review Panel". Official Site of the Governor of Virginia. Commonwealth of Virginia. 2009. Archived from the original on December 7, 2009. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
- "Cho's mental evaluation form (December 2005)" (PDF). The Washington Post. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 13, 2007. (914 KB)
- "Cho Seung-Hui's Plays". News Bloggers. April 17, 2007. Archived from the original on April 30, 2007. Retrieved November 15, 2021. (links to two plays Cho wrote)
- "Interview transcript with shooter's former roommates". The Roanoke Times. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved November 22, 2021.
- Seung-hui Cho Profile at America's Most Wanted
- "Seung Hui Cho". School Shooters .info. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
- "Virginia Tech". FBI Records: The Vault. Retrieved November 24, 2021. (documents on the case the FBIhas released)