Severe weather events in Sydney
(Redirected from
Severe storm events in Sydney
)
Severe weather events or extreme weather events in
East coast lows or black nor'easters). Sydney is rarely affected by cyclones, although remnants of cyclones do affect the city.[1]
Severe storms are more prevalent during
Southern Annular Mode exacerbate heat and drought in the area.[3][4][5][6][7][8] Annually, coastal Sydney sees five heat-related deaths per 100,000 people while the western suburbs see 14 per 100,000.[9] Heat-related deaths in the city were common in the late 19th and early 20th century period where several individual cases were reported.[10][11][12]
The region of Sydney is subject to phenomena typical of a
Sydney CBD by 6–10 °C (11–18 °F)[13] due to urban sprawl exacerbating the urban heat island effect and less exposure to mitigating sea breezes which cool down Sydney's eastern edge and fail to move 9 km (5.6 mi) inland.[14][15]
Temperatures
- On 10 January 1929, extreme heat kills thousands of poultry farms in the city as temperatures rose to 41.2 °C (106 °F).[17]
- On 25 August 1954, Sydney recorded its warmest winter day as the temperature climbed from from 13.8 °C (57 °F) at 5 am to 30.4 °C (87 °F) at 2:45 pm, where an 80 year old man died and twelve other people collapsed from heatstroke.[18]
- The highest recorded minimum in Sydney was registered at Masons Drive, North Parramatta at 29.4 °C (84.9 °F) on 9 January 1983.[19]
- On 23 February 2010, the difference between the minimum and maximum temperature that day was only 0.6 °C (33.1 °F). The low that day was 24.7 °C (76.5 °F) and the high that day was 25.3 °C (77.5 °F)
- On 23 August 2012, a foehn effect caused Sydney to record its 3rd warmest August day on record where it reached 29.0 °C (84 °F) at the CBD and 30.0 °C (86 °F) at Sydney Airport.[20]
- The highest recorded maximum temperature at Observatory Hill was 45.8 °C (114.4 °F) on 18 January 2013 during a prolonged heat wave across Australia from early December 2012 to late January 2013.[21]
- July 2013 was the warmest on record, with an average maximum temperature of 19.5 °C (67.1 °F), which is 3.2 °C (5.8 °F) above the historical average. This was due to persistent, warm northerly winds and clear conditions.[22]
- In September 2013, temperatures were 4 °C (7 °F) above average[23] and the city had over seven days where temperatures reached 28 °C (82 °F), making it more similar to November's weather pattern.[24]
- October 2015 had the warmest nights on record, which were 3.3 °C (5.9 °F) above average.[25]
- In the summer of 2016–17, Sydney CBD experienced a record-breaking of 26 days where temperatures were above 30 °C (86 °F) and 11 days of temperatures higher than 35 °C (95 °F), with record numbers of days above 40 °C (104 °F) recorded in western Sydney including 11 days at Richmond, in addition to the most warm nights on record.[26]
- On 7 January 2018, Sydney was the hottest place on Earth as Penrith reached 47.3 °C (117.1 °F).[27]
- In April 2018, Sydney had the longest running hot spell for that month with nine consecutive days of temperatures reaching 25 °C (77 °F). Furthermore, the airport and parts of the western suburbs also broke heat records in that month.[28]
- The highest recorded maximum temperature in Sydney was recorded at
- From November 28-29 2020, Sydney Airport recorded its hottest two days in a row. The 28th registered 43 °C (109 °F) whilst the 29th had registered 42.6 °C (108.7 °F).
- During May 2021, Sydney CBD recorded its coldest stretch of May days in 54 years due to a polar blast that swept across Australia's southeast, which kept the temperatures below 9 °C (48 °F) in the early mornings for five consecutive nights, in addition to the inland suburbs dipping down to 1 °C (34 °F) in Camden and 5 °C (41 °F) in Sydney Olympic Park.[34]
- On 10 June 2021, Sydney CBD had its coldest day since 1984 and the coldest June day since 1899, where it reached a maximum of just 10.3 °C (50.5 °F). Bankstown, a western suburb, only reached 9.7 °C (49.5 °F), its coldest day in 50 years, with nearby suburbs registering a similar temperature.[35] These unusually cold maximums were caused by a cut-off low, which is a slow moving, sizeable Antarctic cold air mass that got "cut-off" from the westerly trough systems of cold air in the south where it reached the east coast.[36]
- August 2021 registered 15 consecutive winter days above 20 °C (68 °F), the first time in 163 years of records, which was achieved due to a lack of cold fronts or rain over NSW during the month and a blocking high in Southern Australia that prevented cold fronts from reaching the continent.[37]
- In September 2023, Western Sydney had six days in a row where the temperature was higher than 32 °C (90 °F), beating the previous September record of five consecutive days.[38]
- On 20 September 2023, Sydney Airport recorded its highest temperature that month at 35.9 °C (96.6 °F), where it just tipped the previous peak of 35.6 °C (96.1 °F) in 2000.[39]
- On 1 October 2023, the city had the hottest start on record where temperatures were 14 °C (57 °F) above average in most suburbs.[40]
- In December 2023, Sydney experienced the hottest first fortnight of summer on record where the average maximum temperature was 29.5 °C (85.1 °F), which beats the previous record of 28.9 °C (84.0 °F) from the first fortnight of summer in 1976.[41]
- On 11 January 2024, Sydney recorded its muggiest day on record, where the dew point reached 26.9 °C (80.4 °F), just beating the previous record of 25.9 °C (78.6 °F) on November 14, 2011.[42]
Bushfires and drought
- In Bundeena in the Royal National Park south of Sydney. Homes were lost at Menai, Illawong, Bangor and Alfords Point.[43][44][45][46]
- On 23 October 2002, drought and record maximum temperatures in eastern Australia produced a large dust storm – The storm arrived in Sydney at about 11am, reducing visibility to a few kilometres. Previous dust storms in the city occurred in April 1994, September 1968, December 1957, and January 1942 – The most severe dust storm to hit Sydney, reducing visibility at Sydney Airport to 500 metres.[47]
- On 23 September 2009, a dust storm that started in South Australia and inland New South Wales blanketed the city with reddish orange skies early in the morning. Originating from the north-eastern region of South Australia, the dust storm lifted thousands of tons of dirt and soil which were then dumped in Sydney Harbour and the Tasman Sea.[48] It stretched as far north as southern Queensland and it was the worst dust storm in 70 years.[49] During that year, Sydney experienced a number of warm winter days, dry gusty winds and another milder dust storm.[50][51]
- February 2011 was the driest in 30 years with only 18 mm (0.71 in) of rain falling, which is well below the average of 118 mm (4.6 in). Some of the western suburbs recorded the lowest total February rainfall on record.[52]
- In October 2013, major bushfires impacted western Sydney and the Blue Mountains, resulting in some evacuations, closed roads, and destroyed homes.[53]
- The summer of 2013-14 was the driest since 1986–87, recording only 106.6 mm (4.20 in) of rain during the season, close to a third of the average of 297.7 mm (11.72 in).[54] Observatory Hill only received 17 mm (0.67 in) of rain in January.[55]
- September 2017 was the driest on record, with the gauge receiving only 0.2 mm (0.0079 in) of rain. Furthermore, in that year, the city received less than half of its long-term average rainfall between July and December.[56]
- In 22 November 2018, a farming region being the worst affected.[58]
- Due to the widespread
- December 2019 only recorded 1.6 mm (0.063 in) of rain at Observatory Hill, overthrowing the previous 2.8 mm (0.11 in) recorded for the month in 1979.[63]
- June 2022 was the driest in 36 years, registering only 17.2 mm (0.68 in) of rain, despite the city having the wettest first half of a year on record.[64]
- July 2023 recorded the driest start to winter in 85 years, receiving only 22.2 mm (0.87 in) of rain since the start of June. It was the driest start to winter since 1938 and the third-driest on record since records began in 1859.[65]
- On 14 September 2023, Sydney was ranked third-worst in the world for air quality by hazard reduction burns.[66]
- On 19 December 2023, the city was blanketed by haze and experienced poor air quality due to gusty winds bringing smoke from Pilliga forest bushfires.[67]
Rainstorms and windstorms
18th–19th century
- On 6 February 1788, Lieutenant Ralph Clark, an officer of the First Fleet, noted that he experienced "the most violent storm of lightning and rain", where he concludes, "The lightning was incessant during the whole night and I never heard it rain faster.”[68]
- The first recorded tornado in Australia struck Sydney in 1795, during the early settlement, where it destroyed crops and trees.[69]
- On 20 August 1857, the Dunbar, a sailing ship carrying 122 people from England, was wrecked off South Head due to a powerful east coast low while trying to seek shelter in Sydney Harbour, leaving only one survivor.[70]
- Both in June 1816 and June 1864, the Hawkesbury River had overflowed after heavy rainfall, rising over 14 meters, where it flooded and caused widespread damage in nearby towns.[71][72]
- On 22 June 1867, heavy rain and winds caused the water of the Hawkesbury River to rise to 19.2 metres, submerging and ruining 16,000 homes and buildings from Pitt Town to Wisemans Ferry. The flood caused 12 deaths, which were dramatically represented in the Illustrated Sydney News in July 1867. Survivors were on rooftops waiting to be rescued by boatmen.[72] Known as The Great Flood, it caused damage in the order of $1.4 billion in the Nepean region and it has about a one-in-280 chance of occurring again.[73]
- On 28 May 1889, the low-lying homeless and rowing through the flooded streets besides partially sunken shopfronts and homes.[72][74] Some suburbs, such as Prospect in the greater west, received 314.2 mm (12.4 in) of rainfall in 24 hours.[75]
20th century
1910s–1930s
- On 26 November 1912, a powerful hail and thunderstorm passed over Sydney, where 12.7 mm (0.50 in) of rain fell in 10 minutes flooding streets, in addition to a lightning killing one labourer at a tramway construction site.[76]
- On 24 March 1914, Parramatta was flooded after 88.9 mm (3.50 in) of rain fell in just two hours. Parramatta railway station, businesses in Church Street and houses were partially submerged, and the Parramatta River was overflowed.[77]
- On 25 November 1914, a severe thunderstorm which was likely accompanying a tornado, hit Sydney's northern and harbour-side suburbs, and destructed through a line of shopfronts near Lindfield railway station.[78]
- On 6 October 1916, an east coast low brought 120.1 mm (4.73 in) of rain in 24 hours, flooding roads, overflowing rivers and damaging vegetable gardens.[79]
- On 25 October 1919, a powerful hailstorm caused severe damage to buildings when it blocked gutters and drains, thus allowing rainwater to overspill into ceilings and basements.[78]
- On 6 July 1931, Sydney was whipped by cyclonic winds and heavy rainfall, where it received 198.1 mm (7.80 in) of rain in 24 hours. In addition to thousands of pounds worth of damage to property, which included roofs and electricity, five deaths were recorded.[80]
- On 25 January 1937, a tornado tore through the suburbs of Marrickville, Matraville, where five people died and dozens were injured in falling buildings.[78]
1940s–1960s
- On 31 October 1940, a tornado created a 19 km (12 mi) path of damage, where it tore through thousands of homes, killing two people. A gust of 153 km/h was recorded.[78]
- In the Blue Mountains, hitting the city and dissipating east of Bondi in the mid-afternoon. At the time, it was the most severe storm to strike the city since recorded observations began in 1792. The high humidity, temperatures and weather patterns of Sydney increased the strength of the storm. The cost of damages from the storm were, at the time, approximately GB£750,000 (US$3 million); this is the equivalent of around A$45 million in modern figures. The supercell dropped hailstones larger than 8 centimetres (3.1 in) in diameter, with the most significant damage occurring in the central business district and eastern suburbs of Sydney.[81]
- On 15 June 1949, 94.1 mm (3.70 in) of rain fell in just one hour, the highest at that time since the records began. Flash flooding swamped businesses, shopfronts and homes.[82]
- In June 1950, a series of east coast cyclones develop off the New South Wales coast during which Sydney registered its highest monthly rainfall on record, 642.7 mm (25.3 in).[83][84]
- On 26 July 1952, Sydney CBD received 203.2 mm (8.00 in) of rain and cyclonic winds caused local floods, two landslides in the north, traffic delays and as well as a death of a man.[85]
- On 10 February 1956, heavy rain caused the Moorebank and the surrounds were submerged. Stranded residents were rescued by the police, the army and by civilians in row boats.[78]
- On 9 July 1957, a tornado Warriewood and Narrabeen on the Northern Beaches that blew off house roofs and caused more than £40,000 ($80,000) worth of damage.[78]
- On 23 November 1961, Penrith was flooded, with many properties and businesses being destroyed, after receiving half its annual average rainfall in just two days.[86] The Nepean River reached a height of 9.7 m (31.82 ft) after the area received 546 mm (21.5 in) of rain in two days.[87]
1970s–1990s
- On 24 April 1974, the western suburbs endured severe flash flooding that resulted in $20 million worth of damage and one death, as a consequence of 200 mm (7.87 in) of rain falling in three days.[78]
- On 10 March 1975, Sydney airport received 174.7 mm (6.88 in) of rainfall in six hours, in addition to flash flooding which caused more than $15 m worth of damage.[78]
- On 10 November 1976, intense thunderstorms caused severe damage in around Lidcombe and Auburn, with tennis-ball size (6 cm) hail and violent winds that injured 10 people. Damage costs were $40 million.[78]
- On 10–11 February 1978, a tornado tore through many homes in the Lower North Shore, injuring eight people. The damage cost was $15 million.[78]
- Between 19 and 24 March 1978, after an intense low pressure cell developed on the Coral Sea, travelling southwards, heavy rainfall occurred in the east coast which overflowed the Hawkesbury River, thereby flooding nearby homes and damaging roads. Several weather stations in the Sydney metropolitan area reported daily rainfall totals in excess of 250 mm (9.84 in).[88]
- On 8 November 1984, Sydney CBD saw 235 mm (9.25 in) of rain with 120.3 mm (4.74 in) falling at Observatory Hill in just one hour. Causing damage to homes in the Sydney Harbour and burying vehicles in mud, the storm was caused by a coastal trough with very high humidity values which in turn spawned very slow moving thunderstorms.[89] The cost of damages from the storm were, at the time, $80 million.[90]
- On 6 August 1986, a record 327.6 mm (12.90 in) of rainfall was dumped on the city in 24 hours, causing severe floods, major traffic problems and damage in many parts of the metropolitan area.[91]
- On 3 October 1986, ten people were injured and hundreds of homes were damaged after a hail up to 6 cm size hit the western suburbs. The total damage bill was $161 million.[89]
- On 3 February 1990, Sydney CBD received its record 24 hour February rainfall at 243.6 mm (9.59 in), when ex-tropical cyclone Nancy was centred on Brisbane.[92]
- On 18 March 1990, in around Auburn and Bankstown, large hail up to 8 cm diameter with strong winds and flash flooding caused $550 million worth of damage, where more than 2000 houses had window and roof damage.[93]
- On 21 January 1991, the Pymble and the surrounds) received hail 7 cm in size with winds up to 230 km/h, and as well as 60 mm (2.36 in) of rain in 30 minutes. With a damage cost of $670 million, the storm event damaged over 7000 houses from felled trees and floods.[93]
- On 12 February 1992, in the western and northern suburbs, a storm caused $335 million worth of damage after rain, large hail and flash flooding battered over 500 houses.[93]
- On 20 November 1994, a severe storm caused $29 million worth of damage in the Sydney region, namely in the north, where many trees were felled and houses wrecked.[78]
- In the early hours of 30 August 1996, an east coast low ravaged Sydney, bringing destructive winds that damaged properties and heavy rainfall that caused flash flooding and road blockage. Turramurra received 160 mm (6.30 in) of rainfall in 24 hours, Epping at 143 mm (5.63 in) and the CBD at 127 mm (5.00 in). Wind gusts up to 160 km/h were recorded. Insurance payouts due to the storm were estimated to be up to $50 million.[94][95]
- On 7–8 August 1998, parts of Sydney and the Illawarra region received in excess of 300 mm (12 in) of rain over four days.[70]
- The 14 April 1999 hailstorm was a notable storm event in Sydney, which caused severe damage in many suburbs and killed one man when his boat was struck by lightning. The storm produced hailstones of up to 9 cm (3.5 in) in diameter and resulted in insurance losses of around A$1.7 billion in less than five hours.[96]
21st century
2000s–2010s
- On 3 December 2001, the state of New South Wales recorded a wind gust of 174 km/h during a freak thunderstorm in Richmond. In addition, two schoolchildren were killed after a tree fell on their tent in the northern suburbs.[78]
- On 8 January 2003, a powerful southerly buster brought a maximum wind gust of 109 km/h, as well as a lightning storm with small hail that caused blackouts in over 70 suburbs.[78]
- Between 1 and 2 February 2005, a powerful East Coast Low caused flash flooding in Sydney with reports of 6 cm size hail, in addition to roofs being blown off in Gladesville.[78]
- A
- On 9 December 2007, a powerful thunderstorm affected western Sydney with hail 7 cm in diameter. The State Emergency Service received over 6000 calls for assistance and the damage bill was $201 million.[78]
- In February 2010, Sydney received some of the highest rainfalls in 25 years with 65 mm (2.6 in) of rain falling in one night at Observatory Hill. In the first weeks of the month, some suburbs were hit by thunderstorms which brought heavy rain and gusty winds which cut out power and damaged homes.[99][100][101] The heavy rain was caused by remnants of ex-tropical Cyclone Olga and humid north-easterly winds feeding into the low pressure trough.[102][103]
- On 18 November 2013, an EF1 tornado hit Hornsby, a suburb in the Upper North Shore, where winds reached 140 kilometres per hour (87 mph).[104] The tornado's path was 2 km (1.2 mi) long and 50 m (160 ft) wide.[105][106] Blowing off roofs and toppling large trees, the tornado injured a total of 12 people.[104]
- On 15 October 2014, a rainstorm described as a "once-in-a-decade event" hit the Sydney region. Parts of Sydney received the heaviest amount of rain in a span of hours in decades. 94 mm (3.70 in) of rain fell in east coast low, which ignited several other low pressure systems.[107]
- On 20 April 2015, Sydney recorded 119.4 mm (4.70 in) of rainfall, the most in any day since February 2002. Winds were "cyclonic" in nature, reaching 135 km/h (84 mph). Killing three people, this east coast low was formed with "a really pronounced upper level trough of cold air that had moved in from
- On 16 December 2015, a tornado with a windspeed of 213 km/h tore along Sydney's southern coast, where it ripped off roofs, destroyed homes and overturned trucks. Kurnell and Bondi Junction were the most hard hit.[111]
- On 5 June 2016, an east coast low brought heavy rainfall that passed the average total June rainfall of 132 mm (5.20 in). The deluge led to flash floods across the city and caused Pennant Hills, Sydney Airport and Prospect Reservoir experienced their wettest June day since 1991.[112]
- On 28 November 2018, a number of suburbs in the Sydney CBD recorded over 100 mm (3.94 in) of rainfall in just two hours from thunderstorms that formed due to an intense low pressure system, which came from the west, in what's been the city's wettest November day since 1984.Mosman on the North Shore 111 mm (4.37 in) of rain fell by 9am, making it the wettest spot in Sydney that day.[115]
- On 9 January 2019, Sydney was hit by a lightning storm that was "one of the biggest in recent years", where several houses were struck. Blacktown was the worst affected by the lightning storm, with over 20 homes reporting roof damage.[116]
- On 8 February 2019, intense thunderstorms, lightning and heavy rain caused significant damage to buildings, severe road flooding, which left 45,000 homes across Sydney without power. About 50 mm (1.97 in) fell in some inland suburbs in a span of just 30 minutes. Such heavy rainfall in a short period of time is expected once every ten years in the metropolitan area.[117]
2020s–present
- Between 7 and 9 February 2020, the Sydney metropolitan area received its heaviest rain in 30 years. The storm brought vast flooding and strong winds that caused commuter chaos and left over 100,000 homes without power.[118] The city recorded around 391.6 mm (15.42 in) of rain within those three days, more than three times the average rainfall for February. Thousands of people living in depressed areas, such as those in Narrabeen and southwest of Sydney near Georges River, were told to evacuate due to billowing floodwaters and rising river levels. At least 200 people were rescued by emergency services during the stormy weekend. Warragamba Dam, which was only at 42% in capacity, reached as close to 70% after the deluge.[119][120] The last time more than 300 mm (11.81 in) of rain fell in two days in the city was in 1992, in addition to being the wettest four-day period since 1990.[121]
- In the late evening of 18 February 2020, over 60,000 lightning strikes hit the Sydney area,[122] with wind gusts over 100 km/h (62 mph) being recorded in some Sydney suburbs. In addition to a man being killed by a flying gas cylinder in The Rocks, the storm toppled trees, damaged properties and left tens of thousands of homes without power.[123]
- Between 17 and 23 March 2021, many parts of Sydney received heavy rainfall in a storm that was described as "dangerous and threatening" by the Bureau of Meteorology, killing two people in the metropolitan area.[124][125] 330.5 mm (13.01 in) and 359.2 mm (14.14 in) of rain fell in Sydney CBD and Penrith, respectively, in a span of six days, which led to mass floods.[126] In Chester Hill, a tornado damaged homes and toppled trees, leaving thousands without electricity.[127] Parramatta received enough rain to flood the site of the new Parramatta Powerhouse and as well as the Parramatta ferry wharf, which was overflowed after Parramatta River broke its banks.[128] Moreover, the Warragamba Dam began to spill, which was the first significant overflow of the reservoir since 1990.[129] Because of rising floodwaters, Nepean River and Hawkesbury River were overflowed, with areas in the suburbs nearby such as Richmond, Windsor and Penrith being evacuated.[130] The BOM had confirmed that flooding from Hawkesbury River was higher than a similar major flooding event in November 1961.[131]
- On 19 December 2021, a storm with extreme winds of 130 km/h quickly swept across multiple suburbs in the Northern Beaches area.[132][133] The storm caused a large amount of damage to property and powerlines, mostly due to trees toppling over from the wind, around 36,000 homes were left without power.[134] In Narrabeen, three people were struck by a tree in a parking lot, causing the death of one woman and leaving two others critically injured.[135] Volunteers from NSW SES worked alongside Fire and Rescue New South Wales and New South Wales Rural Fire Service to cleanup the damage left behind by the storm.[136]
- On 22 February 2022, a month's worth of rain fell in less than a few hours in parts of the Sydney metropolitan area, which submerged streets and businesses, damaged road pavements and felled trees, in addition to flooding the Parramatta River and the nearby Powerhouse Museum site. Many suburbs recorded rainfall up to 100mm in the day, with 110mm falling in
- On Mosman received 128 mm (5.04 in) in the six hours until the afternoon.[141]
- On 6–7 April 2022, after two days of heavy rain, residents in Cobbitty.[143]
- Between 3–5 July 2022, an east coast low brought around eight months of rain in four days in Sydney's southwest, causing major flood and evacuation orders, in addition to one death.[144] Camden, in Sydney's southwest, had received 197.4 mm (7.77 in) of rain between July 2 and 3, with Sydney CBD accumulating 148.6 mm (5.85 in) over the span of four days.[145]
- On 18 February 2023, a severe windstorm ripped through the city that left over 60,000 people without power. In addition to that, the heavy winds felled trees in the metropolitan area and caused chaos at a sailing tournament where a boat's large sail was cast into the air, causing minor injuries among bystanders.[146]
- On the night of 2 December 2023, a thunderstorm surged through the city that abruptly ended a Perth Glory.[147]
- On 19 February 2024, around 75,000 lightning strikes were detected within 100km of the city. Of those lightning strikes, one struck and injured four people who were sheltering from the storm system in Royal Botanic Gardens.[148]
- Between 5 and 6 April 2024, a black nor'easter dumped heavy rain in the Sydney region, killing one man in western Sydney. The deluge caused major public transport delays and flooding in the Northern Beaches. Penrith recorded its heaviest 24-hour rainfall on record for April at 167 mm (6.57 in).[149]
Temperature extremes
Highest monthly average high temperature | |||||||||||||
Parameter | Jan | Feb | March | April | May | June | July | Aug | Sept | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sydney CBD[150] | 29.6 °C (85.3 °F) (2017) |
29.0 °C (84.2 °F) (1998) |
27.1 °C (80.8 °F) (2006) |
26.1 °C (79.0 °F) (2018) |
23.2 °C (73.8 °F) (2014) |
20.3 °C (68.5 °F) (1957) |
19.9 °C (67.8 °F) (2018) |
21.3 °C (70.3 °F) (1995) |
24.4 °C (75.9 °F) (1988) |
26.2 °C (79.2 °F) (1988) |
26.6 °C (79.9 °F) (2019) |
28.6 °C (83.5 °F) (2005) | |
Bankstown Airport (Western Sydney)[151] | 32.3 °C (90.1 °F) (2019) |
30.8 °C (87.4 °F) (2017) |
28.8 °C (83.8 °F) (1998) |
27.8 °C (82.0 °F) (2018) |
23.4 °C (74.1 °F) (2016) |
19.7 °C (67.5 °F) (2004) |
20.0 °C (68.0 °F) (2018) |
21.9 °C (71.4 °F) (1995) |
25.4 °C (77.7 °F) (2013) |
27.6 °C (81.7 °F) (1988) |
28.6 °C (83.5 °F) (2009) |
30.8 °C (87.4 °F) (2017) | |
Penrith (Far-West)[152] | 34.9 °C (94.8 °F) (2019) |
32.7 °C (90.9 °F) (2004) |
30.5 °C (86.9 °F) (1998) |
28.6 °C (83.5 °F) (2018) |
23.5 °C (74.3 °F) (2016) |
20.1 °C (68.2 °F) (2004) |
20.3 °C (68.5 °F) (2018) |
21.9 °C (71.4 °F) (2009) |
26.3 °C (79.3 °F) (2013) |
28.9 °C (84.0 °F) (2013) |
31.8 °C (89.2 °F) (2009) |
33.5 °C (92.3 °F) (2019) |
Lowest monthly average high temperature | |||||||||||||
Parameter | Jan | Feb | March | April | May | June | July | Aug | Sept | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sydney CBD | 23.1 °C (73.6 °F) (1948) |
23.6 °C (74.5 °F) (1860) |
22.4 °C (72.3 °F) (1870) |
20.0 °C (68.0 °F) (1893) |
16.6 °C (61.9 °F) (1898) |
14.1 °C (57.4 °F) (1887) |
13.4 °C (56.1 °F) (1896) |
14.9 °C (58.8 °F) (1943) |
17.4 °C (63.3 °F) (1889) |
19.2 °C (66.6 °F) (1903) |
20.6 °C (69.1 °F) (1943) |
22.5 °C (72.5 °F) (1924) | |
Prospect Reservoir (Western Sydney)[153] | 24.0 °C (75.2 °F) (1965) |
24.9 °C (76.8 °F) (1966) |
22.6 °C (72.7 °F) (1967) |
21.1 °C (70.0 °F) (1983) |
18.1 °C (64.6 °F) (1968) |
14.6 °C (58.3 °F) (1968) |
14.4 °C (57.9 °F) (1966) |
15.7 °C (60.3 °F) (1967) |
17.6 °C (63.7 °F) (1966) |
19.9 °C (67.8 °F) (1966) |
22.5 °C (72.5 °F) (1971) |
23.4 °C (74.1 °F) (2011) |
- Highest minimum (Sydney CBD)[154]
|
|
Rainfall extremes
Highest daily rainfall | |||||||||||||
Parameter | Jan | Feb | March | April | May | June | July | Aug | Sept | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sydney CBD[154] | 191.0 mm (7.5 in) (17 Jan 1988) |
243.6 mm (9.6 in) (3 Feb 1990) |
280.7 mm (11.1 in) (28 Mar 1942) |
191.0 mm (7.5 in) (29 Apr 1860) |
212.3 mm (8.4 in) (28 May 1889) |
150.6 mm (5.9 in) (11 Jun 1991) |
198.1 mm (7.8 in) (7 Jul 1931) |
327.6 mm (12.9 in) (6 Aug 1986) |
144.5 mm (5.7 in) (10 Sep 1879) |
161.8 mm (6.4 in) (13 Oct 1902) |
234.6 mm (9.2 in) (8 Nov 1984) |
126.0 mm (5.0 in) (14 Dec 1991) | |
Western Sydney (Prospect Reservoir)[155] | 161.2 mm (6.3 in) (31 Jan 2001) |
165.0 mm (6.5 in) (10 Feb 2020) |
153.9 mm (6.1 in) (20 Mar 1892) |
163.1 mm (6.4 in) (16 Apr 1946) |
314.2 mm (12.4 in) (28 May 1889) |
163.4 mm (6.4 in) (11 Jun 1991) |
143.5 mm (5.6 in) (10 Jul 1904) |
321.0 mm (12.6 in) (6 Aug 1986) |
96.5 mm (3.8 in) (2 Sep 1970) |
102.1 mm (4.0 in) (5 Oct 1916) |
126.2 mm (5.0 in) (14 Nov 1969) |
154.9 mm (6.1 in) (13 Dec 1910) |
- Lowest monthly rainfall (Sydney CBD)[154]
|
|
- Lowest monthly rainfall (Prospect Reservoir)[155]
|
|
|
See also
References
- ^ "Tropical cyclones reached Sydney in the 1950s and they could return".
- Sydney Morning HeraldJanuary 21, 2022.
- ^ "Southern Annular Mode: The climate 'influencer' you may not have heard of". ABC News. 14 August 2018. Archived from the original on 25 October 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
- ^ "Special Climate Statement 71—severe fire weather conditions in southeast Queensland and northeast New South Wales in September 2019" (PDF). Bureau of Meteorology. 24 September 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 January 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
- ^ "Sydney heatwave: Is it hot enough for you?". The Sydney Morning Herald. 10 October 2013. Archived from the original on 17 January 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
- ^ "Living in Sydney". Sydney Institute of Business & Technology. Archived from the original on 1 August 2008. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
- ^ "Water quality and drought". Sydney Water. Archived from the original on 20 November 2009.
- ^ "Drought". Archived from the original on 15 January 2012.
- ^ ‘Heat dome’ surrounding Australian CBDs leave suburbs to scorch Archived 3 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine by Benedict Brook from News.com.au. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
- ^ "THE HEAT WAVE. HIGH SHADE TEMPERATURES. BURNING OUT THE OLD YEAR. A READING OF 114 DEG. RAIN STORM IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA". Trove. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
- ^ "DEATH FROM HEAT EXHAUSTION. WEST WYALONG, Monday". Trove. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
- ^ "HIKER'S DEATH FROM HEAT STROKE SYDNEY". Trove. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
- ^ First western Sydney microclimate maps reveal extent of heat variation in region Archived 12 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine by Mirage News. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
- ^ Extreme measures: An ecologist’s urban sensors show us just how hot Western Sydney is getting Archived 29 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine by Foreground.com.au. Retrieved 25 November 2020
- ^ Sydney weather: How urbanisation creates hot microclimates in our suburbs Archived 27 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine by The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 25 November 2020
- ^ Failing Rains and Thirsty Cities: Australia’s Growing Water Problem Archived 28 January 2022 at the Wayback Machine by Jon Heggie from the National Geographic
- ^ "HEAT WAVE IN SYDNEY TEMPERATURE REACHES 106.2 DEGREES HOTTEST SINCE 1896". Trove. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
- ^ "HOTTEST AUGUST DAY IN SYDNEY ONE DEAD, OTHERS COLLAPSE SYDNEY". Trove. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
- ^ http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_066124_All.shtml
- Sydney Morning Herald. 23 August 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ "Special Climate Statement 43 – extreme heat in January 2013" (PDF). Bureau of Meteorology. 1 February 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
- ^ "Sydney in July 2013: Warmest July on record". WeatherZone. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
- ^ Smith, Bridie (3 October 2013). "Climate Council reports warmest September on record". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
- ^ "September's average temperature for Sydney beats 33-year-old record". Archived from the original on 29 September 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
- ^ Hannam, Peter (2 November 2015). "October blew away heat records for any month of any year: Bureau of Meteorology". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
- ^ "Sydney in summer 2016-17: Warmest summer on record". Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
- ^ McInnes, William (8 January 2018). "Sydney clocks the hottest place on Earth as hot weather continues". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 8 January 2018. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
- ^ Kennedy, Jean (8 January 2018). "Sydney has its hottest April day on record and the endless summer looks set to continue". ABC News. Archived from the original on 10 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
- ^ Janek Drevikovsky; Sally Rawsthorne (2020-01-04). "'Hottest place on the planet': Penrith in Sydney's west approaches 50 degrees". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 2023-09-13.
- ^ New data shows Sydney suburbs reached temperatures over 50C last summer Archived 27 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine by Anton Nilsson from News.com.au. Retrieved 26 November 2020
- ^ The Sydney suburbs that hit 50C last summer Archived 31 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine by Angus Thompson from The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 26 November 2020
- ^ "Western Sydney to join the State's best swimming destinations". Department of Planning and Environment. 26 November 2023. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
- SBS News. 4 January 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
- ^ Sydney records coldest stretch of May days in 54 years Archived 23 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine by Nine News, 20 May 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
- ^ Sydney records coldest day in 37 years Archived 10 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine by Nine News
- ^ Sydney shivers through coldest day since 1984 as snow blankets NSW Archived 10 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine By Sarah McPhee and Daniella White from The Daily Telegraph. 10 June 2021
- ^ Sydney's record 15-day spell of 20 degree winter days Archived 23 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine by Ben Domensino from Weatherzone. 23 August 2021
- ^ Sydney on track to smash weather records for September as 'remarkable' hot spell continues across parts of NSW by Adriana Mageros, Sky Weather. 18 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
- ^ "Australia heatwave: Sydney sees hottest September day on record". News.com.au. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
- ^ "Sydney temperature records smashed for the start of October". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
- ^ "Sydney's hottest first fortnight of summer on record". WeatherZone. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
- ^ "Sydney sweats through muggiest day on record". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
- ^ Bushfire threatens homes in Turramurra; The Sydney Morning Herald; 29 December 1993
- ^ NSW Rural Fire Service: Our History; www.rfs.nsw.gov.au
- ^ Twenty years on since the 1994 fires - Seven News Flashback; rfs.nsw.gov.au; 6 Jan 2014
- ^ Mr N. P. Cheney, CSIRO Division of Forestry; BUSHFIRES - AN INTEGRAL PART OF AUSTRALIA'S ENVIRONMENT; The Year Book of Australia 1995; www.abs.gov.au; online 25 Jan 2020
- ^ Worst dust storm in decades sweeps across four states Archived 11 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine Australian Weather News
- ^ Ramachandran, Arjun (23 September 2009). "Sydney turns red: dust storm blankets city". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 26 January 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
- ^ "Brisbane on alert as dust storms sweep east". ABC News. 23 September 2009. Archived from the original on 8 August 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022 – via www.abc.net.au.
- ^ "Sydney in Autumn 2010". Bom.gov.au. Archived from the original on 5 January 2010. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
- ^ "Third warmest winter on record for Sydney". Bom.gov.au. 27 August 1995. Archived from the original on 20 May 2010. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
- ^ "Sydney in January 2011: Warm start to 2011". Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
- ^ "NSW in September 2013: Warmest September on record". Monthly Climate Summary for New South Wales. Bureau of Meteorology. 14 October 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
- ^ "Sydney in summer 2013-14: Driest summer since 1986-87". ABC News. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
- ^ "Sydney in midst of driest summer for more than 70 years". The Sydney Morning Herald. 3 February 2014. Archived from the original on 9 June 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
- ^ "2017 brought another year of weather extremes as drought and heat took its toll". Sydney Morning Herald. 2017. Archived from the original on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
- ^ Dust storm hits Sydney, NSW Government issues air quality warning Archived 22 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine by Jamie McKinnell and Angelique Lu (ABC News)
- ^ Worst drought in more than 100 years now on Sydney’s doorstep Archived 22 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine by Jack Morphet (News.com.au)
- ^ "Sydney smoke haze reaches 11 times the hazardous level". Archived from the original on 1 January 2020. Retrieved 1 Jan 2020.
- ^ Hromas, Jessica (10 December 2019). "Sydney smoke: bushfires haze smothers landmarks – in pictures". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 1 January 2020. Retrieved 1 Jan 2020.
- ^ "Bushfire smoke makes Sydney air quality worse than Delhi". Archived from the original on 28 March 2022. Retrieved 1 Jan 2020.
- ^ "Sydney fire haze equal to 'smoking 32 cigarettes'". Archived from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 1 Jan 2020.
- ^ "'There's clearly a warming trend. You can't not see it': Our year of wild weather". The Sydney Morning Herald. 2 January 2020. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
- ^ Sydney's driest June since 1986 amid record wet start to year Archived 2 July 2022 at the Wayback Machine Ben Domensino from WeatherZone. 30 June 2022. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
- ^ "Sydney records driest start to winter in 85 years". Nine News. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
- ^ "Sydney smoke: air quality among worst in world due to hazard-reduction burns". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
- ^ "Sydney blanketed by haze as strong winds carry smoke from Duck Creek, Pilliga Forest bushfire". ABC News. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
- ^ WEATHER SECRETS OF THE FIRST FLEET VOYAGE Arthur Phillip Chapter of Fellowship of First Fleeters
- ^ Evershed, Nick (2013-03-26). "MULTIMEDIA: Tornadoes in Australia". The Courier. Retrieved 2014-01-22.
- ^ a b "When were most recent major East Coast Lows?". Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
- ^ La Niña brings flooding rains to NSW in the early 1860s by Climate History Australia, September 27, 2012. 16 April 2020
- ^ a b c Sydney’s wild weather by Nicole Cama, June 9, 2016. Retrieved 14 April 2020
- The Daily TelegraphJune 21, 2017. Retrieved 15 April 2020
- ^ [https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/13724597 Sydney Morning Herald Retrieved 14 April 2020
- ^ "Climate statistics for Prospect Reservoir". Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
- ^ Flood in Sydney Townsville Daily Bulletin (Qld: 1907 - 1954). Retrieved 15 April 2020
- ^ PARRAMATTA FLOODED. BUILDINGS DESTROYED. MANY EXCITING EXPERIENCES. 24 March 1914 Sydney Morning Herald
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Stormy weather - A century of storms, fire, flood and drought in New South Wales by the Bureau of Meteorology, 2009. Retrieved 15 April 2020
- ^ THE FLOODS. SYDNEY- DOWNPOUR. Remarkable Rain Records. The Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848 - 1957). Retrieved 15 April 2020
- The Daily News (Perth)from The National Library of Australia. Retrieved 15 April 2020
- Sydney Morning Herald. No. 34, 018. New South Wales, Australia. 2 January 1947. p. 1. Retrieved 11 September 2016 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ SYDNEY HAS WORST FLOOD IN HISTORY Townsville Daily Bulletin (Qld.:1907 - 1954). Retrieved 15 April 2020
- ^ "Australian East Coast Storm 2007: Impact of East Coast Lows". Guy Carpenter. October 2007. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
- .
- ^ DEATH. FLOOD DAMAGE AND DELAYS IN SYDNEY STORM|TWO LANDSLIDES BLOCK. MAIN NORTHERN RAILWAY The Sun (Sydney, NSW : 1910 - 1954). Retrieved 15 April 2020
- ^ Flashback: Penrith’s disastrous 1961 flood by The Western Weekender. 21 March 2021
- ^ Floods Engulf Nepean Valley by Trove. 21 March 2021
- North Ryde. Retrieved 15 April 2020
- ^ a b "Bureau - Severe Storm events - 1980/1989". webarchive.nla.gov.au. Archived from the original on 10 March 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
- ^ Sydney, New South Wales, November 1984 Flood - Sydney Australian Institute for Disaster Resilience. Retrieved 15 April 2020
- ^ Rain in Sydney, 1986 in Australian Climate Extremes, Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 9 September 2006.
- ^ Low pressure systems off the New South Wales coast and associated hazardous weather: establishment of a database by Milton S. Speer, Perry Wiles and Acacia Pepler, Climate Change Research Centre, Faculty of Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. Bureau of Meteorology, Department of Physical Geography, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
- ^ a b c The response to the ‘mother of all storms’: a combat agency view By Chas Keys, Deputy Director General, NSW State Emergency Service. Retrieved 15 April 2020
- ^ East Coast Low: Saturday 31st August 1996 by Michael Bath
- ^ Wet-weather flashback: Round 22, 1996 by Zachary Gates, 10 February 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
- ^ "The Sydney Hailstorm - 14 April 1999". Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 5 October 2006.
- ^ "Summary of Significant Severe Thunderstorm Events in NSW - 2007/08". Bureau of Meteorology. 2011. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
- ^ Sydney has wettest June for 57 years
- ^ "Storm drenches Sydney". UPI.com. 12 February 2010. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
- ^ "Sydney dries out but regional threatened". News.smh.com.au. 12 February 2010. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
- ^ "Weather News - Wild storms lash Sydney". Weatherzone.com.au. 13 February 2010. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
- ^ "Rain swamps Sydney's water catchments". Smh.com.au. 7 February 2010. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
- ^ Huffer, Julie (10 February 2010). "Heaviest rain in almost 20 years - Environment". Hornsby-advocate.whereilive.com.au. Archived from the original on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
- ^ a b Hornsby hit by mini tornado which sounded like a freight train and ripped the roof of the Myer building
- ^ Clean-up continues after tornado strikes at Hornsby in Sydney's north
- ^ "Hornsby was hit by a tornado, Bureau of Meteorology confirms". Sydney Morning Herald.
- Sydney Morning Herald. 15 October 2014.
- ^ Roads turn to rivers as NSW suffers freak hailstorm The Daily Telegraph
- ^ Sydney weather: It's not a cyclone but it sure felt like one
- ^ NSW wild weather: Three killed, homes washed away in Dungog as 'cyclonic' winds batter Sydney, Hunter and Central Coast
- ^ Sydney tornado: Clean-up underway in Kurnell after 'unprecedented' storm delivers 213kph winds by ABC News, 16 December 2015
- ^ Rain records broken across Sydney by Sarah Muller, from The Sydney Morning Herald, June 5, 2016
- ABC News Australia)
- Sydney Morning Herald)
- ^ Wild Wednesday: SES volunteer dies as torrential rain lashes Sydney and surrounds by Benedict Brook, Charlotte Willis and Rohan Smith (news.com.au)
- ^ Sydney hit by fierce lightning storm but hot weather forecast to return to the city's west by Clare Mathie and Lily Mayers, from ABC news, 9 January 2019
- ^ Sydney lashed by severe thunderstorms, power outages, flooding by Bellinda Kontominas and Nick Sas, from ABC news, 9 February 2019
- ^ Rain: Warragamba Dam gets huge boost as chaos reigns in wake of weekend deluge in NSW, Queensland by The Australian, 10 February 2020
- ^ Sydney rains: Record rainfall brings flooding but puts out mega-blaze by the BBC News, 10 February 2020
- ^ Thousands Without Power As NSW Cops Heaviest Rain In Two Decades by 10 daily, 9 February 2020
- 7 News, 9 February 2020
- ^ Sydney weather: Man killed, trees felled, power cut as storm wreaks havoc across NSW by The Australian, 19 February 2020
- ^ Sydney thunderstorm lights up the night sky as lightning, wind gusts and hail hit NSW by ABC News, 19 February 2020
- ^ Man dies in crash on Sydney's Northern Beaches Archived 23 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine by Olivana Lathouris from Nine News. 22 March 2021.
- ^ A Pakistani man died in the Sydney floods today | 7NEWS, archived from the original on 25 March 2021, retrieved 24 March 2021
- ^ NSW weather live: NSW Premier Gladys Berejiklian warns of 'prolonged 'event by ABC News. 20 March 2021
- ^ NSW weather: mini-tornado damages homes in Chester Hill, says NSW Premier Gladys Berejiklian by ABC News. 20 March 2021
- ^ Parramatta River breaks its banks, flooding Powerhouse Museum site by Linda Morris and Andrew Taylor from Sydney Morning Herald. 21 March 2021
- ^ Record rains, flooding prompt evacuations in Australia by Yahoo! News
- ^ Sydney weather live: Evacuation warnings across Western Sydney and Mid-North Coast as Warragamba Dam overflows by ABC News. 21 March 2021
- ^ Australia weather live updates: 'Relentless' rain to continue into next week by News.com.au. March 21, 2021.
- ^ "Microbursts: what causes the deadly, high-speed weather events?". The Guardian. 2021-12-20. Retrieved 2021-12-21.
- ^ Brickwood, Pallavi Singhal, James (2021-12-19). "One dead and multiple injured after tree collapse in northern beaches". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2021-12-21.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Thousands without power on Sydney's Northern Beaches after deadly storm". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2021-12-21.
- ^ Chung, Josh Dye, Laura (2021-12-20). "'Freak accident': Yoga teacher killed after Christmas party". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2021-12-21.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Son says mother who was killed in Sydney storm will be 'sorely missed'". ABC News. 2021-12-20. Retrieved 2021-12-21.
- ^ Hundreds of Sydney storm damage clean-up jobs underway after torrential rain By Romy Gilbert Raffaella Ciccarelli from 9News. February 23, 2022.
- ^ Sydney rain smashes summer records as cleanup from deluge continues By Raffaella Ciccarelli from 9news. February 24, 2022.
- ^ "Sydney weather warning cancelled as rain moves towards the Hunter". ABC News. 3 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ "Woman found dead in Sydney's west as flood warnings force residents to evacuate". Sydney Morning Herald. 8 March 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
- ^ Dangerous winds to lash Sydney but respite from rain is imminent The Sydney Morning Herald. March 8, 2022
- ^ Evacuation orders issued, homes isolated in Sydney as torrential rain causes flash flooding By Heath Parkes-Hupton, Carla Hildebrandt, and Jessica Kidd from ABC News. 7 April 2022.
- ^ 'We're still in disbelief': Popular dog breeder Tony Ikin killed in Sydney floodwaters By Savannah Meacham and Adam Vidler from 9 News. 8 April 2022.
- ^ "Australia floods: 50,000 on evacuation alert after deluge hits Sydney". BBC News. 5 July 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
- One News. 5 July 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
- ^ Wild scenes as ferocious Sydney storm rips apart sailboat by Yahoo! News. February 19, 2023.
- ^ "Music festival evacuated as wild storm sweeps through Sydney". www.smh.com.au. Retrieved 2023-12-02.
- SBS News. Retrieved 2023-02-20.
- ^ Evacuation and extreme weather warnings issued after heavy rain falls across parts of Sydney and the Illawarra by ABC meteorologist Tom Saunders, Brooke Chandler and Jesse Hyland. ABC News. 6 April 2024.
- ^ Monthly mean maximum temperature for Sydney (Observatory Hill) Archived 28 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine by the Bureau of Meteorology
- ^ Monthly mean maximum temperature for Bankstown Airport AWS Archived 17 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine by the Bureau of Meteorology
- ^ Monthly mean maximum temperature for Penrith Lakes AWS Archived 20 June 2022 at the Wayback Machine by the Bureau of Meteorology
- ^ Monthly mean maximum temperature for Prospect Reservoir Archived 12 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine by the Bureau of Meteorology
- ^ a b c d e "Sydney (Observatory Hill) Period 1991-2020". Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 9 February 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
- ^ a b c "Climate statistics for Prospect Reservoir". Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 14 November 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
- ^ Wettest March on record rewrites Sydney's climatology Archived 31 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine Ben Domensino from Weatherzone. 30 March 2022.
- ^ "Greater Sydney in July 2022: wettest on record". Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 20 March 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
- ^ "Greater Sydney in October 2022: Very wet; cooler than average days and warmer than average nights". Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved 6 November 2022.