Seven Grievances

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The Seven Grievances (Manchu: ᠨᠠᡩᠠᠨ
ᡴᠣᡵᠣ nadan koro; Chinese: 七大恨; pinyin: Qī Dà Hèn; lit. 'Seven Great Hatreds') was a manifesto announced by Nurhaci, khan of the Later Jin, on the thirteenth day of the fourth lunar month in the third year of the Tianming (Chinese: 天命; lit. 'Mandate of Heaven') era of his reign; 7 May 1618.[note 1] It effectively declared war against the Ming dynasty.

There were several accounts of the Seven Grievances, one from the "Veritable Records of the Manchus", another from the "Qing Veritable Records", and the one from Nurhaci's successor Hong Taiji. According to the last account, the seven grievances are:[1]

  1. The Ming killed Nurhaci's father and grandfather without reason;
  2. The Ming suppressed
    Yehe
    and Hada clans;
  3. The Ming violated agreement of territories with Nurhaci;
  4. The Ming sent troops to protect Yehe against Jianzhou;
  5. The Ming supported Yehe to break its promise to Nurhaci;
  6. The Ming forced Nurhaci to give up the lands in Chaihe, Sancha, and Fuan;
  7. The Ming's official Shang Bozhi abused his power and rode roughshod over the people.

Shortly after the announcement of the Seven Grievances, the attack against the Ming on

Sarhu
in which Nurhaci defeated Ming dynasty and Korean troops that were far superior in numbers and armaments.

The Ming dynasty was wearied by a combination of internal strife and constant harassment by the Manchu. On May 26, 1644, Beijing fell to a peasant rebel army led by

a tree in the imperial garden outside the Forbidden City. The Manchus then allied with Ming general Wu Sangui and seized control of Beijing and overthrew Li Zicheng's short-lived Shun dynasty, establishing the Qing dynasty
rule in China.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ 7 May 1618 is the corresponding date on the Gregorian calendar.

References

  1. ^ "Seven Grievances". culture-china.com. Archived from the original on 2010-03-29. Retrieved 2008-12-14.
  2. ISBN 978-0-520-25444-2
    . Frederic Wakeman (1 January 1977). Fall of Imperial China. Simon and Schuster. pp. 79–.
    ISBN 978-0-02-933680-9
    . Kenneth M. Swope (23 January 2014). The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty, 1618-44. Routledge. pp. 13–.
    ISBN 978-1-134-46209-4
    . Frederic E. Wakeman (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China. University of California Press. pp. 61–.
    ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1
    . Mark C. Elliott (2001). The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China. Stanford University Press. pp. 76–.
    ISBN 978-0-8047-4684-7
    .
  3. ISBN 978-0-520-92679-0
    .

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