Sewell, Chile
| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
|---|---|
.jpg) | |
| Official name | Sewell Mining Town |
| Location | Machalí, Cachapoal Province, O'Higgins Region, Chile |
| Criteria | Cultural: (ii) |
| Reference | 1214 |
| Inscription | 2006 (30th Session) |
| Area | 17.2 ha (43 acres) |
| Buffer zone | 33 ha (82 acres) |
| Website | www |
| Coordinates | 34°5′4″S 70°22′58″W / 34.08444°S 70.38278°W |
  Location of Sewell, Chile in Chile | |
Sewell is an uninhabited
At the town's peak in 1960, some 16,000 people lived here. After the government acquired a majority interest in the mine, and even more so after copper mining was nationalized in 1971, the government company moved workers into the valley. It built the Copper Highway to provide commuting access for them to the mine and related operations. While some buildings were demolished in the 1980s, others have now been renovated for contract workers, and restored as part of preservation of this historic site. The Chilean government designated it in 1998 as a National Monument.
History
The town was founded in 1906 by the Braden Copper Company as a company town to support extracting copper from the El Teniente mine.[2] It was named after the company's first president, Barton Sewell.
During the
Originally male workers lived in shared housing at Sewell, called colectivos. Later family housing was added. Playgrounds, plazas, shops, and a movie theatre were later developed. Pedestrians walked up and down vertical staircases to reach the different levels of the town. Streets ran horizontally and were unpaved because of severe winter conditions. There were no cars. On the west-facing side of Cerro Negro, a camp for foreign personnel developed.[3]
Ore was taken down the mountainside to
By 1915 a hospital, a fire department, and a social club had been built and established in Sewell.
Sewell is known as the "City of Staircases". The town was built on terrain too steep for wheeled vehicles, around a large central staircase, called the Escalara Central, which was built from the railway station. All supplies had to be brought into the city via a narrow gauge railroad.[4] Pueblo Hundido contained the living quarters, while below the ore body was El Establecimiento, which contained the concentrator, hydroelectric plant, and a tramway.[2]: 127, 146
On 8 August 1944, 102 people died in an avalanche when the slopes above the town failed.[2]: 128 Additional, ever-present threats to the city included earthquakes, avalanches and explosions from mine operations.[5]
In June 1945, 355 workers died in El Teniente mine from carbon monoxide poisoning, and another 747 were injured, because smoke spread through the mine from a fire outside. This disaster resulted in the government developing and adopting more safety regulations.[1][2]: 128
Decline
In 1967 the
In 1971 the
Preservation
Numerous supporters argued to have the town preserved because of its significance to Chilean history and its unusual site in the Andes. Demolition was halted at the end of the 1980s. In 1998 the Chilean Government declared Sewell a National Monument. In 1999 Chile's College of Architects declared Sewell to be one of the country's 10 most important urban works.[4] Nine books have been written about life at Sewell.[6] In 2006 UNESCO designated it as a World Heritage Site, based on Chile's nomination and assessment of its significance.[1]
During the 1980s some of the remaining buildings were remodeled to house thousands of contract workers at the mine, but they were later moved out.[1] Other buildings have been restored in order to preserve the nature of the original town. Some 50 restored buildings remain, and a history museum is housed in one of the structures.[6]
CODELCO uses several buildings for offices. Now only the basic company facilities required for mining remain in the town.[5] The area is not accessible by private vehicles. The government allows visitors only through tour operators from Santiago and Rancagua.[6]
Climate
Due to its elevation, Sewell has a warm-summer mediterranean continental climate (Dsb, according to the Köppen climate classification), as at least 4 months see an average temperature above 10 °C (50 °F) and at least one month sees an average temperature below 0 °C (32 °F), having dry, moderate summers and snowy winters.
| Climate data for Sewell, Chile (1991-2021) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 18.2 (64.8) |
17.8 (64.0) |
16.3 (61.3) |
12.2 (54.0) |
6.3 (43.3) |
1.4 (34.5) |
0.2 (32.4) |
2.4 (36.3) |
4.9 (40.8) |
7.7 (45.9) |
11.9 (53.4) |
15.6 (60.1) |
9.6 (49.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 12.8 (55.0) |
12.5 (54.5) |
10.6 (51.1) |
6.2 (43.2) |
2.4 (36.3) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
2.1 (35.8) |
3.9 (39.0) |
6.4 (43.5) |
10.2 (50.4) |
5.1 (41.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 6.6 (43.9) |
6.7 (44.1) |
4.4 (39.9) |
0.3 (32.5) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
−4.2 (24.4) |
−6.3 (20.7) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
0.1 (32.2) |
0.9 (33.6) |
3.2 (37.8) |
0.7 (33.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 6.6 (0.26) |
10.1 (0.40) |
19.7 (0.78) |
27.3 (1.07) |
62.9 (2.48) |
159.6 (6.28) |
98.3 (3.87) |
73.1 (2.88) |
55.1 (2.17) |
39.4 (1.55) |
14.6 (0.57) |
5.7 (0.22) |
572.4 (22.53) |
| Source: Climate-Data.org[7] | |||||||||||||
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e f "Sewell Mining Town". World Heritage Sites. UNESCO. 2006. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g Charles Caldwell Hawley (2014). A Kennecott Story. The University of Utah Press. p. 105.
- ^ a b Sewell, also known as El Teniente, Chile
- ^ a b "Sewell, also known as el Teniente, Chile". Archived from the original on 2006-04-19. Retrieved 2006-07-01.
- ^ a b c d "Sewell, also known as El Teniente, Chile". gosouthamerica.about.com. Archived from the original on 2005-09-22.
- ^ a b c "Historia" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2011-12-16.
- ^ "Climate: Sewell". Retrieved 25 June 2023.
External links
- Snow in Sewelll, Chile
- Memories of Living in Sewelll, Chile, Bonnie Hamre website
- Panoramas of Sewell
- Historical Photos of Sewell - El Teniente
- Sewell, also known as El Teniente, Chile
- Official Site
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