SARS-CoV-1

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
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This article is about the virus that causes SARS. For the virus that causes COVID-19, see SARS-CoV-2. For the species to which both viruses belong, see SARS-related coronavirus.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1
Electron microscope image of a SARS virion
Virus classification Edit this classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Pisuviricota
Class: Pisoniviricetes
Order: Nidovirales
Family: Coronaviridae
Genus: Betacoronavirus
Subgenus: Sarbecovirus
Species:
Severe acute respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus
Strain:
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1
Synonyms
  • SARS coronavirus
  • SARS-related coronavirus
  • Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus[1]

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1), previously known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV),

respiratory illness responsible for the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak.[3] It is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus that infects the epithelial cells within the lungs.[4]
The virus enters the host cell by binding to
bats, and palm civets.[6][7] The SARS-CoV-1 outbreak was largely brought under control by simple public health measures. Testing people with symptoms (fever and respiratory problems), isolating and quarantining suspected cases, and restricting travel all had an effect. SARS-CoV-1 was most transmissible when patients were sick, so its spread could be effectively suppressed by isolating patients with symptoms.[8]

On April 16, 2003, following

Erasmus University in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, demonstrated that the SARS coronavirus fulfilled Koch's postulates, thereby confirming it as the causative agent. In the experiments, macaques infected with the virus developed the same symptoms as human SARS patients.[11]

A virus very similar to SARS was discovered in late 2019. This virus, named

severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is the causative pathogen of COVID-19, the propagation of which started the COVID-19 pandemic.[12]

SARS

virions

dyspnea, and pneumonia. Another common finding in SARS patients is a decrease in the number of lymphocytes circulating in the blood.[14]

In the SARS outbreak of 2003, about 9% of patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-1 infection died.[15] The mortality rate was much higher for those over 60 years old, with mortality rates approaching 50% for this subset of patients.[15]

Origin and evolutionary history

Transmission of SARS-CoV-1 from mammals as biological carriers to humans

In March 2003, WHO established a global network of leading laboratories to collaborate in the identification of the causative agent of SARS. Early on, labs in the network narrowed the search to members of the paramyxovirus and coronavirus families. Early findings shared by the labs pointed to coronaviruses with increasing consistency. On 21 March, scientists from the University of Hong Kong announced the isolation of a new virus that was strongly suspected to be the causative agent of SARS.[16]

Epidemiological evidence suggested a zoonotic origin of the virus: more than 33% of the first detected cases of SARS in Guangdong corresponded to animal or food handlers.[17] Seroprevalence studies reinforced this zoonotic link (a high proportion of asymptomatic animal handlers at markets in Guangdong Province had antibodies against SARS-CoV).[17]

On April 12, 2003, scientists working at the Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre in

genetic sequence of a coronavirus believed to be linked to SARS. The team was led by Marco Marra and Caroline Astell and worked in collaboration with the British Columbia Centre for Disease Control and the National Microbiology Laboratory in Winnipeg, Manitoba, using samples from infected patients in Toronto.[18][19] The map, hailed by the WHO as an important step forward in fighting SARS,[citation needed] is shared with scientists worldwide via the GSC website (see below). Donald Low of Mount Sinai Hospital in Toronto described the discovery as having been made with "unprecedented speed".[20]
The sequence of the SARS coronavirus has since been confirmed by other independent groups.

Molecular epidemiological research demonstrated the virus isolated in 2002–2003 in south China and the virus isolated in the same area in late 2003 and early 2004 are different, indicating separate species-crossing events.[21] The phylogeny of the outbreak strains shows that the southwestern provinces including Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi compare to the human SARS-CoV-1 better than those of the other provinces, but the viruses' evolution is a product of the host interaction and particularity.[22]

In late May 2003, studies from samples of wild animals sold as food in the local market in

ferret badgers
(Melogale spp.), and domestic cats. In 2004, scientists from the
Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention of the University of Hong Kong and the Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention established a genetic link between the SARS coronavirus appearing in civets and humans, confirming claims that the virus might have transmitted from the animal species to humans.[24] Infected palm civets at the market were traced to farms where no infected animals were found. It is unknown whether the virus was originally introduced to the market by civets, humans, or another animal.[23]

In 2005, two studies identified a number of SARS-like coronaviruses in Chinese bats.[25][26] Although the bat SARS virus did not replicate in cell culture, in 2008, American researchers[27] altered the genetic structure of bat SARS virus with the human receptor binding domain both in the bat virus and in the mice which demonstrated how zoonosis might occur in evolution.[28] Phylogenetic analysis of these viruses indicated a high probability that SARS coronavirus originated in bats and spread to humans either directly or through animals held in Chinese markets. The bats did not show any visible signs of disease, but are the likely natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses.

Phylogenetic

Bats are likely to be the natural reservoir, that is, the host that harbored the pathogen but that does not show ill effects and serves as a source of infection. No direct progenitor of SARS-CoV was found in bat populations, but WIV16 was found in a cave in Xiyang Yi Ethnic Township, Yunnan, China between 2013 and 2016, and has a 96% genetically similar virus strain.[29] The hypothesis that SARS-CoV-1 emerged through recombinations of bat SARSr-CoVs in the Yunnan cave of WIV16 or in other yet-to-be-identified bat caves is considered highly likely.[30]

A phylogenetic tree based on whole-genome sequences of SARS-CoV-1 and related coronaviruses is:

SARS‑CoV‑1 related coronavirus

Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, North Jeolla, South Korea[31]

Jilin[32]

Bat SARS CoV Rf1, 87.8% to SARS-CoV-1,

Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, Yichang, Hubei[33]

BtCoV HKU3, 87.9% to SARS-CoV-1,

Rhinolophus sinicus, Hong Kong and Guangdong[34]

Rhinolophus affinis, Baoshan, Yunnan[35]

Bat SARS-CoV/Rp3, 92.6% to SARS-CoV-1,

Rhinolophus pearsoni, Nanning, Guangxi[33]

Bat SL-CoV YNLF_31C, 93.5% to SARS-CoV-1,

Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, Lufeng, Yunnan[36]

Bat SL-CoV YNLF_34C, 93.5% to SARS-CoV-1,

Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, Lufeng, Yunnan[36]

Rhinolophus sinicus, Kunming, Yunnan[37]

Rhinolophus sinicus, Kunming, Yunnan[37]

Rhinolophus sinicus Kunming, Yunnan[38]

Paguma larvata, market in Guangdong, China[34]

SARS-CoV-1

SARS-CoV-2, 79% to SARS-CoV-1[39]


Virology

SARS-CoV-1 follows the replication strategy typical of the coronavirus subfamily. The primary human receptor of the virus is angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and hemaglutinin (HE),[40] first identified in 2003.[41][42]

Human SARS-CoV-1 appears to have had a complex history of recombination between ancestral coronaviruses that were hosted in several different animal groups.[43][44] In order for recombination to happen at least two SARS-CoV-1 genomes must be present in the same host cell. Recombination may occur during genome replication when the RNA polymerase switches from one template to another (copy choice recombination).[44]

SARS-CoV-1 is one of seven known coronaviruses to infect humans. The other six are:[45]

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ "ICTV Taxonomy history: Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Retrieved 2019-01-27.
  2. PMID 32182409
    .
  3. ISBN 978-1-904455-16-5
    .
  4. PMID 25720466. SARS-CoV primarily infects epithelial cells within the lung. The virus is capable of entering macrophages and dendritic cells but only leads to an abortive infection [87,88].{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
    )
  5. PMID 24172901
    .
  6. PMID 30791586
    . Most notably, horseshoe bats were found to be the reservoir of SARS-like CoVs, while palm civet cats are considered to be the intermediate host for SARS-CoVs [43,44,45].
  7. PMID 23994189
    . See Figure 6.
  8. OCLC 69610735.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link
    )
  9. ^ "Remembering SARS: A Deadly Puzzle and the Efforts to Solve It". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2013-04-11. Archived from the original on 2013-08-01. Retrieved 2013-08-03.
  10. ^ "Coronavirus never before seen in humans is the cause of SARS". United Nations World Health Organization. 2006-04-16. Archived from the original on 2004-08-12. Retrieved 2006-07-05.
  11. PMID 12748632
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  12. PMID 32315281
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  13. PMID 15018127
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  14. PMID 15254784. Archived
    from the original on 2015-09-24.
  15. ^
    PMID 16804033
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  16. ^ "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) – multi-country outbreak – Update 12". WHO. 2003-03-27. Archived from the original on 2003-04-11.
  17. ^
    PMID 15660517
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  18. ^ McNeil, Donald G. Jr. (2003-04-14). "Lab Decodes Genes of Virus Tied to SARS". New York Times. Retrieved 2022-04-16.
  19. PMID 15660517
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  20. ^ "B.C. lab cracks suspected SARS code". Canada: CBC News. April 2003. Archived from the original on 2007-11-26.
  21. PMID 17326933
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  22. PMID 30735813
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  23. ^
    PMID 16140765
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  24. ^ "Scientists prove SARS-civet cat link". China Daily. 2006-11-23. Archived from the original on 2011-06-14.
  25. S2CID 2971923
    .
  26. PMID 16169905
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  27. PMID 19036930
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  28. S2CID 90767286.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  29. PMID 29500691. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 2020-11-01. Retrieved 2020-01-08.
  30. PMID 30531947
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  31. PMID 31076983
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  32. PMID 26847648
    .
  33. ^
    S2CID 2971923
    .
  34. ^
    doi:10.1002/9781118818824.ch5
    .
  35. PMID 24719429
    .
  36. ^
    PMID 26269185
    .
  37. ^
    PMID 24172901
    .
  38. PMID 26719272
    .
  39. PMID 33024307
    .
  40. PMID 18574141
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  41. PMID 14647384
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  42. PMID 28279346
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  43. PMID 15019585
  44. ^
    PMID 15480857
  45. ^ Leung, Daniel (2019-01-20). "Coronaviruses (including SARS)". Infectious Disease Advisor. Decision Support in Medicine, LLC. Retrieved 2020-08-01.

Sources

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to SARS-CoV.
Wikispecies has information related to Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus.
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