Shaanxi

Coordinates: 35°36′N 108°24′E / 35.6°N 108.4°E / 35.6; 108.4
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Not to be confused with the neighboring province of Shanxi (Chinese: 山西), whose capital is Taiyuan.

Shaanxi
陕西
US$ 380 billion
 • Per capitaCN¥ 66,234
US$ 9,599
ISO 3166 codeCN-SN
HDI (2019)Increase 0.762[4]
high · 13th
Websiteshaanxi.gov.cn

Shaanxi[a] is an inland province in Northwestern China. It borders the province-level divisions of Shanxi (NE, E), Henan (E), Hubei (SE), Chongqing (S), Sichuan (SW), Gansu (W), Ningxia (NW), and Inner Mongolia (N).

Shaanxi covers an area of over 205,000 km2 (79,151 sq mi) with about 37 million people, the 16th largest in China.

dynasties.[6] Xianyang, which served as the Qin dynasty capital, is just north across Wei River. The other prefecture-level cities into which the province is divided are Ankang, Baoji, Hanzhong, Shangluo, Tongchuan, Weinan, Yan'an and Yulin
.

The province is geographically divided into three parts, namely

Shaannan") comprises the three prefectural cities in the edge of the historical Bashu region south of the Qinling Mountains and includes the three mountainous cities of Hanzhong, Ankang and Shangluo
.

Along with areas of adjacent

Shaan-Gan-Ning Border Region
in constituent parts of Shaanxi.

The vast majority of the population of Shaanxi is

variety of Chinese, Jin Chinese
, is also spoken in the regions neighboring Shanxi.

Shaanxi is China's

R&D and manufacturing equipment for the country's domestic commercial aviation industry.[7]

Name

Languages Pronunciations of
陝西 山西
Jin Chinese[8] [ʂje sɛe̯] [sã sɛe̯]
13th cen. Mandarin[9] [ʃem si] [ʃan si]
Xi'an Mandarin[10]
 [ʂæ̃ ɕi] [sæ̃ ɕi]
Beijing Mandarin [ʂan ɕi]

The meaning of the province, "Shan's west", traces to circa 1000 BC when the Dukes of

Simplified characters merged the two as 陕.[12]

Shaanxi
Hanyu Pinyin
Shǎnxī [13]
Gwoyeu RomatzyhShaanshi [15]

The alphabet rendering of 陝西 and its neighboring province 山西 are troublesome in Beijing Mandarin, which pronounces both as [ʂan ɕi] only with a different tone (rendered as Shǎnxī and Shānxī in pinyin transcription, 1958). To avoid confusion, mainland China recognized the Gwoyeu Romatzyh transcription (1928) for 陝, "Shaan".[13][16]

Nonetheless, the vowels and consonants of 陝 and 山 are distinguished in the more conservative

PRC banned pre-PRC romanizations.[13]

History

See also: Xia dynasty, Chang'an, Zhou dynasty, Han dynasty, Sui dynasty, Tang dynasty, Qin dynasty, and Lantian Man
Northern Xia
(407-431).
Cliff inscriptions in Red Stone Gorge from 1587 to 1949.
A typical yaodong residence.
Terracotta Warriors
.

Shaanxi is considered one of the cradles of Chinese civilization. Thirteen feudal dynasties established their capitals in the province during a span of more than 1,100 years, from the Zhou dynasty to the Tang dynasty.

The province's principal city and current capital, Xi'an, is one of the four great ancient capitals of China and is the eastern terminus of the Silk Road, which leads to Europe, the Arabian Peninsula, and Africa.

The region was briefly governed as the

Wushao Ling Pass to Wuwei and emerging in Kashgar before linking to ancient Parthia.[17]

The

Northern Xia (407-431) set its capital in Tongwancheng.[18]

The Northern Song dynasty and the Tangut-led Western Xia contested their border in Shaanxi. Western Xia found the Luōwùchéng (罗兀城) frontier fort in 1071 but was taken by Song in 1081.[19]

Under the Ming dynasty, Shaanxi was established with the founding of the Shaanxi Provincial Administration Commission in 1376, whose administration also included the modern provinces of Gansu, Ningxia, and part of Qinghai.[20] During this dynasty, most visitors from Central and West Asia entered the country via Shaanxi.[21]

One of the most devastating

earthquakes in history occurred near Hua Shan in southeastern Shaanxi on January 23, 1556, killing an estimated 830,000 people (see 1556 Shaanxi earthquake
).

The end of the short-lived

Shaanxi Soviet
at Yan'an.

The administrative evolution of Shaanxi: The Northern Song established the Shaanxi Lu (circuit), governed from modern Xi'an in 997. The

Branch Secretariat in 1286.[20] After the founding of the Qing dynasty, Gansu was split from Shaanxi, but both provinces were governed under the Viceroy of Shaan-Gan
.

Prehistoric site

The Lantian Man site, with hominin fossils from approximately one million years ago, was found in Lantian County in northwestern Shaanxi province, near the city of Xi'an. Scientists classify Lantian Man as a subspecies of Homo erectus. The fossils are displayed at the Shaanxi History Museum, Xi'an, China.

Geography

The Yellow River is the natural provincial border between Wubu, Shaanxi (right) and Liulin, Shanxi (left), both being the heartland of Jin Chinese language. The Taiyuan–Zhongwei–Yinchuan railway ran across the bridge.

The geography of the area is described as being part of the

Qin Mountains (Qinling) running east to west in the south central part, and subtropical climate south of the Qinling. In between the Loess Plateau and the Qinling lies the Wei River Valley, or Guanzhong
, a cradle of early Chinese civilization.

Going clockwise, Shaanxi borders Shanxi (E, NE), Henan (E), Hubei (SE), Chongqing (S), Sichuan (SW), Gansu (W), Ningxia (NW), and Inner Mongolia (N). In terms of number of bordering provincial-level divisions, Shaanxi ties Inner Mongolia.

Due to its large span in latitude, Shaanxi has a variety of climates. Under the

southern portion
is much more humid and lies in the humid subtropical zone, with more temperate winters and long, hot, humid summers. Annual mean temperature is roughly between 8 and 16 °C (46 and 61 °F), with January temperatures ranging from −11 to 3.5 °C (12.2 to 38.3 °F) and July temperatures ranging from 21 to 28 °C (70 to 82 °F).

Besides the provincial capital of Xi'an, other cities include:

Lintong, Tongchuan, Xianyang, Yan'an and Ankang
.

Mount Hua, a famous attraction.

Administrative divisions

Main articles: List of administrative divisions of Shaanxi and List of township-level divisions of Shaanxi

Shaanxi consists of ten

sub-provincial city
):

Administrative divisions of Shaanxi
Division code[22] Division Area in km2[23] Population 2010[24] Seat Divisions[25]
Districts
Counties
 CL cities
610000 Shaanxi Province 205,800.00 37,327,378 Xi'an city 30 71 6
610100 Xi'an city 10,096.81 8,467,837
Weiyang District
 11 2
610200 Tongchuan city 3,884.81 834,437 Yaozhou District 3 1
610300 Baoji city 18,116.93 3,716,731 Jintai District 3 9
610400 Xianyang city 10,323.99 4,894,834 Qindu District 3 9 2
610500 Weinan city 13,030.56 5,286,077 Linwei District 2 7 2
610600 Yan'an city 37,030.54 2,187,009 Baota District 2 10 1
610700 Hanzhong city 27,096.43 3,416,196 Hantai District 2 9
610800 Yulin city 42,920.18 3,351,437 Yuyang District 2 9 1
610900 Ankang city 23,536.31 2,629,906 Hanbin District 1 9
611000 Shangluo city 19,587.31 2,341,742 Shangzhou District 1 6
  
Sub-provincial cities

The ten prefecture-level cities of Shaanxi are subdivided into 107

counties
).

Urban areas

Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities
# Cities 2020 Urban area[26] 2010 Urban area[27] 2020 City proper
1 Xi'an 9,392,938 5,206,253[b] 12,183,280
2 Xianyang[c] 1,192,776 730,704 4,983,340
3 Baoji 1,107,702 871,940 3,321,853
4 Yulin 884,292 429,189[d] 3,624,750
5 Hanzhong 673,476 350,167[e] 3,211,462
6 Weinan 642,594 347,484[f] 4,688,744
7 Yan'an 577,851 336,856[g] 2,282,581
8 Ankang 514,068 379,707 2,493,436
9 Tongchuan 417,324 463,866 698,322
10 Shenmu 403,133 [h] see Yulin
11 Xingping 309,463 247,539 see Xianyang
12 Hancheng 268,583 196,574 see Weinan
13 Shangluo 228,426 156,781 2,041,231
14 Yangling[c] 169,254 104,944 see Xianyang
15 Binzhou 160,298 [i] see Xianyang
16 Zichang 160,298 [j] see Yan'an
17 Huayin 109,472 127,987 see Weinan
  1. ^ alternatively Shensi, see § Name
  2. Huyi (Huxian County)
    . These new districts not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  3. ^ a b Yangling is a satellite urban area separated from Xianyang and it is not included in the urban area count.
  4. ^ New district established after 2010 census: Hengshan (Hengshan County). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  5. ^ New district established after 2010 census: Nanzheng (Nanzheng County). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  6. ^ New district established after 2010 census: Huazhou (Huaxian County). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  7. ^ New district established after 2010 census: Ansai (Ansai County). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  8. ^ Shenmu County is currently known as Shenmu CLC after 2010 census.
  9. ^ Binxian County is currently known as Binzhou CLC after 2010 census.
  10. ^ Zichang County is currently known as Zichang CLC after 2010 census.

Politics

Main article: Politics of Shaanxi
Walled City of Yulin, Shaanxi.
Shaanxi People's Government
Education Department of Shaanxi Province

The politics of Shaanxi is structured in a triple party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China.

The

Governor of Shaanxi is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Shaanxi. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor is considered to have less power than the Shaanxi Chinese Communist Party Provincial Committee Secretary (中共陕西省委书记), colloquially termed the "Shaanxi CCP Party Chief
"; since the Governor is always ranked as the First-Deputy Secretary in the Shaanxi Chinese Communist Party Provincial Committee.

Shaanxi was established as a provincial government since Qing dynasty. On 10 January 1950, the People's Government of Shaanxi was established in Xi'an. Ma Minfang was then appointed as the first Governor of Shaanxi.

Economy

As of the mid-19th century, Shaanxi exported animal skins, wine, liquor, and musk. Money loans were also common, with Shaanxi business people involved in the Guangzhou loan business. Shaanxi commonly imported European animal skins, watches, Chinese language books, and cloth.[28]

The fossil fuel and high technology sectors compose the two largest industries in Shaanxi province. During 2009, the province ranked third in China for production of coal, natural gas and crude oil.

US$
196.7 billion) and GDP per capita was 21,729 RMB (US$3,179), ranking 17th in the PRC.

In the first half of 2019, Shaanxi's total production value reached 1,162.557 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 5.4%. The added value of the primary industry was 55.319 billion yuan, an increase of 4.5%; the second industry was 557.935 billion yuan, an increase of 4.2%; the tertiary industry was 549.303 billion yuan, an increase of 6.8%.[29]

Economic and technological development zones

Baoji Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone

Established in 1992, Baoji Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was approved as a national hi-tech zone by the State Council. It has a long-term planned area of 40 km2 (15 sq mi). The transportation system around the zone includes Xi'an-Xianyang International Airport and National Highway 310, and industries operating within the zone include auto parts, electronics, IT, pharmaceuticals and bioengineering industries and new materials.[30]

Shaanxi Xi'an Export Processing Zone

Shaanxi Xi'an Export Processing Zone (XEPZ) was approved on 21 June 2002 by the State Council for its establishment and was put on 5 April 2004. As the first state-level export processing zone in northwest China, XEPZ has become one of the seven pioneer EPZs with the function of bonded logistics in China. XEPZ is under the leadership of the Administrative Committee of Xi'an Economic and Technological Development Zone (XETDZ), which is designated by Xi'an municipal government to exercise economic and administrative power within the zone. XEPZ is a special economic zone. By now, there are more than 40 enterprises home and abroad settled in XEPZ. The pillar industries feature aviation, machinery, electronics and new energy.[31]

Western Triangle

The Western Triangle is a new economic zone composing the three major city-level economies of Western China: Xi'an, Chongqing and Chengdu. It is believed that the addition of Xi'an to the Triangle will spur economic growth in the region and allow the city an opportunity to capitalize on the commercial potential of its high-technology industries.[7]

Xi'an Economic and Technological Development Zone

Established in 1993, Xi'an Economic and Technology Development Zone was approved as a national zone in 2000. The zone is 20 minutes from Xi'an Xianyang International Airport, and national highways pass through. It has formed four pillar industries: automotive, electronics, food, and new materials industries. So far, the zone has attracted more than 1,700 enterprises.[32]

Xi'an High-tech Industrial Development Zone

Xi'an HTDZ opened its gates in 1991. It was established as a "pivotal location" for investment by high-tech industry companies in central and northwest China. Established in 1991, Xi'an Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone is a national high-tech zone. It is surrounded by national highways and it is 30 minutes from Xi'an-Xianyang International Airport. Furthermore, it is ranked in the top three high-tech zones in China.[33]

Xi'an Software Park

Xi'an Software Park, established in December 1998, is the professional park for Xi'an to develop scale software and service outsourcing industries. The park has been appraised as a software industry base under the National Torch Program, national software industry base, national software export base, city demonstrational area of national service outsourcing base. It is one of the four parks with "double bases" of software in China. Xi'an Software Park assembles 90% of enterprises engaging in software and service outsourcing in Xi'an. There were nearly 780 companies, of which foreign-funded enterprises account for 170, and over 71,000 jobholders in the park by the end of 2008.[34]

Yangling Agriculture Hi-Tech Industrial Zone

Yangling Agriculture Hi-Tech Industrial Zone was approved as a national-level hi-tech development zone by State Council in 1997. It is 82 km (51 mi) from Xi'an to the east and 70 km (43 mi) from Xi'an Xianyang International Airport.[35]

Demographics

Nearly all the people in Shaanxi are ethnic

Shaanbei
),

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1912[36] 9,364,000—    
1928[37] 11,802,000+26.0%
1936–37[38] 9,780,000−17.1%
1947[39] 10,011,000+2.4%
1954[40] 15,881,281+58.6%
1964[41] 20,766,915+30.8%
YearPop.±%
1982[42] 28,904,423+39.2%
1990[43] 32,882,403+13.8%
2000[44] 35,365,072+7.6%
2010[45] 37,327,378+5.5%
2020[2]39,528,999+5.9%
Xi'an part of Shaanxi Province until 1947; dissolved in 1954 and incorporated into Shaanxi Province.

Religion

Temple at Erlangshan (二郎山) overlooking Shenmu.
Daoist temple by the Yellow River

Religion in Shaanxi[46][note 1]

  
Chinese ancestral religion (7.58%)
  Christianity (1.57%)
  Muslims (0.8%)
  Other religions or not religious people[note 2]
(90.05%)

The predominant religions in Shaanxi are

Muslims
.

Culture

Shaanxi cuisine

Media

Sports

Professional sports teams based in Shaanxi include:

See also

Notes

  1. lineage "churches" and ancestral shrines
    ). Data for other religions with a significant presence in China (deity cults, Buddhism, Taoism, folk religious sects, Islam, et al.) was not reported by Wang.
  2. ^ This may include:

References

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    .

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shaanxi.
Look up Shaanxi or Shensi in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Shaanxi.
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