Park Avenue Armory

7th Regiment Armory
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Historic Landmark
New York State Register of Historic Places
New York City Landmark No. 0417, 1884
Park Avenue Armory (2019)
Location	643 Park Avenue Manhattan, New York
Coordinates	40°46′03″N 73°57′58″W / 40.76750°N 73.96611°W / 40.76750; -73.96611
Built	1877–1880
Architect	Charles W. Clinton
Architectural style	Gothic Revival
NRHP reference No.	75001208
NYSRHP No.	06101.000066[1]
NYCL No.	0417, 1884
Significant dates
Added to NRHP	April 14, 1975[4]
Designated NHL	February 24, 1986[5]
Designated NYSRHP	June 23, 1980[1]
Designated NYCL	June 9, 1967 (exterior)[2][3] July 19, 1994 (interior)[3]

The Park Avenue Armory, also known as the 7th Regiment Armory, is a historic

The New York City Board of Aldermen approved the Park Avenue Armory's construction in 1875 but refused to fund the $350,000 construction cost. As such, the 7th Regiment funded the armory's construction through donations and a bond issue; work started in 1877, and the armory formally opened on September 30, 1880. The armory was substantially expanded from 1909 to 1913, with a refurbished drill hall and a new fourth story; the fifth floor was built in the late 1920s or early 1930s. The building was mostly used for military purposes through the 20th century, though it has hosted numerous events, competitions, and exhibits over the years. The state government proposed leasing out the armory in the late 1990s, and the Park Avenue Armory Conservancy overhauled the building and restored the dilapidated interior spaces after taking over. In the 21st century, the armory is largely used as an event and exhibit space.

Site

The Park Avenue Armory occupies the entire city block bounded by

The site was owned by the British Crown until the American Revolutionary War, when the New York City government took over the site. When streets were laid out per the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, the city government retained six city blocks between 66th Street, Park Avenue, 69th Street, and Third Avenue. The six-block site was intended to be developed into a public park called Hamilton Square, but the plots were instead leased to educational, medical, and charitable institutions.^[9] The Park Avenue Armory was one such institution, built on the southwest corner of Hamilton Square on land leased from the city.^[9][10] Just prior to the armory's construction, Emmons Clark, the leader of the 7th New York Militia Regiment, described the site as having been occupied by "35 shanties".^[11] The armory, along with Hunter College and a fire and police station on 67th Street, are the only remnants of the site's use as an institutional campus.^[9]

Architecture

The building was designed by the architect

The administration building was originally three stories tall,

The administration building was designed as a utilitarian structure, lacking what Clark described as "useless ornament".[22] The tall, narrow windows could be easily defended in an attack,^[14][22] and the windows had iron shutters.^[18][23] The facade also contains numerous loopholes, through which soldiers could fire their rifles while being shielded from enemy fire.^[9][23] The top of the central tower, rising 100 feet (30 m), allowed easy views of the surrounding neighborhood.^[21] The structure could be defended by fifty soldiers at a time.^[18]

Drill hall section

The large vaulted space for the

The first floor of the administration building has various regimental rooms laid on a north–south axis.[19]^[27] The regimental rooms were used by both the public and the 7th Regiment's officers^[28] and consisted of the adjutant's, board of officers', colonel's, field and staff, and non-commissioned officers' rooms.^[29] Also in the building were a library, veterans' quarters, memorials, reading rooms, reception rooms, and drill hall/gymnasium,^[29] as well as six squad drill rooms^[29][30] and ten company rooms^[29][31] (expanded to twelve in the 1910s).^[32] Most of these rooms, with the exception of the Veterans Room, are not well known to the public.^[33]

Architects and interior designers of the American Aesthetic Movement were commissioned to furnish the rooms and company quarters. These include the Veterans Room and Library, decorated by Louis Comfort Tiffany along with Stanford White; and the Reception, Board of Officers, and Colonel's rooms, designed by the Herter Brothers.^[28] The interior spaces were decorated with various paintings and portraits. The collection included a portrait of George Washington by Rembrandt Peale, and portraits depicting the 7th Regiment in camp and on the march by Thomas Nast and Sanford Robinson Gifford. There were also portraits of various 7th Regiment colonels and other officers. The armory displayed sculptures as well, such as a statue of Mercury, a plaster cast of the Seventh Regiment Memorial in Central Park, and a replica of the Statue of Liberty.^[25] As of 2023^[update], the rooms host various exhibitions; many are protected as New York City designated landmarks, so the art, floors, and walls cannot be modified for exhibitions.^[34]

Hallways and stairs

On the first floor of the administration building, the regimental rooms are divided into northwest, southwest, and eastern sections by a west–east entrance hall and a north–south main corridor.^[27][35] The entrance hall, the hallways on the first and second floors, and the main stairway between the two floors were all designed by George C. Flint & Co.^[36] The spaces have decorative features such as plaster ceilings, oak woodwork, and ornate doorways.^[37]

The first-floor entrance hall leads west of the north–south corridor to the Park Avenue entrance.^[38] From the outset, the hall was decorated with various plaques describing the 7th Regiment's history.^[14][38][39] At the eastern end of the entrance hall (where it meets the corridor), a double stairway leads from the first to the second floors.^[35][38] The stair was built of iron to accommodate the weight of a large number of soldiers, but it is clad with oak.^[39] The north–south corridor on the first floor, and a similar one on the second floor, are illuminated by various wrought-iron wall sconces and chandeliers. The first-floor corridor has a pressed metal ceiling.^[38] This corridor also contains portraits of Medal of Honor winners, portraits of 7th Regiment officers, trophies of war, and a book of remembrance for members of the regiment who have died in combat over the years.^[19] The second-floor corridor has stairways at either end that were installed in 1911.^[38][40]

Regimental rooms

Veterans Room and library

The Veterans Room and library, designed by Tiffany and White and completed in 1881,

The Veterans Room is located at the northwest corner of the building, on 67th Street;

Fireplace in the reception room

Board of Officers Room

The reception and Board of Officers rooms are at the southwestern section of the ground floor.^[44] The reception room, also known as the Mary Divver Room (after an orphan that the 7th Regiment adopted in the 1850s),^[62][43] is on the south wall of the lobby and north of the Board of Officers Room.^[44] Alexander Roux was responsible for woodwork,^[59][62] and the Herter Brothers designed other decorations.^[62] The reception room features maple woodwork with sliding doors on three walls; the fourth wall has paneled wainscoting, a fireplace with overmantel, and windows. The Herter Brothers created stenciled decorations, mostly in red and gold, which no longer exist.^[63] It has historically been used as a women's reception and coat room.^[63]

The Board of Officers Room, also known as the Clark Room,^[52][64] is at the southwest corner of the building, on 66th Street.^[44] It is one of a small number of extant interiors designed by the Herter Brothers, with mahogany woodwork from that company.^[65][66] The south wall has a 7-foot-high (2.1 m) fireplace^[64][67] surrounded by a mantel and an overmantel with painting, flanked by windows and additional paintings.^[67] The walls and ceilings were decorated with floral designs, later covered over: the wall was originally painted blue, and the ceiling had a frieze.^[59][67] Originally, there was also a desk for the presiding officer,^[59][68] as well as cabinets.^[60] From 1932 onward, the room was a memorial to Emmons Clark.^[67] The stencils on the ceiling and walls were restored in 2013; the wall was painted dark green, and the ceilings were painted yellow.^[66]

Other regimental rooms

Colonel's Room

Field and Staff Room

Between the hallway to the west and the drill hall to the east are additional regimental rooms, including six protected as New York City landmarks. Two of the landmarked rooms, the Colonel's and Adjutant's rooms, are south of the stair hall.^[27] The Colonel's Room, the southernmost such room, was designed by the Herter Brothers^[69] and redecorated by Irving and Casson in 1948.^[52] Originally, the room was characterized as having a red stenciled wall, a frieze, and a decorated blue ceiling.^[48][70] The south wall has a mantel and overmantel, while the east wall originally had a window and cabinets.^[60][70] The modern-day Colonel's Room has black-walnut woodwork, including door and window surrounds; the walls and ceilings have been repainted over the years.^[70] Just north of the western part of the Colonel's Room is the Adjutant's Room, formerly the western part of the South Squad's drill room, which has an oak parquet floor, two lockers, and cabinets.^[71] Two other rooms are located north and east of the Adjutant's Room.^[27]

There are four rooms north of the stair hall, all protected as city landmarks.

The drill hall, officially known as the Wade Thompson Drill Hall

The drill hall has Georgia pine floors laid in asphalt and concrete.[19] There are eleven elliptical arches made of wrought iron.^[82][90][91] Each arch is about 187 feet (57 m) wide. The top and bottom chords of each arch were calculated from different foci, giving the arches a varying thickness and thereby strengthening the arches.^[81][91] Above the arches are a roof extension supported by more trusses, as well as a roof made of pine planks; there are two tiers of clerestory windows on the roof.^[81][92] The top of the roof is 100 feet (30 m) above the floor, while the iron trusses are 75 feet (23 m) high.^[15] Originally, the drill hall had seating on all four sides, with a capacity of 1,100 people.^[93][94] Platforms and galleries were placed on the west and east walls.^[25][93] In addition, the western wall had walnut gun cabinets, and there was also walnut wainscoting and porcelain reflectors.^[86][93]

Twelve landmarked company rooms occupy the second floor.

Four of the company rooms are located on the east side of the second-floor corridor; from south to north, they housed companies A, M, L, and K.[32] The Company A room on 66th Street is decorated with dark mahogany woodwork and originally had green walls and a blue coved ceiling;^[109][110] a coffered ceiling was installed c. 1897, and there is also a fireplace dating from 1937.^[110] The Company M room contains oak woodwork, a fireplace, paneled ceiling, a door to the drill hall's mezzanine, and stairs and a gallery on the east wall. In the Company L room are oak woodwork and a fireplace^[107][111] but has a beamed ceiling and no stairway to its gallery.^[107] The Company K room is clad in oak and mahogany and has lockers, cabinetry, a stenciled frieze, a paneled ceiling, and a fireplace mantel.^[112] Company K's room was intended as the most ornate of the company rooms^[59] and has undergone the least modifications.^[112]

The eight company rooms to the west of the corridor housed companies B–I from south to north.^[32][109] Company B's room has mahogany woodwork, Tiffany glass chandeliers, and copper-leaf ceilings;^[109][113] it originally had blue-and-gold walls and a gas chandelier.^[113] Mace-shaped lights, a painted ceiling, and oak woodwork,^[109][114] along with some original lighting sconces, are in Company C's room.^[114] The room for Company D has elaborately carved mahogany woodwork (including lockers), lamps, a chandelier, and a mantelpiece;^[115] it also had ornate stenciling on the walls, frieze, and ceiling.^[109][115] Old woodwork, lamps, and a mantel are similarly in Company E's room, which originally had stenciled red walls and a stenciled terracotta paneled ceiling.^[109][116] The design of Company E's room was revised in 1892 when the ceiling was refinished in a strapwork design, and the walls were covered in Japanese wallpaper.^[116] The original stenciling in the rooms of companies D and E was restored in 2013.^[76]

The Company F room initially had red stenciled walls^[117] and still contains oak woodwork, a chandelier, a paneled ceiling, and plaques commemorating the company's Civil War casualties.^[109][117] In the quarters of Company G, there are carved woodwork, lockers, a mantel, and original polished-steel lamps, although the ceiling paneling and wall stencils were painted over in 1894.^[109][118] Company H's room has oak woodwork, lockers, wall covering, patterned oak ceiling with a cove, a variety of light fixtures, and doorway surrounds.^[119] Uniquely among the company rooms, Company I has a balcony on its south wall; it also has mahogany and Brazilian woodwork carvings, some lockers, several door and window surrounds, a fireplace mantel, a beamed ceiling, and two large wrought-iron chandeliers.^[120] The second floor also contained two squad drill rooms decorated in Georgia pine.^[121]

Other spaces

Within the basement was a rifle range measuring 300 feet (91 m) long;^{[14][39][91][122][c]} it consisted of two parallel brick vaults, each measuring 13 feet (4.0 m) wide.^[90] The rifle range had six targets.^[91] Also in the basement were heating equipment, storage rooms, and restrooms,^[14][39] which were used as the quarters of the regiment's tennis club and rifle club.^[43] The Knickerbocker Greys youth cadet corps also has an office in the basement.^[123]

The original third floor had a north–south corridor with wood wainscoting and Georgia pine trim. There were several rooms on the third floor, with ceilings and walls clad with Georgia pine. At the center of that story was a memorial room with tablets commemorating companies C, E, and H. This was flanked by two squad drill rooms, decorated with portraits of officers. The third floor also had a gymnasium; two general-use rooms; a kitchen; and rooms for the regiment's band and the drum corps.^[92] When the third floor was reconstructed in 1911, it was used as administrative offices.^[43] A new military library occupied half of that story (replacing the ground-story library), and a kitchen occupied the other half. The third-floor library had a Gothic-style ceiling and mahogany shelves.^[40]

As part of the 1911 reconstruction, a gymnasium was erected on the fourth floor. This story also contained a smaller drill hall with a stage.^[40] The gymnasium was relocated to the fifth floor, which was added in the late 1920s^[124] or early 1930s.^{[16][19][125][126]} A mess hall, named after longtime Seventh Infantry commander Daniel Appleton, was built on the fourth floor in 1931.^[124][127] Also on the fourth floor were two gates salvaged from the Union Club of the City of New York's building.^[43] By the 1980s, the administration building had two handball courts and two squash courts.^[24]

History

What is now the 7th New York Militia Regiment (nicknamed the "Silk Stocking Regiment" because of its members' affluence^[10][128]) was established in 1806^[129][130] as the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th companies.^[131] The battalion was renamed several times before becoming the 7th Regiment of Infantry, New York State Militia, in 1847.^[130][132] The regiment quelled several civil disturbances in New York City during the mid-19th century, and it served in the American Civil War.^[132] The 7th Regiment originally trained in Central Park and other open spaces^[133][18] before moving into the State Arsenal in 1853 or 1854^[12][134] and the Tompkins Market Armory in 1860.^{[133][12][135][d]} The regiment continued to grow over the next two decades,^[10] reaching 1,000 men by 1876.^[133]

Development

Planning and early fundraising

Emmons Clark, the leader of the 7th Regiment, had wanted to erect a new armory as early as 1867.^[136] Clark said the Tompkins Market Armory's drill room could fit only two companies at once, and the third floor of the structure was not strong enough to support military exercises.^[30] The regiment began seeking a new armory uptown; at the time, most members lived north of 35th Street, making it difficult to mobilize the regiment.^[137][138] Furthermore, the regiment's members perceived the old armory's location on the fringes of the Lower East Side, a tenement district within what is now the East Village, as being less safe than the Upper East Side, which was growing into an upscale neighborhood.^[87]

In 1873, the 7th Regiment attempted to obtain a site for a new armory at

The New York City Board of Aldermen authorized the new armory's construction in July 1875,^[141] providing up to $350,000^[i] for the armory;^{[150][151][e]} city controller Andrew Haswell Green called the proposed expenditure wasteful.^[152][153] That November, the city's Board of Apportionment voted against granting a mandamus that would have raised the required $350,000 through taxes.^[154][155] The next month, a judge denied the regiment's request to force the Board of Estimate to give them the money.^[156][157] The regiment's board of officers announced in January 1876 that they would raise $330,000 for the armory themselves,^{[ii][158][159]} and they contacted 1,500 regiment members and veterans for donations.^[160] The regiment had raised $36,000 by early February 1876,^[iii][161] when the New Armory Fund was officially established.^[161][162] Charles W. Clinton, a veteran of Company K,^[163][164] was hired to design the armory;^[18][160] the regiment approved his designs in May 1876.^[165] The fund had $80,000^[iv] by that July,^[166] but fundraising slowed down over the next year.^[167]

Construction

Work on the building began in early 1877.^[136][163] The cornerstone-laying ceremony, originally scheduled for September 1877,^[167] was delayed to October 4 due to a lack of money.^[168][169] Veterans of the 7th Regiment laid the cornerstone on October 13, 1877,^[170][171] after the armory fund had reached $100,000.^[v][172] By then, the armory's foundation walls had been finished, and the drill hall's walls were under construction.^[173] The fund had grown to $157,000 by the end of 1877,^[vi] even as new subscriptions decreased sharply.^[174] The 7th Regiment hosted parties and benefit concerts to raise money.^[175][176] By September 1878, the fund had reached $200,000,^[vii] the administration building's facade was almost complete, and the drill hall's foundation was completed.^[177] The drill hall's roof was finished at the end of the year, and the facade was completed in 1879.^[176] To cut costs, the armory was constructed out of brick rather than granite.^[87]

To fund the remainder of construction, the 7th Regiment contemplated taking out a mortgage loan in early 1879^[178][179] and was authorized to issue $150,000 in bonds that March.^{[viii][179][180]} The regiment began issuing bonds in April,^[181] and the city extended the regiment's lease of the site indefinitely, on the condition that the building remain in military use.^[182] Work on decorations continued through the end of 1879.^[183] Visitors were first allowed into the armory on November 17, 1879, when U.S. President Rutherford B. Hayes opened the New Armory Fair.^[184][185] The fair netted $140,550,^[ix] which was used to fund the armory's completion and decoration of the ornate interiors.^[186][187] The 7th Regiment held its last assembly at the Tompkins Market Armory on April 25, 1880,^[188][189] and it took possession of the new uptown armory the next day.^{[7][186][190]} The next month, the regiment received approval from the Armory Committee to lease out the drill hall for events.^[191]

Opening and early years

The regiment formally opened the armory on September 30, 1880,

The regiment asked the New York City Department of Public Works in 1886 to provide funding for the armory's upkeep.^[200] That June, Clark ordered Veterans of the 7th Regiment to vacate the armory, believing that their presence ran counter to the terms of the regiment's lease agreement with the city.^[201][202] Though the veterans' group refused to move,^[203] the regiment began allowing outside groups to use the Veterans Room.^[41] The city government was also reluctant to fund repairs to the armory,^[204] but a state judge ruled in late 1886 that the city was responsible for funding all aspects of the armory's upkeep,^[205][206] including a new heating system.^[207] The state legislature then passed a law that provided $8,000 per year for the armory's upkeep when the bonds on the building matured in 1894.^[200] Amid continued disputes over the veterans' use of the armory, the veterans' groups split in 1889 because they could not agree on a new meeting location.^{[208][209][f]} Veterans of the 7th Regiment, which wanted to meet in the Veterans Room, unsuccessfully requested an injunction to prevent the regiment from evicting them.^[211][212]

In January 1894, the 7th Regiment paid off the last of the armory's debt. To celebrate this, the regiment hosted a housewarming party that February^[213] and hosted an elaborate revue and parade in the drill hall the next month.^[214][215] In April 1896, the 7th Regiment requested that the New York Armory Board authorize the installation of electrical wiring and lighting throughout the building;^[88] the request was approved that June,^[216][217] with $30,000 provided for the installation of electric wires and 4,500 lightbulbs.^[x][218] After the Commercial Construction Company unsuccessfully bid for the lighting contract,^[219] J. F. Buchanan & Co. was awarded a general contract for lighting in April 1897.^[88][220] Installation of electric wires and lights took place throughout 1897, prompting trustees and company members to complain about the disarray of the armory's interiors.^[221] The work was completed by January 1898.^[200][222]

20th century

1900s to 1920s

From the late 1890s to the early 1910s, numerous companies renovated their rooms to add new decorations, conduct repairs, or accommodate changes made to the building as a whole. Some of the regiment's companies, such as Company K, retained their respective rooms' original designs, while other companies significantly modified their quarters.^[223] Additionally, in 1901, the regiment's trustees indicated their intention to repair the leaky heating system,^[200] having sought funding for the project for years.^[224] The Armory Board approved repairs to the heating system in July 1902^[225] and hired the James Curran Manufacturing Company to conduct the repairs the next month.^[200][226] From 1902 onward,^[227][228] the armory also hosted the Knickerbocker Greys, a youth cadet corps.^[229] Following the passage of a federal law that required all National Guard regiments to have a dozen companies,^[200] Company L was created in May 1909, initially occupying a locker room.^[111]

The 7th Regiment requested another $210,000 for renovations in April 1909, including $10,000 to further upgrade the heating plant.^{[xi][230][231]} That June, Robinson & Knus drew up plans for the armory's renovation;^[232] Kelly & Kelly were the general contractors for the project, while Baker, Smith & Co. were hired to modify the heating system.^[200] The modifications included space for the newly formed companies L and M, the reconstruction of the third story, and a new fourth story,^[233] which roughly doubled the building's usable space.^[200] The regiment hosted a party in January 1911 after the renovations were finished.^[234] The New York City Board of Aldermen issued $20,300 in bonds to renovate the drill hall in 1912.^[xii][235] The Charles Meads Company was hired for the renovation,^[93][235] which was completed in early 1913;^[96][97] the project involved new seating areas and modifications to accommodate tennis games.^[95]

Although the rebuilt drill hall could accommodate more than 5,000 people, visitors criticized its acoustics.^[236] The 7th Regiment became the 107th Infantry during World War I.^[126] A fourth-story room housing the city's police band was destroyed by fire in 1922.^[237] Several tablets were dedicated at the armory in the 1920s, commemorating 7th Regiment troops who had died in World War I. These included tablets dedicated to the fallen members of Company F in 1923,^[238] Company B in 1924,^[239] and Company A in 1928.^[240] Brighter lights were installed in the drill hall in early 1926,^[241][242] following complaints that the lighting levels hindered tennis players in the U.S. National Indoor Championships.^[243]

1930s to 1960s

Sources disagree on whether the fifth story was built in 1928–1929,

With the onset of World War II, in 1940, the New York state government stopped renting out the armory for civilian events.^[249] The same year, the New York Court of Appeals ruled that the city's Board of Estimate had to pay $8,000 annually toward the armory's upkeep,^[250][251] and the 107th Infantry became the 207th Coastal Artillery.^[126] In 1941, the 207th Coastal Artillery moved out, and the 7th Regiment of the New York State Guard moved in.^[252][253] The public was allowed to use the armory again in 1943.^[254] The 107th Infantry Regiment was revived in 1947, with its headquarters at the armory,^[255] and the 199th Army Ground Force Band was also headquartered at the armory in the late 1940s.^[256] Ownership of the building was transferred to the 7th Regiment Fund, a veterans' group, in 1952.^[257]

By the 1950s, there had been multiple proposals to replace the 7th Regiment Armory with a multipurpose building, as the 107th Infantry had outgrown the armory.^[258][259] Although the city and state governments unofficially did not oppose the plan (since they would be able to profit from the new structure),^[259] the development would have required renegotiating the regiment's lease of the site.^[258] In the meantime, the regiment planned to spend $125,000 on a new roof and $25,000 on repairing the facade.^[259] The New York Community Trust installed a plaque on the building in 1959, acknowledging its architectural and historical significance.^[260] During the 1960s, the armory was renovated, forcing the relocation of the National Indoor Tennis Championships.^[261] The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) designated the armory's facade as a city landmark on June 9, 1967,^[2][3] and a plaque indicating this landmark designation was installed in September 1968.^[262] At the time, preservationists had lingering concerns that the building could be torn down.^[263]

1970s to 1990s

Through the 1970s, the armory was mainly occupied by the Second Brigade of the 42nd Division and the First Battalion of the 107th Infantry. It was periodically open to the public for events, but Manhattan Community Board 8 could not convince the regiment to host neighborhood activities there.^[198] The armory, one of two in the city that still hosted tennis matches, rented out the tennis courts in its drill hall to a private club.^[264] The dining halls could be rented out,^[198] and, the armory housed an extensive collection of military memorabilia such as uniforms and weapons.^[265] The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.^[266] Developers proposed a residential tower above the armory in 1979, prompting protests from 7th Regiment veterans.^[267][268] Despite this, the state government began studying plans in January 1981 to erect a tower over the armory,^[24][269] generating opposition from figures such as former U.S. first lady Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis^[270] and U.S. Representative Mario Biaggi.^[271] The plan was canceled that March, as officials wished to focus on other development projects.^[272][273]

A men's homeless shelter opened at the armory in January 1983

The LPC considered designating the 7th Regiment Armory's interior as a landmark by 1992,[289] and several rooms were designated as landmarks on July 19, 1994.^[3] During the 1990s, the armory became a major exhibition place for art shows; it hosted 12 art shows per year by 1995, compared with four shows a decade prior.^[290] The armory's homeless shelter, which was taken over by Lenox Hill Neighborhood House in 1996, continued to operate next to the antique shows and benefits in the drill hall.^[291] That year, the state sued the 7th Regiment Fund for ownership of the memorabilia in the armory;^[257][292] this dispute continued for a decade.^[293] This was part of a larger disagreement over maintenance of the building itself. The interiors were severely degraded by the late 1990s: a section of the ceiling on the first floor had crumbled, and two rooms had to be closed off because of flooding. The state rented out the hall for as little $7,000 per day, even as exhibitors predicted that the hall could earn $1 million in seven to ten days.^[294]

Conversion to arts center

Request for proposals and opposition

In March 1999, the state government issued a

The National Guard briefly used the armory as a command center in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks,^[229] displacing the events that were normally exhibited there.^[303] Events and shows returned to the building in February 2002.^[304][305] At the time, the 53rd Digital Liaison Detachment of the New York Army National Guard also occupied part of the armory.^[9] Veterans of the 7th Regiment continued to dispute the state's plan to lease out the armory, as they feared that a new tenant could remove the regiment's artifacts, and they wanted to turn it into a military museum. Meanwhile, the building continued to deteriorate.^[229] In the early 2000s, the Whitney Museum contemplated leasing the entire armory as a secondary location and hosting the Whitney Biennial there, but these plans were unsuccessful.^[306]

In an attempt to prevent the Empire State Development Corporation from taking over the armory, 7th Regiment veterans sued mayor Michael Bloomberg and governor George Pataki in early 2005.^[307] The state government began hosting public hearings for the armory's proposed renovation that July.^[308] The state awarded $30 million for the renovation later that year,^[309][310] and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey contributed another $25 million.^[311] A state judge ruled in June 2006 that the New York state government owned the armory's artifacts.^[293] The veterans and the conservancy continued to disagree over the building plans.^[293][312] As part of a 2006 agreement, 100 homeless women were allowed to stay on the upper stories.^[76] The 7th Regiment Armory Conservancy took over the armory on December 14, 2006.^[313]

Renovation

In 2007, the 7th Regiment Armory Conservancy began hosting performance art^[314] and significantly increased rental rates for the fairs that occupied the drill hall to $30,000 per day.^[313] After the conservancy announced plans to open a restaurant and art venue, 7th Regiment veterans filed a lawsuit that August, seeking to rescind the conservancy's lease.^[315] Significant opposition to the conservancy's plans also came from local residents like Henry Kravis and Mike Wallace.^[316] Opponents of the armory's conversion cited the fact that large-scale performances at the armory would create heavy traffic congestion, while supporters denied these claims.^[301] Thompson donated $35 million toward the armory's restoration in December 2007,^[317][318] and the conservancy began renovating the building for $215 million,^[34] By the late 2000s, the building was known as the Park Avenue Armory.^[300] The conservancy completed $68 million worth of renovations in 2010,^[319] which included upgrades to acoustic, structural, and mechanical systems.^[100] The project included a new heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system; new restrooms; a connection to the New York City steam system; and electrical upgrades.^[320] The facades on Lexington and Park Avenues were also renovated in 2010 and 2013, respectively.^[321]

During the early 2010s, the Park Avenue Armory Conservancy began hosting art, concerts, plays, and operas at the armory; most complaints about the armory's conversion to an arts venue had subsided.^[322] The Swiss architectural firm Herzog & de Meuron was hired to restore the interior of the Park Avenue Armory,^[323][324] completing a renovation of the Officers Room in late 2013.^[66][325] There were also plans to install a green roof on the administration building.^[326] By the mid-2010s, the armory was a major art venue,^[327] hosting exhibitions that were too large to fit elsewhere.^[99][100] The Thompson Family Foundation donated $65 million for programming at the Park Avenue Armory in July 2015; in exchange, the complex was renamed the Thompson Arts Center at Park Avenue Armory for 50 years.^[328][329] Herzog & de Meuron began a restoration of the Veterans Room in April 2015,^[46] and the room reopened in March 2016.^[42][330]

The Park Avenue Armory Conservancy began restoring the floors in 2018 for $4 million, of which around half came from the New York City government.^[77][331] At the time, it planned to raise $49 million for further improvements.^[101] The armory was temporarily closed during 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City, and the drill hall was retrofitted with an air-filtration system;^[332] artists also used the vacant drill hall as rehearsal space.^[333] Although Robertson wanted to reopen the armory in October 2020 with capacity sharply reduced to 96,^[334] the venue did not reopen until March 2021;^[335][336] regular exhibitions resumed later that year.^[337] The conservancy attempted to evict the Knickerbocker Greys in 2022 to make way for additional event space;^[338][339] although the conservancy ultimately dropped its lawsuit, the efforts led New York state legislators to propose a bill preventing the Greys' eviction.^[340]

Notable events

Until the 2010s, most of the armory's events were held in the drill hall.^[341] The LPC wrote that the room was "of enormous importance in the social and cultural life of the regiment over the years",^[93] and Nancy Todd called the armory as a whole "one of the first armories to serve as a civic center" in New York state.^[199] The Washington Post described the armory as "a protean play space, some inspiring combination of coliseum, soundstage and great chamber".^[342]

19th century

The first event hosted at the armory was the New Armory Fair,^[184] hosted by the 7th Regiment in the last two months of 1879.^[343] The building's first event after its opening, the Inauguration Ball on December 15, 1880,^[194][195] attracted 38,000 guests.^[87] The drill hall's first concert took place in May 1881, when Walter Damrosch directed the "Music Festival",^[344] which attracted 10,000 spectators.^[93] The 7th Regiment also started hosting annual athletic competitions at its armory^[93] by March 1882, including races and tug-of-war contests.^[345] The armory continued to host sports competitions through the 1890s, including shooting contests^[346] and baseball games,^[347] as well as contests such as running, cycling, and roller-skating races.^[348] By 1897, the armory had hosted more than thirty games for the regiment's Athletic Association.^[349]

Other events at the armory in its first decade included elaborate galas,^[350] lawn tennis games,^[351] vocalists' concerts,^[352] and the annual musters and inspections of the 7th Regiment's troops.^[353] In addition, Albert I of Belgium visited the armory in 1898.^[354]

20th century

Sporting events

The armory started hosting the U.S. National Indoor Tennis Championships in 1900;^[355] the tennis matches took place in the drill hall, which could house eight tennis courts.^[356] The tennis championships continued at the armory even during World War I, when the venue was closed to the public.^[357] The women's championship moved to Boston in the early 1920s^[243] but was hosted at the 7th Regiment Armory again by the 1930s.^[358] The National Indoor Championships occurred at the armory annually until 1940.^[93] The championship moved out of the 7th Regiment Armory in 1963^[93][359] because of ongoing renovations.^[261] The armory also hosted the Clean Air Tennis Classic in 1972^[360] and housed a tennis club through the late 20th century.^[198]

In the early 20th century, the armory also hosted other sporting events, such as athletic meets between schools,^[361] the regiment's annual athletic games,^[362] track-and-field races,^[363] junior tennis championships,^[364] and weekly shooting contests.^[365] The city's social settlement houses also hosted athletic competitions within the armory starting in 1903.^[366] By the 1940s, the armory was hosting squash games as well.^[367]

Other events

The armory's events, which included fairs, balls, games, concerts, and drills,

The building has hosted large events and exhibitions such as the 1916 convention of the General Federation of Women's Clubs,^[397] the Girl Scouts' annual spring reviews,^[398] and the New York Poultry Show.^[399] From the 1950s onward, the armory hosted events and exhibits such as scientific expositions,^[400] interior design shows,^[401] sailboat shows,^[402] airplane exhibits,^[403] rare-book fairs,^[404] the Women's International Exposition,^[405] the International Motor Sports Show,^[406] the National Postage Show,^[407] and auctions hosted by Guernsey's.^[408] The Winter Antiques Show began in 1954 and remained at the armory for the rest of the century.^[409] Other recurring shows included the National Arts and Antiques Festival, since 1964;^[410] the show Modernism: A Century of Style and Design, 1860–1960, since 1986;^[411] the Art Dealers Association of America's Art Show, since 1989;^[412][413] the International Antique Dealers Show, since 1989;^[413] the Print Fair, since 1991;^[414] and the International Asian Art Fair, from 1996 to 2007.^[415]

21st century

At the beginning of the 21st century, the building hosted events such as a rally for 9/11 survivors,^[416] military award ceremonies,^[417] a memorial service for Merce Cunningham,^[418] and an exhibit on its own history.^[419] The armory continued to host recurring shows like the Winter Antiques Show, the International Fine Art and Antiques Show, and the New York Antiquarian Book Fair,^[420] as well as the International Tribal and Textile Arts Show^[421] and the 2008 Whitney Biennial.^[422] It moved toward hosting performances during the early 21st century.^[420] The venue's first performance art piece was a 2007 motorcycle performance choreographed by Aaron Young,^[314] and the first piece commissioned by Park Avenue Armory Conservancy was presented in 2009 by Ernesto Neto.^[423] The armory's increased focus on performances forced the relocation of the New York Art, Antique & Jewelry Show in 2015.^[420][424]

During the 2000s and 2010s, the drill hall hosted musical performances such as those by Lincoln Center Festival,^[425] the Tune-in Music Festival,^[426] the New York Philharmonic,^[427] and the Berlin Philharmonic.^[428] The armory continued to host annual galas.^[429] There have also been dance performances, as well as theatrical performances such as those by the Royal Shakespeare Company.^[101] Artwork, shows, and exhibits at the armory during that decade included those by Douglas Gordon,^[430] Nick Cave,^[431] Martin Creed,^[341] William Kentridge,^[432] and Hito Steyerl,^[433] as well as New York City's first powwow in over 200 years.^[434] In addition, starting in 2016, the armory hosted The European Fine Art Fair.^[435] The armory's shows in the 2020s included a tribute to the 19th Amendment;^[436] the International Fine Print Dealers Association Print Fair;^[437] dramas such as the musical Illinoise;^[438] music recitals, and immersive art.^[439]

Reception and influence

When the armory was completed, the Veterans Room was characterized as having tiles that gleamed "as if a bit of the Atlantic furthest from shore had been caught and pressed into service".^[330] Veterans of the 7th Regiment, in a private booklet published in 1881, wrote that "what most impresses, and what is most worthy to impress, is the artistic treatment of this Veterans' Room..."^[51] William C. Brownell criticized the Veterans Room and library the same year, saying that Tiffany should devote "his further effort to a mere harmonizing of possible discords".^[440][441] The King's Handbook of New York described the rooms in 1892 as being "beautifully decorated and elegantly furnished",^[25] while an 1895 source called the armory "a handsome building well adapted for its purposes".^[35] After the building's expansion in 1911, the New-York Tribune wrote that the armory was "distinctly military" but "represents a great military club".^[40]

Robert A. M. Stern and the co-authors of his 1999 book New York 1880 wrote that the armory "set a standard of quality in the care taken with the building itself and especially in the lavish appointments on the interior that was never achieved elsewhere".^[87] The New York Times described the armory in 2000 as an "impressive though dilapidated red-brick fortress",^[442] and New York magazine called the armory "Long the most impressive interior space in New York" in 2013.^[327] The Times described the veterans' room in 2016 as being "as close as any room in New York City comes to such beyond-words fantasia" as the ornate room described in Alain Robbe-Grillet's story The Secret Room,^[42] while the Financial Times called that room "an Aladdin's cave of ornate detail".^[330]

The Hartford Courant wrote in 2007 that the 7th Regiment Armory and others in the city inspired the construction of "a great array of medieval fortresses" across U.S. cities.^[443] The armory had been one of the first major National Guard armory projects.^[444] Later armories were typically divided into an administration building and a drill hall, similar to the 7th Regiment Armory.^[87][444]

See also

• Champagne Unit
• List of National Historic Landmarks in New York City
• List of armories and arsenals in New York City and surrounding counties
• List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 59th to 110th Streets
• National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan from 59th to 110th Streets
• Squadron A Armory

References

Notes

Inflation figures

Explanatory notes

Citations