Shabankara

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Shabankara (

Isfahan by the Buyid Shahanshah 'Adud al-Dawla (r. 949–983).[1] The dynasty's capital was Ij (Ig) and was divided in six districts: Zarkān, Iṣṭabānān, Burk-Tārum-K̲h̲ayra, Nayriz, Kurm-Rūnīz-Lār, and Darabjird.[2] The tribe had the following subdivisions: Ismāʿīlī, the Rāmānī, the Karzuwī, the Masʿūdī and the S̲h̲akānī who were all herders and warriors.[2]

There is a contemporary Kurdish tribe named Shabankara in

Kermanshah Province.[3] Abu Tahir ibn Muhammad, a descendant from the Shabankara went on to found the Kurdish Hazaraspid dynasty in the 12th century.[4]

Origin

Several scholars consider the Shabankara as being ethnic Kurdish.[2][5][6][7] However, Potts contested their Kurdish origin and argued that "Kurd" was a generic late-Antiquity non-ethnic term for Iranian nomads.[8] Andrew Peacock also questioned whether the Shabankara were actually Kurdish.[9] Moreover, other modern scholars point out that during the medieval era, "Kurd" was a social label and should not be construed as an ethnic designation.[10][11]

History

Fars
and its surrounding regions in the 10th–11th centuries

The Ramanid branch of the Shabankara rose in power with their chief

Mahmud II
(1117-1131), the Shabankara were illtreated and revolted again, bringing great damage to the area. The founder of the
Ilkhanid era they ruled Shabankareh province centered at Darabgird.[12]

The Shabankara chief Kutb-al din Mubariz and his brother Nizam al din Mahmud conquered Kerman in 1200 from the Oghuz Turks, but lost it to a local rebellion and an oghuzz counter-offensive. Finally the atabeg of Fars, Sad ibn Zengi defeated the Shabankara.[2]

In 1260, the Mongol invasor Hulegu destroyed Ig and killed the Shabankara chief Muzaffar al-Din Muhammad ibn al-Mubariz in 1260. In 1312, the Shabankara rebelled against the Ilkhans but were defeated. In 1355, the Muzzafarid Mubariz al din send his son Mahmud against the chief Ardashir, who refused to follow his orders. The chief was defeated and his country was taken by the Muzzafarid. It is possible that the Shabankara has local power until 1424.[2]

Culture

At their court, the Shabankara manifested a combination of strict Sunni orthodoxy and ancient Persian customs. They claimed descent from the founder of the pre-Islamic Sasanian Empire, Ardashir I (r. 224–242), and through him the legendary hero-king Faridun.[13]

List of rulers

  • Fadluya (1030-1078)
  • Abu'l-Abbas ibn Fadluya Hasanuya (1062-1069)
  • Nizam al-Din Mahmud (1068-1080)
  • Mubaraz ad-Din Hazarasp (ca. 1080-ca. 1110)
  • Hasanwayh I (about 1110-c. 1160)
  • Mubaraz I (1160-c. 1190)
  • Muhammad Muzzafar (about c.1190-1260)
  • Kutb al-Din Mubariz II (1260-1261)
  • Nizam al-Din Hasanwayh II (1261-1264)
  • Nusrat al-Din Ibrahim (1264-1266)
  • Tayyibshah (1264-1282)
  • Baha al-Din Ismail (1282-1290)
  • Nizam al-Din (1290-c.1310)
  • Ardashir (c.1310 (?)-1355)

References

  1. ^ a b Potts 2014, p. 166.
  2. ^ a b c d e Büchner 2012.
  3. ^ Ateş 2013, p. 162.
  4. ^ Luzac & Co 1986, p. 336-337.
  5. ^ Spuler 2012.
  6. ^ Oberling 2004.
  7. ^ Qazvini 1915, pp. 137–138.
  8. ^ Pott, Daniel T. Nomadism in Iran: From Antiquity to the Modern Era. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014, 166; "The Shabankara (meaning "shepherd") of easter Fars from other "Kurds."… are thought to have been descendants of Daylamites or of some of the "Kurds" who were deported to Fars from the area of Isfahan…"
  9. ^ Peacock, Andrew. C. S. Early Seljuq History: A New Interpretation. New York: Routledge, 2010, 152; "It is questionable whether the Shabankara we're actually Kurdish."
  10. ^ Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, New York. https://iranicaonline.org/articles/azod-al-dawla-abu-soja, 521; "It should be remembered that "Kurd" in the sources of the 4th-5th/10th-11th centuries refers to all the transhumants of the Zagros region including the Lors (Ebn Meskawayh, Tajāreb II, pp. 383, 392; Ebn al-Aṯīr, VIII, p. 521)."
  11. ^ Asatrian, Garnik. "Prolegomena to the Study of the Kurds." Iran & the Caucasus 13, no. 1 (2009): 1-57. Accessed September 2, 2020. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25597392, 27-28; "It seems, the social aspect of the term Kurd was prevalent even in the times of Sharaf Khan (16th century), who used the ("race of Kurds") to imply ethnic groups of different kinds but with similar lifestyles and social and economic setups." p. 27-28.
  12. ^ Christensen 1993, p. 316.
  13. ^ Babaie 2019, p. 37.

Sources

Further reading
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